JPH1133552A - Water treatment apparatus - Google Patents
Water treatment apparatusInfo
- Publication number
- JPH1133552A JPH1133552A JP29494497A JP29494497A JPH1133552A JP H1133552 A JPH1133552 A JP H1133552A JP 29494497 A JP29494497 A JP 29494497A JP 29494497 A JP29494497 A JP 29494497A JP H1133552 A JPH1133552 A JP H1133552A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- water
- cathode
- electrolytic cell
- treatment apparatus
- anode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/4602—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods for prevention or elimination of deposits
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/4618—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing for producing "ionised" acidic or basic water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
Landscapes
- Treatment Of Water By Ion Exchange (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【0001】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、水道水を弱酸性の
軟水に変換する水処理装置に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a water treatment apparatus for converting tap water into weakly acidic soft water.
【0002】[0002]
【従来の技術】一般的に、水には酸性水とアルカリ性水
とがあり、またカルシウムやマグネシウムを多く含んだ
硬水とこれらの含有量が少ない軟水とがある。このよう
な水の中でも、特に弱酸性の軟水は、例えば肌や髪に対
して刺激が少なく、美容によく、さらに洗面化粧台や浴
槽設備、便器、システムキッチン等に対して汚れの付着
を低減し、石鹸の泡立ちが良く、制菌作用もあることか
ら、家庭でも簡単かつ安全に利用できることが望まれ
る。2. Description of the Related Art Generally, water includes acidic water and alkaline water, and hard water containing a large amount of calcium and magnesium and soft water containing a small amount of these. Among such waters, particularly weakly acidic soft water is less irritating to the skin and hair, for example, is good for beauty, and further reduces the adhesion of dirt to vanities, bathtub facilities, toilets, system kitchens, etc. In addition, since soap has good foaming and has a bacteriostatic effect, it is desired that soap can be easily and safely used at home.
【0003】従来、水の電解方式では、電解槽に水を通
じ、電極に電圧をかけて電気分解し、電極の陽極側に弱
酸性水、陰極側にアルカリ性水が生じるため、それらを
利用する方式であった。また、弱酸性でありかつ軟水で
ある水を生成するためには、官能基末端が水素型の陽イ
オン交換樹脂に水道水を通じる方法などによって得られ
ていた。Conventionally, in a water electrolysis method, water is passed through an electrolytic cell, a voltage is applied to an electrode to perform electrolysis, and weakly acidic water is generated on the anode side of the electrode and alkaline water is generated on the cathode side. Met. In addition, in order to generate water that is weakly acidic and soft water, the terminal of the functional group has been obtained by a method of passing tap water through a hydrogen-type cation exchange resin.
【0004】[0004]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】従来の水の電解方式で
も電極の陽極側に弱酸性水は得られ、また電解中に水中
の陽イオンが陰極側に移動するため、多少の軟水化はさ
れる。In the conventional water electrolysis method, weakly acidic water is obtained on the anode side of the electrode, and cations in the water move to the cathode side during electrolysis, so that the water is somewhat softened. You.
【0005】しかし、電解だけでは非常に効率が悪い。
洗面化粧台や浴槽設備といった用途に用いる場合には大
流量の弱酸性軟水が必要となるが、電解のみで弱酸性軟
水を生成しようとすると、かなりの長時間要するか又は
電解槽の電極を大きくせざるをえないので、電極の負担
も大きく、結果として著しく電力を消費してしまう。ま
た、従来の水の電解だけの方式では、電解を進めていく
につれて陰極部に炭酸カルシウム等の析出物が付着し、
電解効率を著しく低下させていた。However, electrolysis alone is very inefficient.
When used for applications such as vanities or bathtub facilities, a large flow of weakly acidic soft water is required. Since it is inevitable, the load on the electrodes is large, and as a result, power is significantly consumed. In the conventional water electrolysis only method, as the electrolysis proceeds, deposits such as calcium carbonate adhere to the cathode,
Electrolytic efficiency was significantly reduced.
【0006】本発明は、上記従来の技術の問題を解決す
るものであり、簡便かつ高効率な水道水を弱酸性の軟水
に変換する水処理装置を提供することを目的とする。An object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems of the prior art and to provide a simple and highly efficient water treatment apparatus for converting tap water into weakly acidic soft water.
