JPH08121516A - Wet friction material - Google Patents
Wet friction materialInfo
- Publication number
- JPH08121516A JPH08121516A JP25800594A JP25800594A JPH08121516A JP H08121516 A JPH08121516 A JP H08121516A JP 25800594 A JP25800594 A JP 25800594A JP 25800594 A JP25800594 A JP 25800594A JP H08121516 A JPH08121516 A JP H08121516A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- friction material
- wet friction
- layer
- binder
- fiber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、トルクコンバータのロ
ックアップ機構などに用いられるペーパー系の湿式摩擦
材に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a paper-based wet friction material used for a lockup mechanism of a torque converter.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】自動車のトルクコンバータ内のロックア
ップ装置には、従来より直結クラッチが設けられ、直結
クラッチの継合によりトルクコンバータの入力軸と出力
軸を機械的に結合して一体回転可能としている。この直
結クラッチは、クラッチプレートを兼ねたピストン（出
力側）が油圧でクランクシャフトに固定されたフロント
カバー（入力側）に圧接されることで作動し、必要に応
じて入力側から出力側へ直接トルクを伝達可能としてい
る。この直結クラッチ作動時には、同一走行条件の非作
動時と比較してエンジンの運転域が低速・高トルク側に
移るため、この運転域で燃費の良好なエンジンとの組合
せにより相乗的に燃費を低減することができる。2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, a lockup device in a torque converter of an automobile is provided with a direct coupling clutch, and by coupling the direct coupling clutch, an input shaft and an output shaft of the torque converter are mechanically coupled to each other so as to be integrally rotatable. There is. This direct clutch operates when the piston (output side) that doubles as the clutch plate is hydraulically pressed against the front cover (input side) that is fixed to the crankshaft, and if necessary, directly from the input side to the output side. Torque can be transmitted. When this direct-coupling clutch is activated, the operating range of the engine shifts to the low speed / high torque side compared to when it is not operating under the same running conditions, so fuel efficiency is synergistically reduced by combining with an engine with good fuel consumption in this operating range. can do.
【０００３】この直結クラッチに用いられている湿式摩
擦材は、油中で用いられることから、自動変速機に用い
られているのと同様のペーパー系湿式摩擦材が用いられ
ている。ペーパー系湿式摩擦材は、基材繊維と無機充填
材及び結合材から構成され、摩擦特性に優れ軽く安価で
あると同時に、多孔質による油の吸浸性が大きく、耐熱
性、耐摩耗性にも優れているため、最も広く使用されて
いる。Since the wet friction material used in this direct coupling clutch is used in oil, the same paper-based wet friction material as that used in the automatic transmission is used. The paper-based wet friction material is composed of base fiber, inorganic filler and binder, has excellent friction characteristics, is light and inexpensive, and at the same time has a high oil infiltration property due to its porous property, and has high heat resistance and wear resistance. Is also the most widely used because it is also excellent.
【０００４】[0004]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】ところが上記ロックア
ップ装置の直結クラッチでは、ピストンとフロントカバ
ーとの摩擦係合時にジャダーが発生する場合があった。
本発明者らは、このジャダーの発生原因について鋭意研
究した結果、ピストン及びフロントカバー表面に存在す
るうねり及び湿式摩擦材自体のうねりがジャダーに大き
く影響していることを見出した。However, in the direct coupling clutch of the lockup device, a judder may be generated when the piston and the front cover are frictionally engaged with each other.
As a result of intensive studies on the cause of this judder, the present inventors have found that the swell existing on the surface of the piston and the front cover and the swell of the wet friction material itself have a great influence on the judder.
【０００５】湿式摩擦材は抄紙法で成形され、結合材を
含浸後に加熱・加圧されて製造されている。しかし基材
繊維の配向などにより加圧後に反りが生じる場合が多
く、うねりを解消することが困難である。また湿式摩擦
材の最表面をエミリー紙などで研磨することも検討され
ているが、湿式摩擦材の弾性により研磨が困難であり、
エミリー紙などに目詰まりが生じるために、平滑となる
までに長時間要するという問題がある。またあまり強く
研磨すると、湿式摩擦材に焼けが生じるという問題もあ
る。Wet friction materials are manufactured by a papermaking method, impregnated with a binder and then heated and pressed. However, warping often occurs after pressing due to the orientation of the base fibers, and it is difficult to eliminate the undulation. It is also considered to polish the outermost surface of the wet friction material with Emily paper etc., but the elasticity of the wet friction material makes polishing difficult,
There is a problem that it takes a long time to become smooth because the emily paper or the like is clogged. There is also a problem that the wet friction material is burnt if it is ground too strongly.
