JPH10160388A - Heat exchanger - Google Patents
Heat exchangerInfo
- Publication number
- JPH10160388A JPH10160388A JP8314498A JP31449896A JPH10160388A JP H10160388 A JPH10160388 A JP H10160388A JP 8314498 A JP8314498 A JP 8314498A JP 31449896 A JP31449896 A JP 31449896A JP H10160388 A JPH10160388 A JP H10160388A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- heat transfer
- sewage
- heat
- transfer tube
- heat exchanger
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は熱交換器に関する。[0001] The present invention relates to a heat exchanger.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】近年、省エネルギの見地から未利用エネ
ルギの活用が図られている。なかでも下水が有する熱エ
ネルギの有効利用に関心が集まりつつある。下水の特徴
は、年間を通じての温度変化が小さいこと、下水温度が
夏季には大気より低く、冬季は高い等、ヒートポンプの
熱源とすることにより従来の冷暖房システムに比べ省エ
ネルギ効果が高いことが挙げられる。また、下水は熱需
要家の近くに賦存しているため、熱輸送の面で他の未利
用エネルギより活用しやすいという利点もある。2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, utilization of unused energy has been attempted from the viewpoint of energy saving. In particular, there is increasing interest in the effective use of thermal energy of sewage. The characteristics of the sewage are that the temperature change throughout the year is small, and the sewage temperature is lower than the atmosphere in summer and high in winter. Can be In addition, since sewage is located near heat consumers, there is an advantage that it can be used more easily than other unused energy in terms of heat transport.
【０００３】下水のもつ熱エネルギを熱回収するシステ
ムは、図７に示すように、下水を流動させるポンプ，熱
交換器の上流側で下水中の大きな異物を除去するための
ストレーナ，熱交換器，ヒートポンプおよび熱交換器を
洗浄するための洗浄装置の組み合わせからなる。また、
熱交換器を流動する下水の流れ方向を反転させて洗浄を
行う逆洗用の配管系も付加されている。As shown in FIG. 7, a system for recovering heat energy of sewage includes a pump for flowing sewage, a strainer for removing large foreign matter in sewage upstream of the heat exchanger, and a heat exchanger. , A combination of a heat pump and a cleaning device for cleaning the heat exchanger. Also,
A backwash piping system for performing washing by reversing the flow direction of sewage flowing through the heat exchanger is also added.
【０００４】下水中の異物、特に生下水の場合には、毛
髪等の繊維状の異物が多く含まれるため、熱交換器の上
流側に設置したストレーナでは完全にこれらの異物を除
去することができない。このため、繊維状の異物は熱交
換器へと流入し、熱交換器内に付着，堆積し、熱交換器
の圧力損失を増大させ、伝熱性能を低下させる。また、
伝熱管の表面にはスライム状の汚れが付着し、圧力損失
の増大や伝熱性能の低下を招くため、従来から、この異
物の付着，堆積および伝熱管表面の汚れによる熱交換器
の性能低下を抑えるため、定期的に熱交換器を洗浄する
方法が採られている。Since foreign matter in sewage, particularly raw sewage, contains a large amount of fibrous foreign matter such as hair, a strainer installed upstream of the heat exchanger can completely remove such foreign matter. Can not. For this reason, the fibrous foreign matter flows into the heat exchanger and adheres and accumulates in the heat exchanger, increasing the pressure loss of the heat exchanger and decreasing the heat transfer performance. Also,
Slime-like dirt adheres to the surface of the heat transfer tube, causing an increase in pressure loss and a decrease in heat transfer performance. In order to suppress the heat, a method of periodically cleaning the heat exchanger is adopted.
【０００５】熱交換器の洗浄方法は、特開昭61−175494
号に示されるようなブラシを用いたブラシ洗浄方式、特
開平4−356696 号に示されるようなスポンジボールを用
いたボール洗浄方式等がある。A method for cleaning a heat exchanger is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 61-175494.
