JPH10129308A - Steamy feeling evaluating device - Google Patents
Steamy feeling evaluating deviceInfo
- Publication number
- JPH10129308A JPH10129308A JP28680696A JP28680696A JPH10129308A JP H10129308 A JPH10129308 A JP H10129308A JP 28680696 A JP28680696 A JP 28680696A JP 28680696 A JP28680696 A JP 28680696A JP H10129308 A JPH10129308 A JP H10129308A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- test piece
- seating
- humidity
- temperature
- skin material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Landscapes
- Seats For Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、むれ感評価装置に
係り、より詳しくは、自動車シート等のシートのむれ感
の優劣を、実際のシートを構成する部材から作成した試
験片、または実際のシートの構成に従って試験片を積層
して構成したシート積層体試験片等のテストピースの段
階で評価するためのむれ感評価装置に関するものであ
る。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an apparatus for evaluating a feeling of unevenness, and more particularly, to a method for evaluating the degree of unevenness of a sheet such as an automobile sheet by using a test piece made from members constituting an actual sheet or an actual sheet. The present invention relates to a device for evaluating a feeling of unevenness for evaluating at the stage of a test piece such as a sheet laminate test piece formed by laminating test pieces according to a configuration of a sheet.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術及び発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明
の基礎となった従来の技術が、特開平７−９８３７号公
報及び自動車技術会ＶＯＬ．４５、ＮＯ．９、第７５頁
〜第８０頁（１９９１）に記載されている。すなわち、
特開平７−９８３７号公報に記載の技術は、シートに乗
員が着座した時の人体−シート接触部位の温湿度と車室
内の温湿度とを検出し、これらの温湿度とむれ感との関
係から着座時におけるむれ感を人体−シート接触部位の
温湿度から自動的に推定するものである。2. Description of the Related Art The prior art on which the present invention is based is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-9837 and VOL. 45, NO. 9, pages 75 to 80 (1991). That is,
The technology described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-9837 detects the temperature and humidity of a human body-seat contact portion and the temperature and humidity of a passenger compartment when an occupant sits on a seat, and determines the relationship between the temperature and humidity and the sense of discomfort. This automatically estimates the sense of discomfort during sitting from the temperature and humidity of the contact area between the human body and the seat.
【０００３】また、自動車技術会に記載されている技術
は、着座した時のシート表皮の表裏の温湿度を検出し、
その温湿度の差の大小からシートのむれ易さを定性的に
評価するものである。[0003] The technology described in the Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan detects the temperature and humidity of the front and back of the seat skin when seated,
The easiness of sheet unevenness is qualitatively evaluated based on the difference in temperature and humidity.
【０００４】しかしながら、前述した従来の技術でむれ
感の優劣を評価するには、被験者がシートに着座して評
価するため、判定に個人差、季節差が生じる、評価
用シートが必要なため結果が得られるまでにかなりの時
間を要する、という問題点があった。[0004] However, in order to evaluate the superiority of the feeling of moody with the above-mentioned conventional technology, the subject is seated on the seat and the evaluation is performed. There is a problem that it takes a considerable amount of time to obtain.
【０００５】本発明は上記問題点を解決すべくなされた
もので、シートのむれ感の優劣を実際のシートを用いる
ことなく試験片やシート積層体試験片の段階で判定評価
することができるむれ感評価方法、及びシート積層体試
験片の段階で判定評価することができるむれ感評価装置
を提供することを目的とする。The present invention has been made in order to solve the above-mentioned problems, and it is possible to judge and evaluate the degree of unevenness of a sheet at the stage of a test piece or a sheet laminate test piece without using an actual sheet. It is an object of the present invention to provide a feeling evaluation method and a greasy feeling evaluation device capable of evaluating and evaluating at the stage of a sheet laminate test piece.
【０００６】[0006]
【課題を解決するための手段】上記目的を達成するため
に本発明のむれ感評価方法は、実際のシートを構成しか
つ着衣状態の人間が着座したときに最も着衣に近くなる
部材から作成した試験片の表側と裏側との水蒸気圧差を
演算し、演算した水蒸気圧差に基づいてむれ感を評価す
るものである。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In order to achieve the above object, a method for evaluating a sense of moaning according to the present invention is made from a member which constitutes an actual seat and which is closest to a garment when a person wearing the garment is seated. The steam pressure difference between the front side and the back side of the test piece is calculated, and the sense of discomfort is evaluated based on the calculated steam pressure difference.
【０００７】また、本発明のむれ感評価装置は、着座圧
力に相当する荷重を与えると共に人体放熱量に相当する
熱量を放出する荷重放熱手段、水分を含浸させた含浸部
材と該含浸部材を包む透湿膜とで構成されかつ人間の不
感蒸泄に相当する蒸散を発生させるための蒸散手段、及
び着衣状態を模擬した着衣試験片を着座状態に従って順
に積層して構成されると共に、実際のシートの構成に従
って試験片を積層したシート積層体試験片上に載置され
る着座模擬手段と、前記シート積層体試験片の着座模擬
手段に最も近い試験片の表側及び裏側の温度及び湿度を
検出する検出手段と、前記検出手段で検出された試験片
の表側及び裏側の温度及び湿度から前記着座模擬手段に
最も近い試験片の表側と裏側との水蒸気圧差を演算する
演算手段と、前記演算手段で演算された巣蒸気圧差に基
づいてむれ感を推定する推定手段と、を含んで構成した
ものである。Further, the moist feeling evaluation device of the present invention encloses an impregnated member impregnated with moisture and a load radiating means for applying a load corresponding to a seating pressure and releasing a heat amount corresponding to a heat radiation amount of a human body. A transpiration means for generating transpiration corresponding to human insensitive transpiration composed of a moisture permeable membrane, and a clothing test piece simulating a clothing state are sequentially laminated according to a sitting state, and the actual sheet is formed. A seating simulation means placed on a sheet laminate test piece obtained by laminating test pieces according to the above configuration, and detection for detecting the temperature and humidity on the front side and the back side of the test piece closest to the seating simulation means for the sheet laminate test piece. Means, calculating means for calculating the water vapor pressure difference between the front and back sides of the test piece closest to the seating simulation means from the temperature and humidity on the front and back sides of the test piece detected by the detection means, And estimating means for estimating the sense Mure based on the calculated nest vapor pressure difference in calculation means, which is constituted contains.