【０００６】そして湿式摩擦材自体のうねりに加えてピ
ストン又はフロントカバー表面のうねりが湿式摩擦材表
面に反映し、湿式摩擦材表面のうねりが大きくなる。し
たがって相手部材との摩擦摺動時には、うねりの凸部と
相手部材との間に押し込められた油膜の圧力が大きくな
って、湿式摩擦材と相手部材との接触が阻害されるため
摩擦係数が低下する。しかも高速運転時ほど摩擦係数の
低下度合いが大きくμ−Ｖ特性が負勾配となるため、ジ
ャダーに関して一層不利となる。In addition to the waviness of the wet friction material itself, the waviness of the piston or front cover surface is reflected on the wet friction material surface, and the waviness of the wet friction material surface becomes large. Therefore, during frictional sliding with the mating member, the pressure of the oil film pushed between the ridge of the undulation and the mating member increases, and the contact between the wet friction material and the mating member is obstructed, so the friction coefficient decreases. To do. Moreover, the degree of decrease in the friction coefficient increases as the speed increases, and the μ-V characteristic has a negative gradient, which is further disadvantageous for judder.
【０００７】本発明はこのような事情に鑑みてなされた
ものであり、湿式摩擦材自体のうねりを低減したり、湿
式摩擦材でピストンのうねりを吸収したりすることによ
り、ジャダーの発生を防止することを目的とする。The present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and prevents the occurrence of judder by reducing the waviness of the wet friction material itself or absorbing the waviness of the piston by the wet friction material. The purpose is to do.
【０００８】[0008]
【課題を解決するための手段】上記課題を解決する第１
発明の湿式摩擦材は、第１基材繊維と第１無機充填材及
び第１結合材とよりなる母層と、第２基材繊維と第２無
機充填材及び第２結合材とよりなり母層表面に積層され
た変形層とからなり、第２基材繊維は第１基材繊維より
弾性率が小さな繊維を含み変形層は母層より変形容易で
あって、変形層が駆動部材又は従動部材の一方に接合さ
れ母層が駆動部材又は従動部材の他方と摩擦するように
構成されたことを特徴とする。Means for Solving the Problems A first method for solving the above problems is described below.
The wet friction material of the invention comprises a mother layer composed of a first base fiber, a first inorganic filler and a first binder, and a mother layer composed of a second base fiber, a second inorganic filler and a second binder. The second base fiber includes a fiber having a smaller elastic modulus than the first base fiber, and the deformable layer is more easily deformable than the mother layer. The deformable layer is a driving member or a driven member. It is characterized in that it is joined to one of the members so that the mother layer rubs against the other of the driving member and the driven member.
【０００９】また第２発明の湿式摩擦材は、基材繊維と
無機充填材及び結合材とよりなる湿式摩擦材であって、
その摩擦表面は凍結後に研磨された平滑表面となってい
ることを特徴とする。さらに第３発明の湿式摩擦材は、
基材繊維と無機充填材及び結合材とよりなり弾性率が
９．８ＭＰａ〜３９２ＭＰａの摩擦単材を接着剤を介し
て複数枚積層してなることを特徴とする。The wet friction material of the second invention is a wet friction material comprising a base fiber, an inorganic filler and a binder,
The friction surface is characterized by being a smooth surface that has been polished after freezing. Furthermore, the wet friction material of the third invention is
It is characterized in that a plurality of friction single materials composed of a base fiber, an inorganic filler and a binder and having an elastic modulus of 9.8 MPa to 392 MPa are laminated via an adhesive.