And a ball cleaning system using a sponge ball as disclosed in JP-A-4-356696.
【０００６】ブラシ洗浄方式では、伝熱管の両端に設置
したブラシを伝熱管内を流れる流体の流動方向を定期的
に反転させることによって伝熱管内を流動させ、伝熱管
に付着した異物と汚れを取り除こうとする。また、ボー
ル洗浄方式では、伝熱管の管内にスポンジ状のボールを
流動させて伝熱管内の汚れを排除しようとする。これら
の方法により、伝熱管表面の汚れは除去できることにな
るが、生下水のように繊維状の異物が多く含まれる場合
には、ブラシ洗浄方式では、ブラシやブラシを保持する
ブラシホルダ等に毛髪が絡み付き、ブラシの動きが阻害
されること、ボール洗浄方式では、伝熱管の下水流入部
に堆積した繊維状の異物の塊によってボールの流動が阻
害される等の問題点が生じていた。このため、ブラシ洗
浄方式では、定期的に熱交換器を分解して清掃する等の
メンテナンスが必要であり、またボール洗浄方式では、
ボール洗浄前に伝熱管流入部に付着した異物を除去する
逆洗運転を行う必要があること、および逆洗用の配管系
を付加する必要があった。In the brush cleaning method, brushes provided at both ends of the heat transfer tube are periodically reversed in a flowing direction of a fluid flowing in the heat transfer tube to flow in the heat transfer tube, thereby removing foreign matter and dirt attached to the heat transfer tube. Try to remove it. Further, in the ball cleaning method, a sponge-like ball is caused to flow in the tubes of the heat transfer tubes to remove dirt from the heat transfer tubes. With these methods, dirt on the surface of the heat transfer tube can be removed. However, when a large amount of fibrous foreign substances such as raw sewage is contained, the brush cleaning method uses a brush or a brush holder for holding the brush. However, in the ball cleaning method, there are problems such as the flow of the ball being hindered by a lump of fibrous foreign matter accumulated in the sewage inflow portion of the heat transfer tube. For this reason, the brush cleaning method requires regular maintenance such as disassembling and cleaning the heat exchanger, and the ball cleaning method requires
Before the ball washes, it was necessary to perform a backwashing operation for removing foreign substances attached to the heat transfer tube inflow portion, and it was necessary to add a piping system for backwashing.
【０００７】[0007]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明は、上記の点に
鑑み、生下水等の汚水との間で熱交換を行う熱交換シス
テムで、熱交換器の伝熱管流入部における異物の付着，
堆積を抑制して、汚水の流動方向を反転させる逆洗を不
要とする熱交換システムを提供することにある。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the above, the present invention is a heat exchange system for exchanging heat with sewage such as raw sewage.
An object of the present invention is to provide a heat exchange system that suppresses accumulation and eliminates the need for backwashing to reverse the flow direction of wastewater.
【０００８】[0008]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明の熱交換システム
は、ポンプ，熱交換器の上流側で下水中の大きな異物を
除去するためのストレーナ，熱交換器，ヒートポンプ、
およびボール洗浄等の洗浄装置からなる熱交換システム
で、前記熱交換器の伝熱管の流入部をベルマウス状に成
形することにより解決される。The heat exchange system of the present invention comprises a pump, a strainer for removing large foreign matter in sewage upstream of the heat exchanger, a heat exchanger, a heat pump,
And a heat exchange system including a cleaning device such as a ball cleaning device, wherein the heat transfer tube of the heat exchanger is formed in a bell mouth shape with an inflow portion.
【０００９】本発明によれば、下水中の繊維状の異物は
伝熱管の流入部に付着，堆積することなく熱交換器を通
過し流出するため、熱交換器における圧力損失の増大や
伝熱性能の低下を抑制し、逆洗に必要な配管系を不要に
した熱交換システムが達成できる。According to the present invention, the fibrous foreign matter in the sewage passes through the heat exchanger without adhering and accumulating at the inflow portion of the heat transfer tube and flows out. It is possible to achieve a heat exchange system that suppresses a decrease in performance and eliminates a piping system required for backwashing.