【0007】[0007]
【課題を解決するための手段】上記課題を解決するため
になされた本発明においては、水道水中のアルカリ度を
除去する手段と、流入する水道水を電解する電解槽を備
える構成とした。According to the present invention, which has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, a means for removing alkalinity in tap water and an electrolytic cell for electrolyzing inflowing tap water are provided.
【0008】このような構成にすることにより、電解槽
のみならずアルカリ度除去手段によっても酸性水が得ら
れるため、電解槽にかかる負担が軽減され、結果として
電力消費が少なくでき、また電解槽の陰極への炭酸カル
シウム等の析出物の付属を抑制するため、目的とする弱
酸性軟水を安定して供給することができる。[0008] With this configuration, the acidic water can be obtained not only by the electrolytic cell but also by the alkalinity removing means, so that the load on the electrolytic cell is reduced, and as a result, the power consumption can be reduced. In order to suppress the attachment of precipitates such as calcium carbonate to the cathode, the desired weakly acidic soft water can be supplied stably.
【0009】本発明の好ましい態様においては、流入す
る水道水を電解する電解槽は、水道水中のアルカリ度を
除去する手段の下流側に配置されることである。In a preferred aspect of the present invention, the electrolytic cell for electrolyzing inflowing tap water is disposed downstream of the means for removing alkalinity in tap water.
【0010】電解槽を、水道水中のアルカリ度を除去す
る手段の下流側に配置されることにより、アルカリ度除
去材料が電解質となるために、電解槽の電解効率がアッ
プし、電極負担が小さくなり、さらに、電解槽の陰極側
の炭酸カルシウム等の析出物の抑制ができる。[0010] By disposing the electrolytic cell downstream of the means for removing alkalinity in tap water, the alkalinity removing material becomes an electrolyte, so that the electrolytic efficiency of the electrolytic cell is increased and the electrode load is reduced. In addition, precipitates such as calcium carbonate on the cathode side of the electrolytic cell can be suppressed.
【0011】本発明の好ましい態様においては、水道水
中のアルカリ度を除去する手段が、酸である。In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the means for removing alkalinity in tap water is an acid.
【0012】酸としては、クエン酸、アスコルビン酸、
コハク酸、リンゴ酸、酒石酸、マレイン酸、フマル酸、
酢酸等の有機酸、塩酸、硫酸、硝酸等の無機酸などであ
る。好ましくは、クエン酸、アスコルビン酸、コハク酸
等の水溶性の有機酸から選ばれる1種もしくは複数種で
ある。As the acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid,
Succinic, malic, tartaric, maleic, fumaric,
Organic acids such as acetic acid; and inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid. Preferably, it is one or more selected from water-soluble organic acids such as citric acid, ascorbic acid, and succinic acid.
【0013】本発明の好ましい態様においては、水道水
中のアルカリ度を除去する手段は、クエン酸、アスコル
ビン酸、コハク酸等の水溶性の有機酸から選ばれる1種
もしくは複数種で構成させている。In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the means for removing alkalinity in tap water is composed of one or more water-soluble organic acids such as citric acid, ascorbic acid and succinic acid. .
【0014】本発明の好ましい態様においては、この水
処理装置は、電解槽の陰極側の陰極室に生成される水
を、水道水中のアルカリ度を除去する手段を介して循環
するようにした。In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the water treatment apparatus circulates water generated in the cathode chamber on the cathode side of the electrolytic cell through a means for removing alkalinity in tap water.
【0015】電解槽の陰極側の陰極室に生成される水
を、水道水中のアルカリ度を除去する手段を介して循環
することにより、陰極への炭酸カルシウム等の析出を低
減でき、陰極側の水を捨てなくて済む。By circulating water generated in the cathode chamber on the cathode side of the electrolytic cell through means for removing alkalinity in tap water, precipitation of calcium carbonate and the like on the cathode can be reduced. You don't have to throw away water.
【0016】[0016]
【発明の実施の形態】以上説明した本発明の構成・作用
を一層明らかにするために、以下本発明の好適な実施例
について説明する。DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In order to further clarify the configuration and operation of the present invention described above, a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described below.