【００１０】[0010]
【作用】第１発明の湿式摩擦材は、母層と変形層とから
構成され、変形層には弾性率の小さな繊維が多く含まれ
ている。この繊維は、ペーパー系湿式摩擦材に一般に用
いられているセルロース系繊維などに比べて弾性率が小
さいのでスプリングバックが小さく、変形層は母層に比
べて変形が容易である。The wet friction material of the first invention is composed of a mother layer and a deformation layer, and the deformation layer contains many fibers having a small elastic modulus. Since this fiber has a smaller elastic modulus than cellulose-based fibers generally used in paper-based wet friction materials, springback is small, and the deformable layer is more easily deformed than the base layer.
【００１１】したがって第１発明の湿式摩擦材の変形層
表面を接着する駆動部材又は従動部材に合わせて加圧・
加熱すれば、変形層が駆動部材又は従動部材の一方の表
面のうねりに沿って容易に成形する。したがってうねり
は変形層で吸収され、成形・接着後の母層表面は平滑と
なる。したがって得られる摩擦部材の湿式摩擦材表面は
平滑となり、使用時のジャダーが防止される。Accordingly, the wet friction material according to the first aspect of the present invention is pressed / pressed according to the driving member or the driven member for adhering the surface of the deformation layer.
When heated, the deformable layer easily forms along the undulations on the surface of one of the driving member and the driven member. Therefore, the undulations are absorbed by the deformation layer, and the surface of the mother layer after molding and bonding becomes smooth. Therefore, the wet friction material surface of the obtained friction member becomes smooth, and judder during use is prevented.
【００１２】また第２発明の湿式摩擦材では、例えば液
体窒素などにより湿式摩擦材が冷凍されると、湿式摩擦
材は凍結によりその見掛け硬度が上昇するので、エミリ
ー紙などで研磨しても目詰まりが生じず円滑な研磨が可
能となり、研磨により表面が平滑となる。したがって、
湿式摩擦材の表面が平滑であるので使用初期のジャダー
の発生を防止することができる。In the wet friction material of the second invention, when the wet friction material is frozen by, for example, liquid nitrogen, the apparent hardness of the wet friction material increases due to freezing. Clogs do not occur and smooth polishing becomes possible, and the surface becomes smooth by polishing. Therefore,
Since the surface of the wet friction material is smooth, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of judder in the initial stage of use.
【００１３】さらに第３発明の湿式摩擦材では、基材繊
維と無機充填材及び結合材とよりなり弾性率が９．８Ｍ
Ｐａ〜３９２ＭＰａの摩擦単材が接着剤を介して複数枚
積層されている。同一厚さで比較した場合には、単一構
造の湿式摩擦材に比べて厚さの薄い複数枚の摩擦単材を
接着剤を介して接合した複層構造の湿式摩擦材の方が強
度が向上する。したがって全体で同じ強度としても、摩
擦単材の弾性率を従来より小さくできるので、全体の弾
性率が従来より低減される。Further, the wet friction material of the third invention comprises a base fiber, an inorganic filler and a binder and has an elastic modulus of 9.8M.
A plurality of friction single materials having a pressure of Pa to 392 MPa are laminated via an adhesive. When comparing the same thickness, the wet friction material of the multi-layer structure in which a plurality of friction single materials, which are thinner than the wet friction material of the single structure, are joined with the adhesive, has higher strength. improves. Therefore, even if the strength is the same as a whole, the elastic modulus of the friction single material can be made smaller than that of the conventional one, so that the elastic modulus of the whole can be reduced as compared with the conventional one.
【００１４】したがって第３発明の湿式摩擦材では、駆
動部材又は従動部材の一方の表面に加圧・加熱した時に
表面のうねりに沿って摩擦単材が容易に変形してうねり
が吸収されるので、表面を平滑とすることができ使用時
のジャダーが防止される。Therefore, in the wet friction material of the third aspect of the present invention, when the surface of one of the driving member and the driven member is pressed and heated, the friction single material is easily deformed along the undulations of the surface to absorb the undulations. The surface can be made smooth, and judder during use is prevented.