【００１０】[0010]
【発明の実施の形態】以下、本発明の各実施例を詳細に
説明する。DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.
【００１１】図１は本発明の一実施例の熱交換システ
ム、図２に熱交換器の部分説明図を示す。FIG. 1 shows a heat exchange system according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2 shows a partial explanatory view of a heat exchanger.
【００１２】沈砂地１からポンプ２によって汲み上げら
れた下水８は、ストレーナ３で大きな異物を除去された
後、熱交換器４に流入する。熱交換器４には、ヒートポ
ンプ５から清水または冷媒９が供給され、下水２との間
で熱交換を行う。熱交換器４の下水側出入口配管には伝
熱管（図示せず）を洗浄するための洗浄装置６がバルブ
７を介して接続されている。[0012] The sewage 8 pumped up by the pump 2 from the sand basin 1 flows into the heat exchanger 4 after large foreign substances are removed by the strainer 3. Fresh water or refrigerant 9 is supplied from the heat pump 5 to the heat exchanger 4, and exchanges heat with the sewage 2. A cleaning device 6 for cleaning a heat transfer tube (not shown) is connected to a sewage side inlet / outlet pipe of the heat exchanger 4 via a valve 7.
【００１３】熱交換器４には、内部を下水８、外部を清
水または冷媒９が流動する伝熱管１０が管板１１に固定
されて配置されている。伝熱管１０の下水流入部１２に
は、伝熱管１０と同一の配置に成形されたベルマウス状
の貫通孔１３を有する部材１４が固定されている。In the heat exchanger 4, a heat transfer tube 10 in which sewage 8 flows inside and fresh water or refrigerant 9 flows outside is fixed to a tube plate 11. A member 14 having a bell-mouth shaped through hole 13 formed in the same arrangement as the heat transfer tube 10 is fixed to the sewage inflow portion 12 of the heat transfer tube 10.
【００１４】図３に伝熱管の下水流入部に付着，堆積す
る異物の様相を示す。下水８中に含まれる繊維状の異物
１６は、隣接する伝熱管を橋渡しするように伝熱管１０
内に流入する。この時、伝熱管流入部１２の隅部１７で
繊維状の異物１６は直角に折れ曲がるため、下水８によ
る流体力だけでは異物１６をどちらか一方の伝熱管１０
へと引き込むことができず、その結果、異物１６は堆積
することになる。図４に示すように、伝熱管１０の下水
流入部１２にテーパ１５を設けた場合も同様に、テーパ
１５の広がり部１８と狭まり部１９の端部で異物１６の
折れ曲がりが生じるため、流体力では除去できない。FIG. 3 shows the appearance of foreign matters adhering and accumulating in the sewage inflow portion of the heat transfer tube. The fibrous foreign matters 16 contained in the sewage 8 are connected to the heat transfer tubes 10 so as to bridge adjacent heat transfer tubes.
Flows into. At this time, the fibrous foreign matter 16 bends at a right angle at the corner 17 of the heat transfer tube inflow portion 12, so that the foreign matter 16 can be transferred to one of the heat transfer tubes
, And as a result, the foreign matter 16 accumulates. As shown in FIG. 4, similarly, when the taper 15 is provided in the sewage inflow portion 12 of the heat transfer tube 10, the foreign matter 16 is bent at the end of the expanding portion 18 and the end of the narrowing portion 19 of the taper 15. Cannot be removed.