【0017】図1は、本発明に係わる水処理装置で、電
解槽1の陽極2、陰極3の間に陽イオン交換膜4を備
え、陽極側に通じる水には、アルカリ度除去材料として
クエン酸、アスコルビン酸を添加した。これらの水溶性
の有機酸を添加した水は、電解槽1の陽極室5、陰極室
6に導入されて電解される。陽極室5においては電解に
よって弱酸性水が生じ、かつ水中のカルシウム、マグネ
シウムといった硬度成分が陽イオン交換膜4を通って陰
極側に移動するので、弱酸性軟水が陽極室5から得られ
る。ここで隔膜として陽イオン交換膜を使用したが、
陽、陰両方のイオンを透過する隔膜でも構わない。FIG. 1 shows a water treatment apparatus according to the present invention, in which a cation exchange membrane 4 is provided between an anode 2 and a cathode 3 of an electrolytic cell 1, and water flowing to the anode side is cited as an alkalinity removing material. The acid, ascorbic acid, was added. The water to which these water-soluble organic acids are added is introduced into the anode chamber 5 and the cathode chamber 6 of the electrolytic cell 1 to be electrolyzed. In the anode chamber 5, weakly acidic water is generated by electrolysis, and hardness components such as calcium and magnesium in the water move to the cathode side through the cation exchange membrane 4, so that weakly acidic soft water is obtained from the anode chamber 5. Here, a cation exchange membrane was used as the diaphragm,
A membrane that transmits both positive and negative ions may be used.
【0018】図2は、図1の装置を用いて陽極室5から
生じる弱酸性軟水のpH挙動と陰極室6から生じる水の
pH挙動の結果である。ここでは陽極室5から出る弱酸
性軟水のpHを4.5に調整した。尚、クエン酸、アス
コルビン酸は合計で50mg/lとなるように添加し
た。FIG. 2 shows the results of the pH behavior of the weakly acidic soft water generated from the anode compartment 5 and the pH behavior of the water generated from the cathode compartment 6 using the apparatus of FIG. Here, the pH of the weakly acidic soft water discharged from the anode chamber 5 was adjusted to 4.5. In addition, citric acid and ascorbic acid were added so as to be 50 mg / l in total.
【0019】図3は、本発明の他の実施の形態の弱酸性
軟水の生成装置である。図1の装置に、陰極側に対し
て、クエン酸とアスコルビン酸を添加した水槽7を連結
させ、陰極室6と水槽内の水をポンプによって循環する
ようにした。こうすることによって陰極への炭酸カルシ
ウム等の析出を低減できる。FIG. 3 shows an apparatus for producing weakly acidic soft water according to another embodiment of the present invention. A water tank 7 to which citric acid and ascorbic acid were added was connected to the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 on the cathode side, and the cathode chamber 6 and water in the water tank were circulated by a pump. By doing so, precipitation of calcium carbonate and the like on the cathode can be reduced.
【0020】図4は、図3の装置を用いて陽極室5から
生じる弱酸性軟水のpH挙動と陰極室6から生じる水の
pH挙動の結果である。ここでは陽極室5から出る弱酸
性軟水のpHを4.5に調整した。尚、陽極側に、クエ
ン酸、アスコルビン酸は合計で50mg/lとなるよう
に添加し、水槽7には、クエン酸・アスコルビン酸は5
g/200ml添加した。FIG. 4 shows the results of the pH behavior of the weakly acidic soft water produced from the anode compartment 5 and the pH behavior of the water produced from the cathode compartment 6 using the apparatus shown in FIG. Here, the pH of the weakly acidic soft water discharged from the anode chamber 5 was adjusted to 4.5. In addition, citric acid and ascorbic acid were added to the anode side so that the total amount became 50 mg / l.
g / 200 ml was added.
【0021】陰極側に対して、クエン酸とアスコルビン
酸を添加した水槽7を連結させ、陰極室6と水槽内の水
をポンプによって循環することによって、さらに陰極側
のpH上昇は抑制される。A water tank 7 to which citric acid and ascorbic acid are added is connected to the cathode side, and water in the cathode chamber 6 and the water tank is circulated by a pump, thereby further suppressing an increase in pH on the cathode side.
【0022】図5は、従来の水処理装置で、電解槽1の
陽極2、陰極3の間に陽イオン交換膜4を備えている。FIG. 5 shows a conventional water treatment apparatus having a cation exchange membrane 4 between an anode 2 and a cathode 3 of an electrolytic cell 1.
【0023】図6は、図5の装置を用いて陽極側に通じ
る水に、アルカリ度除去材料を添加しない場合における
陽極室5から生じる弱酸性水のpH挙動と、陰極室6か
ら生じる水のpH挙動の結果である。FIG. 6 shows the pH behavior of the weakly acidic water generated from the anode chamber 5 when no alkalinity removing material is added to the water flowing to the anode side using the apparatus of FIG. It is a result of the pH behavior.