【０００８】本発明者等は、実際のシートに被験者が着
座した状態で被験者に最も近い部材の表側と裏側との水
蒸気圧差（実水蒸気圧差）と、上記の荷重放熱手段、蒸
散手段、及び着衣試験片を積層して構成された着座模擬
手段を、実際のシートの構成に従って試験片を積層した
シート積層体試験片上に載置して測定したシート積層体
試験片の着座模擬手段に最も近い試験片の表側と裏側と
の水蒸気圧差（試験水蒸気圧差）と、を比較したとこ
ろ、両者の間には高い相関があることを確認した。ま
た、実水蒸気圧差と被験者と実際のシートとの接触部の
水蒸気圧との間に高い相関があることを確認した。そし
て、環境条件を変えて実施した官能評価試験において、
被験者と実際のシートとの接触部の水蒸気圧と、むれ感
との間にも高い相関があることを確認した。The inventor of the present invention has determined the difference between the water vapor pressure difference (actual water vapor pressure difference) between the front side and the back side of the member closest to the subject in a state where the subject is seated on the actual seat, the above-mentioned load radiating means, evaporating means, and clothing. A test closest to the seating simulation means of a sheet laminate test piece measured by placing the seating simulation means formed by stacking test pieces on a sheet laminate test piece in which the test pieces are stacked in accordance with the actual sheet configuration. When the water vapor pressure difference (test water vapor pressure difference) between the front side and the back side of the piece was compared, it was confirmed that there was a high correlation between the two. It was also confirmed that there was a high correlation between the actual water vapor pressure difference and the water vapor pressure at the contact portion between the subject and the actual sheet. And in the sensory evaluation test carried out by changing the environmental conditions,
It was confirmed that there was a high correlation between the water vapor pressure at the contact portion between the subject and the actual sheet and the sense of discomfort.
【０００９】従って、試験水蒸気圧差とむれ感との間に
高い相関があることが理解でき、本発明のむれ感評価方
法では、実際のシートを構成しかつ着衣状態の人間が着
座したときに最も着衣に近くなる部材から作成した試験
片の表側と裏側との水蒸気圧差を演算し、この演算した
水蒸気圧差に基づいてむれ感を評価している。Therefore, it can be understood that there is a high correlation between the test steam pressure difference and the feeling of discomfort, and the method for evaluating discomfort of the present invention is most effective when an actual seat is constructed and a person in a garment state is seated. The water vapor pressure difference between the front side and the back side of a test piece made from a member close to clothing is calculated, and the sense of discomfort is evaluated based on the calculated water vapor pressure difference.
【００１０】この水蒸気圧差は、上記シート積層体試験
片上に上記着座模擬手段を載置し、シート積層体試験片
の着座模擬手段に最も近い試験片の表側及び裏側の温度
及び湿度を検出し、検出された試験片の表側及び裏側の
温度及び湿度から演算することができる。[0010] The water vapor pressure difference is obtained by placing the seating simulation means on the sheet laminate test piece, detecting the temperature and humidity on the front and back sides of the test piece closest to the seating simulation means of the sheet laminate test piece, It can be calculated from the detected temperature and humidity on the front and back sides of the test piece.
【００１１】また、本発明者等の実験によれば、シート
の構成として種々の特性のシート材料を組合わせても、
むれ感の優劣は表皮材の単位面積についての単位時間あ
たりの透湿度で一義的に決まることが確認された。According to experiments conducted by the present inventors, even if sheet materials having various characteristics are combined as a sheet structure,
It was confirmed that the superiority of the feeling of unevenness was uniquely determined by the moisture permeability per unit time per unit area of the skin material.
【００１２】したがって、上記水蒸気圧差は、実際のシ
ートを構成しかつ着衣状態の人間が着座したときに最も
着衣に近くなる部材から作成した試験片の表側と裏側と
の透湿度から演算することもできる。なお、透湿度は、
着座状態と同等の状態で計測した値であるのが好ましい
が、試験片単体で計測した値を用いても実用上問題がな
いので、試験片単体で計測した値を用いてもよい。Therefore, the water vapor pressure difference can be calculated from the moisture permeability between the front side and the back side of a test piece made of a member that constitutes an actual seat and is closest to clothes when a person in a clothes state is seated. it can. The moisture permeability is
It is preferable that the value is measured in a state equivalent to the seated state. However, since there is no practical problem using the value measured with the test piece alone, the value measured with the test piece alone may be used.
【００１３】また、本発明のむれ感評価装置では、シー
ト積層体試験片に着座模擬手段を載置した状態で、検出
手段によってシート積層体試験片の着座模擬手段に最も
近い試験片の表側及び裏側の温度及び湿度を検出し、演
算手段で検出された温度及び湿度から表皮材試験片の表
裏の水蒸気圧差を演算すると共に、推定手段によって演
算された水蒸気圧差に基づいてむれ感を推定する。[0013] In addition, in the unevenness evaluation apparatus of the present invention, with the seating simulating means placed on the sheet laminated body test piece, the front side of the test piece closest to the seating simulating means of the sheet laminated body test piece is detected by the detecting means. The temperature and the humidity on the back side are detected, and the steam pressure difference between the front and back of the skin material test piece is calculated from the temperature and the humidity detected by the calculating means, and the sense of discomfort is estimated based on the steam pressure difference calculated by the estimating means.
【００１４】本発明のむれ感評価装置によれば、荷重放
熱手段から蒸散手段に着座圧力に相当する荷重と人体放
熱量に相当する熱量が与えられ、蒸散手段から人間の不
感蒸泄に相当する蒸散が発生される。この蒸散は、着衣
状態を模擬した着衣試験片、及び実際のシートの構成に
従って試験片を積層したシート積層体試験片上を介して
外部に排出される。According to the moist feeling evaluation device of the present invention, the load corresponding to the seating pressure and the heat corresponding to the amount of heat released from the human body are given from the load radiating means to the transpiration means, and the transpiration means corresponds to human insensitive elimination. Transpiration occurs. This transpiration is discharged to the outside via a clothing test specimen simulating a clothing state and a sheet laminate test specimen on which test specimens are laminated according to the actual sheet configuration.