【００１５】そこで、図２に示す実施例のように伝熱管
１０の下水流入部１２に、ベルマウス状に成形された貫
通孔１３を設けた部材１４を設置することにより、下水
流入部１２には円弧状の丸みが形成されるため、繊維状
の異物の折れ曲がりが防止でき、下水８による流体力に
よって異物はどちらか一方の伝熱管内に引き込まれるこ
とになる。したがって、異物の堆積による圧力損失の増
大や伝熱性能の低下が抑制でき、また伝熱管内の汚れを
除去する洗浄運転時には、逆洗をする必要がないため、
配管系の簡素化と運転方法の簡略化を図ることができ
る。Therefore, as shown in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, a member 14 having a through-hole 13 formed in a bell mouth shape is provided in the sewage inflow portion 12 of the heat transfer tube 10 so that the sewage inflow portion 12 is provided. Since a circular arc is formed, the fibrous foreign matter can be prevented from being bent, and the foreign matter is drawn into one of the heat transfer tubes by the fluid force of the sewage 8. Therefore, it is possible to suppress an increase in pressure loss and a decrease in heat transfer performance due to the accumulation of foreign matters, and it is not necessary to perform a backwash during a cleaning operation for removing dirt in the heat transfer tube.
It is possible to simplify the piping system and the operation method.
【００１６】図２に示す実施例では、ベルマウス状に成
形する貫通孔を、その広がり部が隣接する貫通孔と接す
るように配置しているが、図５に示すように伝熱管１０
の下水流入部１２の端部に丸みを設けることによって
も、繊維状の異物の折れ曲がりを防止できるため、同様
の効果が得られる。In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the through-hole formed in a bell-mouth shape is arranged so that its expanded portion is in contact with the adjacent through-hole. However, as shown in FIG.
Also, by providing roundness at the end of the sewage inflow portion 12, bending of a fibrous foreign substance can be prevented, and the same effect can be obtained.
【００１７】上記の実施例では、伝熱管の下水流入部に
ベルマウス状の貫通孔を有する部材を設置しているが、
管板に同様な形状を加工しても同様の効果が得られる。
また、伝熱管の流入部だけでなく伝熱管から汚水が流出
する流出部にも同様な部材を設置、あるいは管板を成形
することによって、熱交換器における圧力損失を低減す
る効果も得ることができる。In the above embodiment, a member having a bell-mouth-shaped through hole is installed at the sewage inflow portion of the heat transfer tube.
The same effect can be obtained by processing a similar shape on the tube sheet.
In addition, it is possible to obtain the effect of reducing the pressure loss in the heat exchanger by installing a similar member or forming a tube sheet not only at the inflow portion of the heat transfer tube but also at the outflow portion where the wastewater flows out of the heat transfer tube. it can.
【００１８】部材１４については、ポリテトラフルオロ
エチレン（ＰＴＦＥ）等に代表される付着力の小さい樹
脂を使用することによって、異物の堆積を防止する効果
を大きくすることができる。また、他の方法として、部
材１４あるいは管板１１に、上記のような付着力の小さ
い物質で表面被覆することによっても、同様の効果を得
ることができる。As for the member 14, the effect of preventing the accumulation of foreign substances can be enhanced by using a resin having a small adhesive force, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Further, as another method, the same effect can be obtained by coating the surface of the member 14 or the tube sheet 11 with a substance having a small adhesive force as described above.
【００１９】なお、伝熱管の表面に微生物等の作用によ
って付着する汚れを抑制するため、部材１４に防食剤や
殺菌剤等を添加する方法も有効である。It is also effective to add an anticorrosive, a bactericide, or the like to the member 14 in order to suppress dirt attached to the surface of the heat transfer tube by the action of microorganisms or the like.
【００２０】図６は本発明の他の実施例を示す熱交換器
を示す。前述の実施例と異なる点は、ベルマウス状の貫
通孔の広がり径を伝熱管の配置の仕方によって異ならせ
た点にある。FIG. 6 shows a heat exchanger according to another embodiment of the present invention. The difference from the above-mentioned embodiment is that the diameter of the bell-mouth-shaped through hole is made different depending on the arrangement of the heat transfer tubes.