【0024】陰極側の水のpHが下がらず、このまま通
水量を増加していくと陰極3に炭酸カルシウム等の析出
物が付着しやすくなる。If the pH of the water on the cathode side does not decrease and the amount of water passing is increased as it is, deposits such as calcium carbonate tend to adhere to the cathode 3.
【0025】陰極3への炭酸カルシウムは、およそpH
7以上になると析出するが、図5の従来の水処理装置だ
と通水する時点で、pHが7以上になっている。一方、
本発明の図1、図3の装置だと、pHが下がっていて、
特に図3の装置の場合、陰極側のpHの上昇を抑えるこ
とができ、通水量を大幅にアップすることができる。The calcium carbonate to the cathode 3 has a pH of about
When the water is passed through the conventional water treatment apparatus shown in FIG. 5, the pH is 7 or more when the water is passed. on the other hand,
In the apparatus of FIGS. 1 and 3 of the present invention, the pH is lowered,
In particular, in the case of the apparatus shown in FIG. 3, an increase in pH on the cathode side can be suppressed, and the amount of water flow can be greatly increased.
【0026】[0026]
【発明の効果】以上に説明した如く本発明の水処理装置
によれば、アルカリ度除去材料と電解槽とを組み合わせ
ることによって電解槽の電解効率がアップし、電極への
負担が小さくなる。さらに、電解槽を水道水中のアルカ
リ度を除去する手段の下流側に配置し、電解槽の陰極側
に生成される水を水道水中のアルカリ度を除去する手段
を介して循環し、さらに電解槽に通じる水に、アルカリ
度除去材料を添加することにより、電解槽の陰極側の炭
酸カルシウム等の析出物の抑制ができ、弱酸性軟水生成
量を大幅にアップすることができる。As described above, according to the water treatment apparatus of the present invention, the combination of the alkalinity removing material and the electrolytic cell increases the electrolytic efficiency of the electrolytic cell and reduces the load on the electrodes. Further, the electrolytic cell is disposed downstream of the means for removing alkalinity in tap water, and water generated on the cathode side of the electrolytic cell is circulated through means for removing alkalinity in tap water, and By adding an alkalinity-removing material to the water that passes through the process, deposits such as calcium carbonate on the cathode side of the electrolytic cell can be suppressed, and the amount of weakly acidic soft water generated can be greatly increased.
【図1】本発明の一の実施の形態である水処理装置の構
成を示す図FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration of a water treatment apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention.
【図2】図1の装置を用いて陽極室から生じる弱酸性軟
水のpH挙動と陰極室から生じる水のpH挙動の示した
図FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the pH behavior of weakly acidic soft water generated from an anode chamber and the pH behavior of water generated from a cathode chamber using the apparatus of FIG. 1;
【図3】本発明の更に他の実施の形態である水処理装置
の構成を示す図FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a configuration of a water treatment apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
【図4】図3の装置を用いて陽極室から生じる弱酸性軟
水のpH挙動と陰極室から生じる水のpH挙動の示した
図FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the pH behavior of weakly acidic soft water generated from an anode chamber and the pH behavior of water generated from a cathode chamber using the apparatus of FIG. 3;
【図5】従来の水処理装置の構成を示す図FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a configuration of a conventional water treatment apparatus.
【図6】図5の装置を用いて陽極室から生じる弱酸性水
のpH挙動と陰極室から生じる水のpH挙動の示した図FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the pH behavior of weakly acidic water generated from an anode chamber and the pH behavior of water generated from a cathode chamber using the apparatus of FIG. 5;
1…電解槽、2…陽極、3…陰極、4…陽イオン交換
膜、5…陽極室、6…陰極室、7…水槽。DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Electrolysis tank, 2 ... Anode, 3 ... Cathode, 4 ... Cation exchange membrane, 5 ... Anode compartment, 6 ... Cathode compartment, 7 ... Water tank.
フロントページの続き (72)発明者 今坂 卓男 福岡県北九州市小倉北区中島2丁目1番1 号 東陶機器株式会社内Continuation of front page (72) Inventor Takuo Imasaka 2-1-1 Nakajima, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka Totoki Kiki Co., Ltd.
Claims (5)
と、流入する水道水を電解する電解槽を備えたことを特
徴とする水処理装置。1. A water treatment apparatus comprising: means for removing alkalinity in tap water; and an electrolytic cell for electrolyzing inflowing tap water.