【００１５】検出手段は、シート積層体試験片の着座模
擬手段に最も近い試験片の表側及び裏側の温度及び湿度
を検出する。そして、着座模擬手段に最も近い試験片の
表側及び裏側の温度及び湿度からこの試験片の表側と裏
側との水蒸気圧差が演算され、演算された水蒸気圧差に
基づいてむれ感が推定される。[0015] The detecting means detects the temperature and humidity on the front and back sides of the test piece closest to the seating simulation means for the seat test piece. Then, the steam pressure difference between the front side and the back side of the test piece is calculated from the temperature and humidity on the front side and the back side of the test piece closest to the seating simulation means, and the sense of discomfort is estimated based on the calculated steam pressure difference.
【００１６】上記荷重放熱手段は、一体に構成すること
ができるが、着座圧力に相当する荷重を与えるための荷
重板と、人体放熱量に相当する熱量を放出する熱板とに
分割して構成することもできる。The load radiating means can be integrally formed, but is divided into a load plate for applying a load corresponding to the seating pressure and a heat plate for discharging a heat amount corresponding to the heat radiation amount of the human body. You can also.
【００１７】[0017]
【発明の実施の形態】以下、図面を参照して本発明の実
施の形態を詳細に説明する。図１は、本発明の実施の形
態のむれ感評価装置を示すものであり、このむれ感評価
装置はシート積層体試験片（テストピース）上に載置さ
れた着座模擬手段を備えている。Embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 shows a texture evaluation apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. The texture evaluation apparatus includes a seating simulation unit mounted on a test piece (test piece) of a sheet laminate.
【００１８】テストピースは、実際のシートのシート構
成に従って、メインパッド試験片１０の上に表皮カバー
パット試験片１２、及び表皮材試験片１４を順に積層し
て構成されている。また、メインパッド試験片１０は、
網１６で保持され、表皮カバーパット試験片１２が積層
されている面と反対側の面は、予め所定の温湿度に設定
された環境側の雰囲気と接触している。テストピースを
構成する各試験片は、全て一辺が１０ｃｍの大きさの正
方形に形成されている。The test piece is constructed by sequentially laminating a skin cover pad test piece 12 and a skin material test piece 14 on a main pad test piece 10 in accordance with the actual sheet configuration. In addition, the main pad test piece 10
The surface opposite to the surface on which the skin cover pad test piece 12 is held by the net 16 is in contact with an environment atmosphere set at a predetermined temperature and humidity in advance. Each test piece constituting the test piece is formed in a square having a size of 10 cm on one side.
【００１９】着座模擬手段は、テストピースの表皮材試
験片１４上に、着衣状態を模擬した着衣試験片１８、人
間の不感蒸泄に相当する蒸散を発生させるための蒸散手
段２０、人体放熱量に相当する熱量を放出する熱板２
２、及び着座圧力に相当する荷重を与えるための荷重板
２４を順に積層して構成されている。なお、荷重板２４
及び熱板２２は、本発明の荷重放熱手段を構成する。The seating simulating means includes a clothing test piece 18 simulating a clothing state on a skin material test piece 14 of a test piece, a transpiration means 20 for generating transpiration corresponding to insensitive transpiration of a human, a heat radiation amount of a human body. Hot plate 2 that emits heat equivalent to
2, and a load plate 24 for applying a load corresponding to the seating pressure are sequentially laminated. The load plate 24
The heat plate 22 constitutes the load radiating means of the present invention.
【００２０】着衣試験片１８は、Ｙシャツの生地と同一
の材料で形成されたＹシャツ試験片１８Ａと下着の生地
と同一の材料で形成された下着試験片１８Ｂとを積層し
て構成されている。蒸散手段２０は、水分を含浸させた
含浸部材である濾紙を透湿膜の袋内に挿入して濾紙を透
湿膜で包むことにより構成されている。熱板２２は、例
えば鉄等の金属で構成され、人体放熱量に相当する熱量
を放出するために、人体皮膚温に相当する一定温度（例
えば、３６°Ｃ）に保持されている。荷重板２４は、例
えば鉄等の金属で構成され、着座圧力に相当する荷重
（例えば、３０ｇ／ｃｍ2 ）を与えることができる重さ
になるように形成されている。The clothing test piece 18 is formed by laminating a Y-shirt test piece 18A formed of the same material as the Y-shirt cloth and an underwear test piece 18B formed of the same material as the underwear cloth. I have. The evaporating means 20 is configured by inserting a filter paper, which is an impregnating member impregnated with moisture, into a bag of a moisture-permeable membrane and wrapping the filter paper with the moisture-permeable membrane. The hot plate 22 is made of, for example, a metal such as iron, and is maintained at a constant temperature (for example, 36 ° C.) corresponding to a human skin temperature in order to emit a heat amount corresponding to a human body heat radiation amount. The load plate 24 is made of, for example, a metal such as iron, and is formed to have a weight capable of applying a load (for example, 30 g / cm 2 ) corresponding to the seating pressure.
【００２１】着座模擬手段を構成する着衣試験片１８、
蒸散手段２０、熱板２２、及び荷重板２４は、テストピ
ースを構成する各試験片と同様に、全て正方形で一辺が
１０ｃｍの大きさに形成されている。The clothing test piece 18 constituting the seating simulation means,
The transpiration means 20, the hot plate 22, and the load plate 24 are all square and have a size of 10 cm on a side, like the test pieces constituting the test piece.
【００２２】また、テストピース及び着座模擬手段は、
テストピース及び着座模擬手段の周囲、すなわち４辺及
び４角に接する位置に配置された断熱材２６で覆われ、
計測中環境の温度・湿度の影響を受けないようになって
いる。The test piece and the seating simulating means are:
It is covered with a heat insulating material 26 arranged around the test piece and the seating simulation means, that is, at a position in contact with four sides and four corners,
It is not affected by the temperature and humidity of the environment during measurement.