【００２１】通常、熱交換器内では流体は複数のパスを
形成して流動する。伝熱管内を流れる流体は、熱交換器
の両端に設置されたヘッダ（図示せず）内でその流れ方
向を変えることになるが、ヘッダ内に設けた仕切り板や
ヘッダ形状によって流れのパス数や各伝熱管への分流の
均一性が決められる。流れのパス数や分流の均一性は熱
交換器の性能に大きく影響するが、特に分流を均一化す
ることにより圧力損失の低減と伝熱性能の改善を図るこ
とができる。Normally, a fluid flows in a heat exchanger by forming a plurality of paths. Fluid flowing in the heat transfer tube changes its flow direction in headers (not shown) provided at both ends of the heat exchanger. The number of flow paths depends on a partition plate provided in the header and the shape of the header. And the uniformity of the branch flow to each heat transfer tube is determined. The number of flow paths and the uniformity of the diversion greatly affect the performance of the heat exchanger. In particular, by equalizing the diversion, the pressure loss can be reduced and the heat transfer performance can be improved.
【００２２】図６に示す実施例は、分流を均一化を図る
ために、ベルマウス状の貫通孔１３の広がり径を伝熱管
１０の配置の仕方によって異ならせている。図中、右半
分の伝熱管１０からヘッダに流出した下水８は、図に示
す矢印方向にヘッダ内を流動して図中左半分の伝熱管１
０に流入する。ヘッダ形状によって流れの様相は異なる
が、一般に流れの動圧の影響を受けやすい周端部に配置
された伝熱管には中央部の伝熱管よりも多くの流量が流
れやすい。このため、各伝熱管への分流が不均一とな
り、伝熱性能が低下する。そこで、図６に示すように、
中央部の伝熱管の下水流入部，流出部に設けるベルマウ
ス状の貫通孔１３を他の場所の貫通孔１３よりも大きく
し、周端部の貫通孔１３は小さくすることによって、流
れの均一化を図り、熱交換器の伝熱性能を向上させるこ
とができる。In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the spread diameter of the bell-mouth-shaped through hole 13 is made different depending on the arrangement of the heat transfer tubes 10 in order to equalize the branch flow. In the figure, the sewage 8 flowing out from the right half heat transfer tube 10 to the header flows in the header in the direction of the arrow shown in the drawing, and flows into the left half heat transfer tube 1 in the figure.
Flows into zero. Although the appearance of the flow differs depending on the header shape, a larger amount of flow is likely to flow through the heat transfer tubes arranged at the peripheral end, which is generally susceptible to the dynamic pressure of the flow, than the heat transfer tubes at the center. For this reason, the branch flow to each heat transfer tube becomes uneven, and the heat transfer performance decreases. Therefore, as shown in FIG.
The bellmouth-shaped through-holes 13 provided at the sewage inflow and outflow portions of the central heat transfer tube are made larger than the through-holes 13 at other places, and the through-holes 13 at the peripheral end are made smaller, so that the flow is uniform. Therefore, the heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger can be improved.
【００２３】また、スポンジボールを用いる洗浄方式の
場合には、伝熱管への分流の均一化によって、スポンジ
ボールの流れの偏りが小さくなるため、洗浄時間が短縮
でき、またスポンジボールによる伝熱管の閉塞等の問題
が回避できる。In the case of the cleaning method using a sponge ball, the unevenness of the flow of the sponge ball is reduced by uniformizing the branch flow to the heat transfer tube, so that the cleaning time can be shortened and the heat transfer tube using the sponge ball can be shortened. Problems such as blockage can be avoided.
【００２４】[0024]
【発明の効果】本発明によれば下水等の汚水との間で熱
交換を行う熱交換器の伝熱管の汚水流入部をベルマウス
状に成形することにより、汚水中の繊維状の異物の堆積
が抑制できるため、熱交換器における圧力損失の増大や
伝熱性能の低下を抑制でき、汚水の流れ方向を反転させ
る逆洗を不要とした熱交換システムが達成できる。According to the present invention, by forming a sewage inflow portion of a heat transfer tube of a heat exchanger for performing heat exchange with sewage such as sewage into a bell mouth shape, fibrous foreign matter in sewage can be reduced. Since accumulation can be suppressed, an increase in pressure loss and a decrease in heat transfer performance in the heat exchanger can be suppressed, and a heat exchange system that does not require backwashing to reverse the flow direction of wastewater can be achieved.