【００１５】[0015]
〔発明の具体例〕 （１）第１発明 第１発明の湿式摩擦材における母層は、従来の湿式摩擦
材と同様の構成とすることができる。つまり第１基材繊
維としてはセルロース繊維やカーボン繊維などを用いる
ことができ、第１無機充填材としてはケイソウ土、カシ
ューダスト、グラファイト、チタン酸カリウム、シラス
バルーンなどが例示される。また第１結合材としては、
フェノール樹脂を代表とする耐熱性樹脂が用いられる。Specific Examples of the Invention (1) First Invention The mother layer in the wet friction material of the first invention can have the same structure as that of a conventional wet friction material. That is, cellulose fibers or carbon fibers can be used as the first base fiber, and examples of the first inorganic filler include diatomaceous earth, cashew dust, graphite, potassium titanate, and shirasu balloon. As the first binder,
A heat resistant resin represented by a phenol resin is used.
【００１６】また変形層を構成する第２基材繊維として
は、第１基材繊維より弾性率が小さな例えばアラミド繊
維のような繊維を含む構成とされる。アラミド繊維など
は、第２基材繊維中に６０重量％以上用いることが好ま
しい。アラミド繊維などの弾性率の小さな繊維が６０重
量％より少なくなると、うねりの吸収作用が小さくなり
湿式摩擦材表面の平滑性が低下する。The second base fiber constituting the deformable layer includes a fiber having a smaller elastic modulus than the first base fiber, such as aramid fiber. It is preferable to use 60% by weight or more of the aramid fiber or the like in the second base fiber. When the amount of fibers having a small elastic modulus such as aramid fibers is less than 60% by weight, the effect of absorbing swell is reduced and the smoothness of the surface of the wet friction material is deteriorated.
【００１７】なお、第２無機充填材及び第２結合材は、
第１無機充填材及び第１結合材と同様のものを用いるこ
とができる。 （２）第２発明 第２発明の摩擦部材において、基材繊維、無機充填材及
び結合材は上記第１基材繊維、第１無機充填材及び第１
結合材と同様のものを用いることができる。そして研磨
前の凍結は、液体窒素や液体ヘリウムなどで冷凍して行
うことができる。その冷凍温度は低いほど硬度が大きく
なり、次の研磨工程で容易に平滑にすることができるの
で好ましい。The second inorganic filler and the second binder are
The same materials as the first inorganic filler and the first binder can be used. (2) Second invention In the friction member of the second invention, the base fiber, the inorganic filler and the binder are the first base fiber, the first inorganic filler and the first base fiber.
The same material as the binder can be used. The freezing before polishing can be performed by freezing with liquid nitrogen or liquid helium. The lower the freezing temperature, the higher the hardness, and the smoothing can be easily performed in the subsequent polishing step, which is preferable.
【００１８】研磨は、エミリー紙などを用いて行うこと
ができる。解凍しないうちに素早く行う必要がある。本
発明の摩擦部材では、湿式摩擦材の平滑性に優れるので
初期から相手材とのあたりが良くなり、初期耐ジャダー
性に優れている。そして初期以降は、相手材との摩擦に
よって平滑となるので、初期の耐ジャダー性が維持され
る。 （３）第３発明 第３発明の湿式摩擦材において、摩擦単材の弾性率が
９．８ＭＰａより小さいと強度が低下し、３９２ＭＰａ
より大きくなると変形が困難となってジャダーの防止が
困難となる。このような摩擦単材とするには、基材繊維
にアラミド繊維のような弾性率がセルロース繊維より小
さな繊維を６０重量％以上の量で用いることが望まし
い。なお他の基材繊維、無機充填材及び結合材は上記第
１基材繊維、第１無機充填材及び第１結合材と同様のも
のを用いることができる。The polishing can be performed using Emily paper or the like. It needs to be done quickly before thawing. In the friction member of the present invention, since the wet friction material has excellent smoothness, the contact with the mating material is improved from the initial stage, and the initial resistance to judder is excellent. After the initial stage, it becomes smooth due to friction with the mating member, so that the initial resistance to judder is maintained. (3) Third invention In the wet friction material of the third invention, if the elastic modulus of the friction single material is smaller than 9.8 MPa, the strength is reduced to 392 MPa.
If it becomes larger, it becomes difficult to deform and it becomes difficult to prevent judder. In order to make such a friction single material, it is desirable to use, as the base fiber, a fiber having an elastic modulus smaller than that of the cellulose fiber, such as aramid fiber, in an amount of 60% by weight or more. As the other base fiber, the inorganic filler and the binder, the same materials as the first base fiber, the first inorganic filler and the first binder can be used.