【００２３】この着座模擬手段によれば、熱板２２から
放出された熱と蒸散手段２０の透湿膜を透過した水蒸気
は、下着試験片１８Ｂ、Ｙシャツ試験片１８Ａ、表皮材
試験片１４、表皮カバーパッド試験片１２、及びメイン
パッド試験片１０の順に環境側へ浸透し、メインパッド
試験片１０の下面より環境側の雰囲気へ放出される。According to the seating simulating means, the heat released from the hot plate 22 and the water vapor transmitted through the moisture permeable membrane of the evaporating means 20 convert the underwear test piece 18B, the Y-shirt test piece 18A, the skin material test piece 14, The skin cover pad test piece 12 and the main pad test piece 10 penetrate into the environment in this order, and are released from the lower surface of the main pad test piece 10 to the environment-side atmosphere.
【００２４】また、Ｙシャツ試験片１８Ａとテストピー
スの着座模擬手段に最も近い試験片である表皮材試験片
１４との間、並びに表皮材試験片１４と表皮カバーパッ
ド試験片１２との間には、これらの間の温度及び湿度、
すなわち表皮材試験片の表側及び裏側の温度及び湿度を
検出する温湿度センサ２８、３０が配置されている。な
お、温湿度センサ２８、３０で検出される湿度は、相対
湿度であるが以下単に湿度という。Further, between the Y-shirt test piece 18A and the skin test piece 14 which is the test piece closest to the test piece sitting simulation means, and between the skin test piece 14 and the skin cover pad test piece 12. Is the temperature and humidity between them,
That is, the temperature and humidity sensors 28 and 30 for detecting the temperature and the humidity on the front side and the back side of the skin material test piece are arranged. Note that the humidity detected by the temperature and humidity sensors 28 and 30 is a relative humidity, but is hereinafter simply referred to as humidity.
【００２５】温湿度センサ２８、３０は、自動的に検出
値を記録するデータロガ３２に接続されている。このデ
ータロガ３２は、データロガ３２を介して取り込んだ各
部位の温湿度データを処理するパーソナルコンピュータ
３４に接続されている。パーソナルコンピュータ３４に
は計測条件等を入力するためのキーボード３６、パーソ
ナルコンピュータ３４で処理した結果を表示するディス
プレイ３８及びパーソナルコンピュータ３４で処理した
結果を出力するプリンタ４０が接続されている。パーソ
ナルコンピュータ３４には、以下で説明する演算式や演
算ルーチンのプログラム等が予め記憶されている。な
お、この演算式や演算ルーチンのプログラム等は、予め
パーソナルコンピュータ３４に記憶させておいてもよい
が、フロッピーディスクＦＤ等の記録媒体に記録してお
いて、ディスクで読み込んでインストールしてもよい。
この場合には、検出手段で検出されたシート積層体試験
片の着座模擬手段に最も近い試験片の表側及び裏側の温
度及び湿度から着座模擬手段に最も近い試験片の表側と
裏側との水蒸気圧差を演算し、演算された水蒸気圧差に
基づいてむれ感を推定するプログラムが予め記録媒体に
記録される。The temperature and humidity sensors 28 and 30 are connected to a data logger 32 for automatically recording detected values. The data logger 32 is connected to a personal computer 34 that processes the temperature and humidity data of each part taken through the data logger 32. Connected to the personal computer 34 are a keyboard 36 for inputting measurement conditions and the like, a display 38 for displaying results processed by the personal computer 34, and a printer 40 for outputting results processed by the personal computer 34. The personal computer 34 stores in advance programs for arithmetic expressions and arithmetic routines described below. The calculation formula and the program of the calculation routine may be stored in the personal computer 34 in advance, or may be stored in a recording medium such as a floppy disk FD and read by a disk for installation. .
In this case, the water vapor pressure difference between the front and back sides of the test piece closest to the seating simulation means is determined from the temperature and humidity on the front and back sides of the test piece closest to the seating simulation means of the sheet laminate test piece detected by the detection means. Is calculated, and a program for estimating the sense of mottle based on the calculated water vapor pressure difference is recorded in a recording medium in advance.
【００２６】次に本実施の形態で使用するむれ感優劣評
価法について説明する。シートむれ感の優劣を評価する
物理量として、表皮材試験片１４の表側の水蒸気圧に対
する表皮材試験片１４の裏側の水蒸気圧の差である次の
（１）式で表わされる水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）を採用す
る。Next, a method of evaluating the degree of unevenness used in this embodiment will be described. As a physical quantity for evaluating the degree of sheet unevenness, a steam pressure difference ΔP (test) represented by the following equation (1), which is a difference between a steam pressure on the back side of the skin material test piece 14 and a steam pressure on the back side of the skin material test piece 14, ).
【００２７】 ΔＰ（試験）＝Ｐ（表）−Ｐ（裏） ・・・（１） ここで、Ｐ（表）は表皮材試験片１４の表側の水蒸気
圧、Ｐ（裏）は表皮材試験片１４の裏側の水蒸気圧であ
る。なお、水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）は、Ｐ（裏）−Ｐ
（表）で求めてもよい。ΔP (test) = P (front) −P (back) (1) where P (front) is the water vapor pressure on the front side of the skin test piece 14, and P (back) is the skin test. The water vapor pressure on the back side of the piece 14. The water vapor pressure difference ΔP (test) is P (back) −P
(Table).
【００２８】上記（１）式の水蒸気圧Ｐ（表）、Ｐ
（裏）は、温湿度センサ２８、３０で検出された表皮材
試験片１４の表裏の温湿度を用いて次の（２）式で計算
することができる。The water vapor pressures P (table), P
(Back) can be calculated by the following equation (2) using the temperature and humidity on the front and back of the skin material test piece 14 detected by the temperature and humidity sensors 28 and 30.