【図１】本発明の一実施例の熱交換システムの系統図。FIG. 1 is a system diagram of a heat exchange system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
【図２】本発明の一実施例の熱交換器の部分説明図。FIG. 2 is a partial explanatory view of a heat exchanger according to one embodiment of the present invention.
【図３】熱交換器における異物付着の様相の説明図。FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram of the appearance of foreign matter adhesion in the heat exchanger.
【図４】熱交換器における異物付着の様相の説明図。FIG. 4 is an explanatory view of the appearance of foreign matter adhesion in the heat exchanger.
【図５】本発明の一実施例の熱交換器の部分説明図。FIG. 5 is a partial explanatory view of a heat exchanger according to one embodiment of the present invention.
【図６】本発明の一実施例の熱交換器の部分説明図。FIG. 6 is a partial explanatory view of a heat exchanger according to one embodiment of the present invention.
【図７】下水から熱回収する熱交換システムの系統図。FIG. 7 is a system diagram of a heat exchange system that recovers heat from sewage.
１…沈砂地、２…ポンプ、３…ストレーナ、４…熱交換
器、５…ヒートポンプ、６…洗浄装置、８…下水、１０
…伝熱管、１１…管板、１２…伝熱管の下水流入部、１
３…ベルマウス状の貫通孔、１６…繊維状の異物。DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Sand setting place, 2 ... Pump, 3 ... Strainer, 4 ... Heat exchanger, 5 ... Heat pump, 6 ... Cleaning equipment, 8 ... Sewage, 10
... heat transfer tube, 11 ... tube sheet, 12 ... sewage inflow part of heat transfer tube, 1
3: Bell-mouth shaped through hole, 16: Fibrous foreign matter.
Claims (1)
用する熱交換システムにおいて、前記熱交換システムを
ポンプ，熱交換器の上流側で汚水中の大きな異物を除去
するためのストレーナ，前記熱交換器，ヒートポンプ、
およびボール洗浄装置から構成し、前記熱交換器におけ
る伝熱管の汚水流入部をベルマウス状に成形したことを
特徴とする熱交換器。1. A heat exchange system for effectively utilizing heat energy of sewage such as sewage, wherein the heat exchange system is provided with a pump, a strainer for removing large foreign matter in the sewage upstream of a heat exchanger, and the heat exchanger. Exchangers, heat pumps,
And a ball washing device, wherein the sewage inflow portion of the heat transfer tube in the heat exchanger is formed in a bell mouth shape.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8314498A JPH10160388A (en) | 1996-11-26 | 1996-11-26 | Heat exchanger |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8314498A JPH10160388A (en) | 1996-11-26 | 1996-11-26 | Heat exchanger |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH10160388A true JPH10160388A (en) | 1998-06-19 |
Family
ID=18054028
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8314498A Pending JPH10160388A (en) | 1996-11-26 | 1996-11-26 | Heat exchanger |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH10160388A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100347509C (en) * | 2002-03-27 | 2007-11-07 | 三菱丽阳株式会社 | Operation method of head exchanger |
| WO2010068157A1 (en) * | 2008-12-09 | 2010-06-17 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. | Flow distributors in a tubular heat exchanger |
-
1996
- 1996-11-26 JP JP8314498A patent/JPH10160388A/en active Pending
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100347509C (en) * | 2002-03-27 | 2007-11-07 | 三菱丽阳株式会社 | Operation method of head exchanger |
| WO2010068157A1 (en) * | 2008-12-09 | 2010-06-17 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. | Flow distributors in a tubular heat exchanger |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20040813 |
|
| A762 | Written abandonment of application |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A762 Effective date: 20060410 |