【００１９】以下、実施例により具体的に説明する。な
お以下の実施例は、図２に示すトルクコンバータの直結
クラッチの湿式摩擦材に本発明を適用したものである。
このトルクコンバータでは、クランクシャフト１００に
連結されたフロントカバー１０１と、インプットシャフ
ト２００に連結されたピストン２０１との間で直結クラ
ッチが構成され、ピストン２０１に接合されたリング状
の湿式摩擦材１がフロントカバー１０１と当接して油中
で摩擦摺動する構成とされている。 （実施例１）図１に本実施例の湿式摩擦材をピストン２
０１に接合した状態で示す。この湿式摩擦材１は、変形
層１０と、変形層１０表面に積層された母層１１とから
構成されている。以下、この湿式摩擦材を製造した方法
を説明して構成の詳細な説明に代える。A specific description will be given below with reference to examples. Note that the following embodiments apply the present invention to the wet friction material of the direct coupling clutch of the torque converter shown in FIG.
In this torque converter, a direct coupling clutch is formed between the front cover 101 connected to the crankshaft 100 and the piston 201 connected to the input shaft 200, and the ring-shaped wet friction material 1 joined to the piston 201 is It is configured to come into contact with the front cover 101 and slide frictionally in oil. (Embodiment 1) The wet friction material of this embodiment is shown in FIG.
Shown in a state of being bonded to 01. The wet friction material 1 is composed of a deformable layer 10 and a mother layer 11 laminated on the surface of the deformable layer 10. Hereinafter, a method of manufacturing the wet friction material will be described and replaced with a detailed description of the configuration.
【００２０】先ず、第１基材繊維としてのセルロース繊
維６５重量％と、第１無機充填材としてのケイソウ土３
０重量％及びグラファイト５重量％の比率で混合された
懸濁液から抄紙して母層１１を形成した。次いで母層１
１が乾燥する前に、第２基材繊維としてのアラミド繊維
３５重量％及びセルロース繊維３５重量％と、第２無機
充填材としてのケイソウ土３０重量％の比率で混合され
た懸濁液を母層１１表面に流して、変形層１０を形成
し、二層構造の紙質基材を作製した。続いて結合材とし
てのフェノール樹脂を全体の３０重量％となるように含
浸させ、風乾した。First, 65% by weight of cellulose fibers as the first base fiber and diatomaceous earth 3 as the first inorganic filler 3
A mother layer 11 was formed by papermaking from a suspension mixed at a ratio of 0% by weight and 5% by weight of graphite. Then mother layer 1
Before 1 was dried, a suspension prepared by mixing 35% by weight of aramid fiber and 35% by weight of cellulose fiber as the second base fiber with 30% by weight of diatomaceous earth as the second inorganic filler was prepared. The modified layer 10 was formed by pouring on the surface of the layer 11 to prepare a paper base material having a two-layer structure. Subsequently, a phenol resin as a binder was impregnated to 30% by weight of the whole, and air-dried.