【００２９】 Ｐ（表）＝（Ｒａ／100 ）・ｅｘｐ（18.6686-4030.183／（235 ＋Ｔａ）） Ｐ（裏）＝（Ｒｂ／100 ）・ｅｘｐ（18.6686-4030.183／（235 ＋Ｔｂ）） ・・・（２） ただし、Ｒａは表皮材試験片１４の表側の湿度（％）、
Ｒｂは表皮材試験片１４の裏側の湿度（％）、Ｔａは表
皮材試験片１４の表側の温度（℃）、Ｔｂは表皮材試験
片１４の裏側の温度（℃）である。P (table) = (Ra / 100) .exp (18.6686-4030.183 / (235 + Tb)) P (back) = (Rb / 100) .exp (18.6686-4030.183 / (235 + Tb)) (2) where Ra is the humidity (%) on the front side of the skin material test piece 14,
Rb is the humidity (%) on the back side of the skin material test piece 14, Ta is the temperature on the front side of the skin material test piece 14 (° C.), and Tb is the temperature on the back side of the skin material test piece 14 (° C.).
【００３０】図２に示すように下着４２とＹシャツ４４
とを着衣した被験者が、メインパッド４６、カバーパッ
ド４８、及び表皮５０を備えたＡ，Ｂ，Ｃ，Ｄ，Ｅ５脚
の実際のシート（実シート）に順に着座し、温湿度セン
サＳ１，Ｓ２の計測値を用いて表皮材５０の表裏の水蒸
気圧及び水蒸気圧差を演算した結果と、上記で説明した
本実施の形態のむれ感評価装置を用いてテストピースの
表皮材試験片１４の表裏の水蒸気圧差及び水蒸気圧を演
算した結果とを関連付けて図３、図４及び図５に示す。
なお、温湿度センサＳ３では、メインパッドとカバーパ
ッドとの間の温湿度を検出したが、相関がないので図示
は省略した。As shown in FIG. 2, underwear 42 and Y-shirt 44
Are sequentially seated on actual seats (actual seats) of the A, B, C, D, and E5 legs including the main pad 46, the cover pad 48, and the skin 50, and the temperature and humidity sensors S1 and S2. The results of calculating the water vapor pressure and the water vapor pressure difference between the front and back of the skin material 50 using the measured values of the above, and the front and back of the skin material test piece 14 of the test piece using the unevenness evaluation device of the present embodiment described above. FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 show the steam pressure difference and the result of calculating the steam pressure in association with each other.
The temperature / humidity sensor S3 detects the temperature / humidity between the main pad and the cover pad, but is not shown because there is no correlation.
【００３１】図３は、着座時における実シートの表皮材
５０表裏の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（実）とテストピースにおけ
る表皮材試験片１４の表裏の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）と
の関係、図４は着座時における実シートの表皮材５０の
表側の水蒸気圧と着座時における実シートの表皮材５０
の表裏の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（実）との関係、図５は着座時
における実シートの表皮材５０の表側の水蒸気圧とテス
トピースにおける表皮材試験片１４の表裏の水蒸気圧差
ΔＰ（試験）との関係、を各々示すものである。FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the steam pressure difference ΔP (actual) between the front and back of the skin material 50 of the actual seat and the steam pressure difference ΔP (test) of the front and back of the skin material test piece 14 in the test piece, and FIG. The vapor pressure on the front side of the skin material 50 of the actual seat at the time and the skin material 50 of the actual seat at the time of sitting
FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the water vapor pressure difference ΔP (test) between the front and back surfaces of the test piece 14 and the water vapor pressure difference ΔP (test) between the front and back surfaces of the skin material 50 of the actual seat at the time of sitting. , Respectively.
【００３２】図３から、本実施の形態による表皮材試験
片１４の表裏の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）は、実シートに
おける水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（実）と相関が高く（相関係数Ｒ
＝０．９６３７）、図４から実シートにおける水蒸気圧
差ΔＰ（実）は、上記着座実験における背もたれ部位の
温湿度から演算した水蒸気圧と相関が高い（相関係数Ｒ
＝０．９９１）ことが確認された。そして、図５から表
皮材試験片１４の表裏の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）は、着
座実験における背もたれ部位の温湿度から演算した水蒸
気圧と相関が高い（相関係数Ｒ＝０．９４７）ことが確
認された。FIG. 3 shows that the steam pressure difference ΔP (test) on the front and back of the skin material test piece 14 according to the present embodiment has a high correlation with the steam pressure difference ΔP (actual) in the actual sheet (correlation coefficient R).
= 0.9637), and FIG. 4 shows that the steam pressure difference ΔP (actual) in the actual seat has a high correlation with the steam pressure calculated from the temperature and humidity of the backrest portion in the seating experiment (correlation coefficient R
= 0.991). From FIG. 5, it can be seen that the steam pressure difference ΔP (test) on the front and back of the skin material test piece 14 has a high correlation (correlation coefficient R = 0.947) with the steam pressure calculated from the temperature and humidity of the backrest part in the seating experiment. confirmed.
【００３３】この結果から、テストピースにおける表皮
材試験片１４の表裏の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）が求まれ
ば、図５より実シートへの着座時の背もたれ部位の水蒸
気圧を推定できることが理解できる。From these results, it can be understood that if the water vapor pressure difference ΔP (test) between the front and back of the skin material test piece 14 in the test piece is determined, the water vapor pressure at the backrest portion when the user sits on the actual seat can be estimated from FIG. .
【００３４】図５の回帰式を次の（３）式に示す。 人体−シート接触部（背もたれ部）の水蒸気圧 ＝０．８７９６×ΔＰ（試験）＋２１．２３８４・・・（３） なお、上記では、表皮材試験片の表裏の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ
（試験）から実シートへの着座時の背もたれ部位の水蒸
気圧を直接推定したが、テストピースにおける表皮材試
験片１４の表裏の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）を求め、図３
より実シートへの着座時の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（実）を推定
し、図４より推定した水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（実）から背もた
れ部位の水蒸気圧を推定してもよい。The regression equation of FIG. 5 is shown in the following equation (3). Water vapor pressure at the human body-sheet contact portion (back portion) = 0.8796 × ΔP (test) +21.2384 (3) In the above, the water vapor pressure difference ΔP between the front and back of the skin material test piece is described above.