流入する水道水を電解する電解槽は、水道水中のアルカ
リ度を除去する手段の下流側に配置されることを特徴と
する水処理装置。2. The water treatment apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
A water treatment apparatus, wherein an electrolyzer for electrolyzing inflowing tap water is disposed downstream of a means for removing alkalinity in tap water.
て、水道水中のアルカリ度を除去する手段は、酸である
ことを特徴とする弱酸性軟水の生成装置。3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said means for removing alkalinity in tap water is an acid.
水道水中のアルカリ度を除去する手段は、クエン酸、ア
スコルビン酸、コハク酸等の水溶性の有機酸から選ばれ
る1種もしくは複数種であることを特徴とする水処理装
置。4. The water treatment apparatus according to claim 3,
The means for removing alkalinity in tap water is one or more selected from water-soluble organic acids such as citric acid, ascorbic acid, and succinic acid.
て、この水処理装置は、電解槽の陰極側の陰極室に生成
される水を、水道水中のアルカリ度を除去する手段を介
して循環するようにしたことを特徴とする水処理装置。5. The water treatment apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the water treatment apparatus removes water generated in the cathode chamber on the cathode side of the electrolytic cell through means for removing alkalinity in tap water. A water treatment device characterized by being circulated.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP29494497A JPH1133552A (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1997-10-13 | Water treatment apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP14463797 | 1997-05-19 | ||
JP9-144637 | 1997-05-19 | ||
JP29494497A JPH1133552A (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1997-10-13 | Water treatment apparatus |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH1133552A true JPH1133552A (en) | 1999-02-09 |
Family
ID=26475993
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP29494497A Pending JPH1133552A (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1997-10-13 | Water treatment apparatus |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPH1133552A (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1162176A1 (en) * | 2000-06-08 | 2001-12-12 | Mikuni Corporation | Electrolyzed water of anode side and process for production thereof |
EP1238945A1 (en) * | 2001-03-07 | 2002-09-11 | Hoshizaki Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrolyzed water production apparatus |
WO2015066321A1 (en) * | 2013-11-01 | 2015-05-07 | Wood Stone Corporation | Apparatuses and methods for conditioning water, and systems and processes incorporating same |
WO2016199443A1 (en) * | 2015-06-10 | 2016-12-15 | 株式会社 東芝 | Electrolyzed water generating device and method for suppressing scale |
CN106277369A (en) * | 2016-09-05 | 2017-01-04 | 西安交通大学 | A kind of electrochemistry method of scale inhibition |
CN106277227A (en) * | 2016-10-17 | 2017-01-04 | 武汉威蒙环保科技有限公司 | A kind of method utilizing electrochemistry pH regulator device and Fenton reagent to process waste water |
-
1997
- 1997-10-13 JP JP29494497A patent/JPH1133552A/en active Pending
Cited By (9)
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EP1162176A1 (en) * | 2000-06-08 | 2001-12-12 | Mikuni Corporation | Electrolyzed water of anode side and process for production thereof |
EP1238945A1 (en) * | 2001-03-07 | 2002-09-11 | Hoshizaki Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrolyzed water production apparatus |
WO2015066321A1 (en) * | 2013-11-01 | 2015-05-07 | Wood Stone Corporation | Apparatuses and methods for conditioning water, and systems and processes incorporating same |
CN105848760A (en) * | 2013-11-01 | 2016-08-10 | 伍德斯托恩公司 | Apparatuses and methods for conditioning water, and systems and processes incorporating same |
WO2016199443A1 (en) * | 2015-06-10 | 2016-12-15 | 株式会社 東芝 | Electrolyzed water generating device and method for suppressing scale |
JPWO2016199443A1 (en) * | 2015-06-10 | 2017-11-16 | 株式会社東芝 | Electrolyzed water generation apparatus and scale suppression method |
CN106277369A (en) * | 2016-09-05 | 2017-01-04 | 西安交通大学 | A kind of electrochemistry method of scale inhibition |
CN106277369B (en) * | 2016-09-05 | 2019-11-08 | 西安交通大学 | A kind of electrochemistry method of scale inhibition |
CN106277227A (en) * | 2016-10-17 | 2017-01-04 | 武汉威蒙环保科技有限公司 | A kind of method utilizing electrochemistry pH regulator device and Fenton reagent to process waste water |
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