【００２１】次に、予め接着剤が塗布されたピストン２
０１表面に、変形層１０が接着面となるように風乾した
上記紙質基材を重ね、加熱加圧して接着と同時に結合材
を硬化させ、本実施例の湿式摩擦材を得た。なおピスト
ン２０１には、円周方向に高低幅最大１５０μｍのうね
りが存在している。 （実施例２〜３）各原料の比率を表１のようにしたこと
以外は実施例１と同様にして、それぞれの湿式摩擦材を
製造するとともに、ピストン２０１に接合した。 （比較例１）母層のみから構成し、変形層を設けなかっ
たこと以外は実施例１と同様にして比較例１の湿式摩擦
材を形成するとともに、ピストン２０１に接合した。湿
式摩擦材の厚さは実施例１の湿式摩擦材全体の厚さと同
等である。 （評価）ピストン２０１に接合されたそれぞれの湿式摩
擦材について、表面のうねりを円周方向で測定し、うね
りの高低幅の最大値を測定した。結果を表１に示す。Next, the piston 2 to which the adhesive is applied in advance
On the surface 01, the air-dried paper base material was laminated so that the deformable layer 10 became the adhesive surface, and the binder was cured at the same time as adhesion by heating and pressurizing to obtain the wet friction material of this example. It should be noted that the piston 201 has undulations having a high and low width and a maximum of 150 μm in the circumferential direction. (Examples 2 to 3) Each wet friction material was manufactured and bonded to the piston 201 in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the ratio of each raw material was set as shown in Table 1. (Comparative Example 1) A wet friction material of Comparative Example 1 was formed and bonded to the piston 201 in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the wet friction material was composed of only the mother layer and no deformation layer was provided. The thickness of the wet friction material is the same as the thickness of the entire wet friction material of Example 1. (Evaluation) For each wet friction material joined to the piston 201, the waviness of the surface was measured in the circumferential direction, and the maximum value of the waviness height was measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
【００２２】またそれぞれの湿式摩擦材が接合されたピ
ストン２０１をそれぞれ実機に取付け、相対回転数５０
ｒｐｍ、面圧７８０ＫＰａ（８ｋｇｆ／ｃｍ2 ）、油温
１００℃の条件で連続滑り試験を行い、ジャダーの発生
状況を調べた。結果を表１に示す。Further, the pistons 201 to which the respective wet friction materials are joined are attached to the respective actual machines, and the relative rotation speed is 50.
A continuous slip test was conducted under the conditions of rpm, surface pressure of 780 KPa (8 kgf / cm 2 ) and oil temperature of 100 ° C. to examine the occurrence of judder. The results are shown in Table 1.
【００２３】[0023]
【表１】 表１より、変形層のアラミド繊維の量が増えるにつれて
平滑度が向上し、ジャダーの発生も防止されることが明
らかである。[Table 1] From Table 1, it is clear that the smoothness is improved and the occurrence of judder is prevented as the amount of the aramid fiber in the deformation layer is increased.
【００２４】なお、上記実施例でうねりが低減されたの
は、図１に示すようにピストン２０１のうねりが変形層
１０の変形により吸収され、母層１１表面が平滑となっ
てフロントカバー１０１とフラットな当たりとなってい
るためと考えられる。 （実施例４）基材繊維としてのセルロース繊維６５重量
％と、無機充填材としてのケイソウ土３０重量％及びグ
ラファイト５重量％の比率で混合された懸濁液から抄紙
し、続いて結合材としてのフェノール樹脂を全体の３０
重量％となるように含浸させ、風乾した後加熱・加圧し
て湿式摩擦材とした。The undulation is reduced in the above embodiment because the undulation of the piston 201 is absorbed by the deformation of the deformation layer 10 as shown in FIG. This is probably because it is a flat hit. (Example 4) Paper making from a suspension prepared by mixing 65% by weight of cellulose fiber as a base fiber, 30% by weight of diatomaceous earth as an inorganic filler and 5% by weight of graphite, and then as a binder. 30 total phenolic resin
A wet friction material was obtained by impregnating so that the weight% of the material was obtained, air drying, and then heating and pressing.
【００２５】次に、この湿式摩擦材を液体窒素中に浸漬
して冷凍させ引き上げた後、＃５００のエミリー紙が装
着され５０ｒｐｍで回転している回転テーブルに５ＫＰ
ａの圧力で押圧して研磨を行い、本実施例の湿式摩擦材
を得た。なお、液体窒素から引き上げた直後の湿式摩擦
材のロックウェル硬度（φ１０円筒圧子、荷重１５０ｋ
ｇ）は９２．５ＨＲＣであり、常温（２０℃）での硬度
８５．５ＨＲＣより格段に硬度が増大していることが確
認された。 （比較例２）実施例４において、液体窒素に浸漬する前
の湿式摩擦材を、比較例２の湿式摩擦材とした。つまり
この湿式摩擦材は、表面が研磨されていない。 （比較例３）液体窒素は用いず、常温で研磨したこと以
外は実施例４と同様にして、比較例３の湿式摩擦材を得
た。 （評価）実施例４及び比較例２〜３の湿式摩擦材につい
てならし試験を行い、ならし前後の湿式摩擦材表面のう
ねりを測定した。結果を図３〜５に示す。またならし前
後の滑り速度と摩擦係数の関係（μ−Ｖ）を測定し、結
果を図６〜７に示す。Next, this wet friction material was immersed in liquid nitrogen, frozen, and pulled up, and then 5 KP was applied to a rotary table on which # 500 Emily paper was mounted and which was rotating at 50 rpm.