The steam pressure of the backrest portion at the time of sitting on the actual seat was directly estimated from the (test), and the steam pressure difference ΔP (test) between the front and back of the skin material test piece 14 in the test piece was obtained.
The steam pressure difference ΔP (actual) at the time of sitting on the actual seat may be further estimated, and the steam pressure at the backrest portion may be estimated from the steam pressure difference ΔP (actual) estimated from FIG.
【００３５】また、環境条件を変えて実施した別の官能
評価実験において、実シートに着座した時の背のむれ感
と背もたれ部位の水蒸気圧との関連を調べたところ、図
６に示すように、背もたれ部のむれ感と背もたれ部位の
水蒸気圧との相関が高い（相関係数Ｒ＝０．８６）こと
確認された。なお、図６の背のむれ感は、背もたれ部の
温湿度感にだけ起因すると仮定し、温湿度感が無い（む
れ感が無い）ときの官能値を基準値０とし、やや温湿度
感がある（ややむれを感じる）ときの官能値を１、温湿
度感がある（むれを感じる）ときの官能値を２、非常に
温湿度感がある（非常にむれを感じる）ときの官能値を
３としたものである。また、図６の回帰式を次の（４）
式に示す。In another sensory evaluation experiment carried out under different environmental conditions, the relationship between the feeling of unevenness of the back when sitting on the actual seat and the water vapor pressure at the backrest portion was examined. As shown in FIG. It was confirmed that the correlation between the feeling of discomfort at the backrest and the water vapor pressure at the backrest was high (correlation coefficient R = 0.86). 6 is assumed to be caused only by the temperature and humidity sensation of the backrest portion, and the sensory value when there is no temperature and humidity sensation (there is no feeling of swelling) is set to the reference value 0. The sensory value when there is a certain (slightly uneven) is 1, the sensory value when there is a sense of temperature and humidity (feels uneven) is 2, and the sensory value when there is a very sense of temperature and humidity (very bad sense). 3. Further, the regression equation of FIG.
It is shown in the formula.
【００３６】 背のむれ感（Ｍ） ＝０．０９３９×背もたれ部の水蒸気圧＋２．０８４・・・（４） （４）式の背もたれ部の水蒸気圧は上記（３）式で表さ
れるので、背のむれ感（Ｍ）は次式で表される。Back feeling (M) = 0.0939 × water vapor pressure at the backrest + 2.084 (4) Since the water vapor pressure at the backrest in the expression (4) is expressed by the above expression (3), , Back feeling (M) is expressed by the following equation.
【００３７】 背のむれ感（Ｍ） ＝０．０９３９（０．８７９６×ΔＰ（試験）＋２１．２３８４） ＋２．０８４ ・・・（５） 以上のことから、テストピースにおける表皮材試験片の
表裏の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）から背もたれ部の水蒸気
圧が推定でき、推定した水蒸気圧から背もたれ部のむれ
感（Ｍ）を推定することができる。Back feeling (M) = 0.0939 (0.8796 × ΔP (test) +21.2384) +2.084 (5) From the above, the front and back of the skin material test piece in the test piece are shown. The steam pressure of the backrest can be estimated from the steam pressure difference ΔP (test), and the feeling (M) of the backrest can be estimated from the estimated steam pressure.
【００３８】従って、本実施の形態で示す計測装置で表
皮材試験片の表裏の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）を求め、こ
の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）から定量的にシートのむれ感
の優劣が評価できる。Therefore, the measurement apparatus described in the present embodiment determines the water vapor pressure difference ΔP (test) between the front and back surfaces of the skin material test piece, and from the water vapor pressure difference ΔP (test), it is possible to quantitatively evaluate the degree of the sheet unevenness. .
【００３９】次に、図８を参照して本実施例の演算ルー
チンを説明する。ステップ１００において表皮材試験片
１４の表側の温度Ｔａと湿度Ｒａを取り込み、ステップ
１０２において表皮材試験片１４の裏側の温度Ｔｂと湿
度Ｒｂを取り込む。次に、ステップ１０４において上記
（２）式に従って表皮材試験片の表側と裏側の水蒸気圧
Ｐ（表）及びＰ（裏）を演算し、ステップ１０６におい
て上記（１）式に従って水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）を演算
する。また、ステップ１０８において上記（３）式に従
って背もたれ部の水蒸気圧を演算し、ステップ１１０に
おいて上式（５）式に従って背もたれ部のむれ感Ｍを演
算する。そして、ステップ１１２において演算したむれ
感Ｍの優劣を評価してディスプレイ３８に表示し、オペ
レータの指示によってプリンタ４０から出力する。Next, the calculation routine of this embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. In step 100, the temperature Ta and the humidity Ra on the front side of the skin material test piece 14 are captured, and in step 102, the temperature Tb and the humidity Rb on the back side of the skin material test piece 14 are captured. Next, in step 104, the steam pressures P (front) and P (back) on the front and back sides of the skin material test piece are calculated according to the above equation (2), and in step 106, the steam pressure difference ΔP (test ) Is calculated. In step 108, the water vapor pressure of the backrest is calculated in accordance with the above equation (3), and in step 110, the feeling M of the backrest is calculated in accordance with the above equation (5). Then, the superiority of the sense of mottleness M calculated in step 112 is evaluated and displayed on the display 38, and output from the printer 40 in accordance with an instruction of the operator.
【００４０】従って、このルーチンを各シート積層体試
験片について実施し、水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）の大小を
比較すればむれ感Ｍの優劣が判定できる。Accordingly, this routine is carried out for each sheet laminate test piece, and the magnitude of the sense of discomfort M can be determined by comparing the magnitude of the steam pressure difference ΔP (test).
【００４１】次に、シートむれ感の優劣を評価する物理
量とシート材料特性との関係について説明する。Next, the relationship between the physical quantity for evaluating the degree of sheet unevenness and the sheet material properties will be described.
【００４２】むれ感の優劣評価をシート材料特性と関連
付けて評価するため、上記のテストピースを構成する試
験片と同一の試験片を作成し、同一の表皮材試験片につ
いて表皮カバーパッド試験片及びメインパッド試験片を
異なる材料に変更し、表皮材試験片の吸湿量、透湿度、
熱伝導率、通気度等を計測した。そして、これらの計測
値と水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）との関係を調べ、統計解析
した。その結果、図７に示すように、水蒸気圧差ΔＰ
（試験）と表皮材試験片の透湿度とに高い相関（相関係
数Ｒ＝−０．９４６）があり、その回帰式は次の（６）
式で表せることが確認できた。なお、図７においてａ，
ｂは各々表皮カバーパッド試験片及びメインパッド試験
片を異なる材料に変更してたときの水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試
験）と表皮材試験片の透湿度との関係を示している。ま
た、透湿度はＪＩＳ Ｌ１０９９に規定されている塩化
カルシウムを用いた試験方法によって計測した。In order to evaluate the evaluation of unevenness in relation to the sheet material properties, the same test piece as the test piece constituting the above test piece was prepared. The main pad test piece was changed to a different material, and the moisture absorption, moisture permeability,
Thermal conductivity, air permeability, etc. were measured. Then, the relationship between these measured values and the water vapor pressure difference ΔP (test) was examined and statistically analyzed. As a result, as shown in FIG.
There is a high correlation (correlation coefficient R = −0.946) between (test) and the moisture permeability of the skin material test piece, and the regression equation is given by the following (6).
It was confirmed that it can be expressed by the formula. In FIG. 7, a,
b shows the relationship between the water vapor pressure difference ΔP (test) and the moisture permeability of the skin material test piece when the skin cover pad test piece and the main pad test piece were changed to different materials. The moisture permeability was measured by a test method using calcium chloride specified in JIS L1099.
【００４３】 ΔＰ（試験）＝−０．１９２６×表皮材試験片の透湿度＋２６．２５０３ ・・・（６） このことは、シートの構成として種々の特性のシート材
料を組合わせても、むれ感の優劣（水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試
験））は表皮材、すわわち表皮材試験片の単位面積につ
いての単位時間あたりの透湿度で一義的に決まることを
示している。ΔP (test) = − 0.1926 × moisture permeability of skin material test piece + 26.2503 (6) This indicates that even if sheet materials having various characteristics are combined as a sheet configuration, unevenness occurs. The superiority of the feeling (water vapor pressure difference ΔP (test)) indicates that it is uniquely determined by the moisture permeability per unit time per unit area of the skin material, that is, the skin material test piece.
【００４４】なお、シートの材料特性値である表皮材試
験片の透湿度から水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）を演算する場
合は、表皮材試験片単体の透湿度を別の計測装置で予め
計測し、上記（６）式に基づいて水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試
験）を演算し、その後上記と同様の手順で背もたれ部の
水蒸気圧、背もたれ部のむれ感Ｍを演算する。この場合
は、上記（６）式の演算式や図８のステップ１０６（演
算式は（６）式に変更する）以下のプログラムを、予め
パーソナルコンピュータに記憶させておくか、またはプ
ログラムフロッピーディスクＦＤ等の記録媒体に記録さ
せておいてインストールする。When calculating the water vapor pressure difference ΔP (test) from the moisture permeability of the skin material test piece, which is the material property value of the sheet, the moisture permeability of the skin material test piece alone is measured in advance by another measuring device. The steam pressure difference ΔP (test) is calculated based on the above equation (6), and thereafter, the steam pressure of the backrest portion and the feeling M of the backrest portion are calculated by the same procedure as above. In this case, the operation formula of the above equation (6) and the program following step 106 in FIG. 8 (the operation equation is changed to the equation (6)) are stored in a personal computer in advance, or the program floppy disk FD is used. Install it after recording it on a recording medium such as.
【００４５】なお、上記では荷重放熱手段を荷重板２４
と熱板２２との２つの板で構成する例について説明した
が、荷重放熱手段を着座圧力に相当する荷重を与えるた
めの荷重板のみで構成し、この荷重板を人体皮膚温に相
当する一定温度に保持して人体放熱量に相当する熱量を
放出するようにしてもよく、荷重放熱手段を人体放熱量
に相当する熱量を放出する熱板のみで構成し、この熱板
をコイルばね等のばねやゴム等の弾性体で構成した付勢
手段で付勢して着座圧力に相当する荷重を与えるように
してもよい。In the above description, the load radiating means is used as the load plate 24.
And the heat plate 22 have been described, but the load radiating means is constituted only by a load plate for applying a load corresponding to the seating pressure, and this load plate is provided at a constant value corresponding to the human body skin temperature. It is also possible to release the amount of heat corresponding to the amount of heat released from the human body while maintaining the temperature.The load radiating means is composed of only a heat plate that releases the amount of heat corresponding to the amount of heat released from the human body. A load corresponding to the seating pressure may be applied by urging with urging means formed of an elastic body such as a spring or rubber.
【００４６】以上のように本実施の形態では、着座を模
擬した計測装置により、表皮材試験片の表裏の温湿度を
検出し、両者の水蒸気圧から水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）を
演算し、水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）よりシート着座時のむ
れ感を自動的に評価できるので、シートを製作して官能
評価実験を行わなくても、実シートのむれ感の優劣を迅
速に評価できる。As described above, in the present embodiment, the temperature and humidity of the front and back surfaces of the skin material test piece are detected by the measuring device simulating the seating, the steam pressure difference ΔP (test) is calculated from the steam pressure of both, and the steam pressure difference ΔP (test) is calculated. Since the feeling of unevenness at the time of seating can be automatically evaluated from the pressure difference ΔP (test), it is possible to quickly evaluate the degree of unevenness of the actual sheet without producing a seat and performing a sensory evaluation experiment.
【００４７】また、シート材料特性値である透湿度から
このシート材料を用いて実シートを製作した場合の背も
たれ部のむれ感を推定できるのでむれにくい材料を事前
に選定評価できる。Further, the feeling of unevenness of the backrest portion when an actual sheet is manufactured using this sheet material can be estimated from the moisture permeability, which is a characteristic value of the sheet material.
【００４８】[0048]
【発明の効果】以上説明したように本発明によれば、表
皮材試験片や人間の着座状態を模擬したシート積層体試
験片等のテストピースの段階でむれ感の優劣を迅速に評
価できる、という効果が得られる。As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to quickly evaluate the degree of unevenness at the stage of a test piece such as a skin material test piece or a sheet laminate test piece simulating a human sitting state. The effect is obtained.
【図１】本発明の実施の形態のブロック図である。FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention.
【図２】着座実験による計測部位を示す図である。FIG. 2 is a diagram showing measurement sites by a seating experiment.
【図３】シート表皮材試験片の表裏の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ
（試験）と実シート表皮材の表裏の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ
（実）との関係を示す線図である。FIG. 3 shows the difference in water vapor pressure ΔP between the front and back of a sheet skin material test piece.
(Test) and the difference in water vapor pressure ΔP between the front and back of the actual sheet skin material
FIG.
【図４】着座実験による背もたれ部位の水蒸気圧と表皮
材表裏の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（実）との関係を示す線図であ
る。FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the relationship between the water vapor pressure at the backrest portion and the water vapor pressure difference ΔP (actual) on the front and back of the skin material by a seating experiment.
【図５】着座実験による背もたれ部位の水蒸気圧とシー
ト表皮材試験片の表裏の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ（試験）との関
係を示す線図である。FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a relationship between a water vapor pressure at a backrest portion and a water vapor pressure difference ΔP (test) between front and back surfaces of a test piece of a seat covering material according to a seating experiment.
【図６】背もたれ部位の水蒸気圧と背のむれ感との関係
を示す線図である。FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the relationship between the water vapor pressure at the backrest portion and the feeling of backrest.
【図７】シート表皮材試験片の表裏の水蒸気圧差ΔＰ
（試験）と表皮材試験片の透湿度との関係を示す線図で
ある。FIG. 7: Steam pressure difference ΔP between front and back of sheet skin material test piece
It is a diagram showing the relationship between (test) and the moisture permeability of a skin material test piece.
【図８】本発明の実施の形態の演算ルーチンを示す流れ
図である。FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing a calculation routine according to the embodiment of the present invention.
１０ メインパッド試験片 １２ 表皮カバーパット試験片 １４ 表皮材試験片 １６ 網 Reference Signs List 10 Main pad test piece 12 Skin cover pad test piece 14 Skin material test piece 16 Net
フロントページの続き (72)発明者 加藤 千春 愛知県愛知郡長久手町大字長湫字横道41番 地の１ 株式会社豊田中央研究所内 (72)発明者 大野 秀樹 愛知県豊田市トヨタ町１番地 トヨタ自動 車株式会社内 (72)発明者 山田 嘉夫 愛知県豊田市トヨタ町１番地 トヨタ自動 車株式会社内Continuing on the front page (72) Inventor Chiharu Kato 41-Cho, Yokomichi, Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Aichi Prefecture Inside Toyota Central Research Laboratory, Inc. (72) Inventor Hideki Ohno 1-Toyota-cho, Toyota-shi, Aichi Prefecture Toyota (72) Inventor Yoshio Yamada 1 Toyota Town, Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture Toyota Motor Corporation
Claims (1)
体放熱量に相当する熱量を放出する荷重放熱手段、水分
を含浸させた含浸部材と該含浸部材を包む透湿膜とで構
成されかつ人間の不感蒸泄に相当する蒸散を発生させる
ための蒸散手段、及び着衣状態を模擬した着衣試験片を
着座状態に従って順に積層して構成されると共に、実際
のシートの構成に従って試験片を積層したシート積層体
試験片上に載置される着座模擬手段と、 前記シート積層体試験片の着座模擬手段に最も近い試験
片の表側及び裏側の温度及び湿度を検出する検出手段
と、 前記検出手段で検出された試験片の表側及び裏側の温度
及び湿度から前記着座模擬手段に最も近い試験片の表側
と裏側との水蒸気圧差を演算する演算手段と、 前記演算手段の演算された水蒸気圧差に基づいてむれ感
を推定する推定手段と、 を含むむれ感評価装置。A load heat radiation means for applying a load corresponding to a seating pressure and releasing a heat amount corresponding to a human body heat radiation amount, an impregnating member impregnated with moisture, and a moisture permeable membrane enclosing the impregnating member. A transpiration means for generating transpiration corresponding to insensitive transpiration, and a sheet in which clothing test pieces simulating a clothing state are sequentially laminated according to a seating state, and the test pieces are laminated according to the actual sheet configuration. Seating simulation means placed on the laminate test piece; detection means for detecting the temperature and humidity on the front and back sides of the test piece closest to the seating simulation means for the sheet laminate test piece; Calculating means for calculating the steam pressure difference between the front and back sides of the test piece closest to the seating simulation means from the temperature and humidity on the front and back sides of the test piece, and the calculated steam pressure difference of the calculating means. Flock sensation evaluating device comprising an estimation means for estimating the sense Mure based.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP28680696A JPH10129308A (en) | 1996-10-29 | 1996-10-29 | Steamy feeling evaluating device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP28680696A JPH10129308A (en) | 1996-10-29 | 1996-10-29 | Steamy feeling evaluating device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH10129308A true JPH10129308A (en) | 1998-05-19 |
Family
ID=17709298
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP28680696A Pending JPH10129308A (en) | 1996-10-29 | 1996-10-29 | Steamy feeling evaluating device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH10129308A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9726654B2 (en) | 2014-03-14 | 2017-08-08 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Atmosphere sensor and method of producing the same, and method of producing printed matter |
-
1996
- 1996-10-29 JP JP28680696A patent/JPH10129308A/en active Pending
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9726654B2 (en) | 2014-03-14 | 2017-08-08 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Atmosphere sensor and method of producing the same, and method of producing printed matter |
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