The wet friction material of this example was obtained by pressing with the pressure of a and polishing. The Rockwell hardness of the wet friction material immediately after being pulled up from liquid nitrogen (φ10 cylindrical indenter, load 150 k
g) was 92.5 HRC, and it was confirmed that the hardness was remarkably increased from the hardness of 85.5 HRC at room temperature (20 ° C.). Comparative Example 2 The wet friction material of Example 4 was used as the wet friction material before being immersed in liquid nitrogen. That is, the surface of this wet friction material is not polished. (Comparative Example 3) A wet friction material of Comparative Example 3 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 except that polishing was carried out at room temperature without using liquid nitrogen. (Evaluation) The wet friction materials of Example 4 and Comparative Examples 2 to 3 were subjected to a leveling test, and the waviness of the surface of the wet friction materials before and after the leveling was measured. The results are shown in FIGS. Further, the relationship (μ-V) between the sliding speed before and after the smoothing and the friction coefficient was measured, and the results are shown in FIGS.
【００２６】なお、ならし試験は、相手材としてＳ３５
Ｃ鋼（表面バレル仕上げ・Ｒｚ＝３．４μｍ）を用い、
ＳＡＥ−ＮＯ．２試験機により表２に示す条件で行っ
た。またμ−Ｖは表２に示す条件で測定した。In the leveling test, S35 was used as the mating material.
Using C steel (surface barrel finish, Rz = 3.4 μm),
SAE-NO. The test was carried out under the conditions shown in Table 2 using a 2 test machine. Further, μ-V was measured under the conditions shown in Table 2.
【００２７】[0027]
【表２】 なお、耐ジャダー性はμ−Ｖ線図の勾配（ｄμ／ｄＶ）
で評価されるのが一般的であり、この勾配が正ならジャ
ダーが発生しにくいと考えられている。そこで図６〜７
より、滑り速度が１．０〜２．０ｍ／ｓの間で勾配（ｄ
μ／ｄＶ）を算出し、結果を表３に示す。[Table 2] The resistance to judder is the slope of the μ-V diagram (dμ / dV)
It is generally evaluated by, and it is considered that judder is unlikely to occur if this gradient is positive. Therefore, FIGS.
Therefore, when the sliding speed is 1.0 to 2.0 m / s, the gradient (d
μ / dV) was calculated, and the results are shown in Table 3.
【００２８】[0028]
【表３】 図３〜５より、実施例４のように冷凍して研磨すること
により、ならし前の表面の平滑性が格段に向上している
ことが明らかである。また表３より、実施例４の湿式摩
擦材は勾配（ｄμ／ｄＶ）が正で大きいのでならし前の
初期のジャダー発生が防止されていることがわかる。ま
た、ならし後には実施例と比較例との間に差異がないこ
ともわかる。これは、ならし中の湿式摩擦材の摩耗によ
りうねりが平滑化されたことによるものである。したが
って実施例４の湿式摩擦材は、初期以降においても初期
と同等の耐ジャダー性が維持されている。 （実施例５）基材繊維としてのセルロース繊維４０重量
部及びアラミド繊維５重量部と、無機充填材としてのケ
イソウ土２５重量部の比率で混合された懸濁液から抄紙
し、続いて結合材としてのフェノール樹脂を全体の３０
重量％となるように含浸させ、風乾した後加熱・加圧し
リング状に打ち抜いて摩擦単材を得た。この摩擦単材の
板厚は０．３ｍｍ、密度は０．７ｇ／ｃｍ3 、弾性率は
１１８ＭＰａである。[Table 3] From FIGS. 3 to 5, it is apparent that the smoothness of the surface before leveling is significantly improved by freezing and polishing as in Example 4. Further, it can be seen from Table 3 that the wet friction material of Example 4 has a positive gradient and a large gradient (dμ / dV), so that the initial occurrence of judder before the smoothing is prevented. Further, it can be seen that there is no difference between the example and the comparative example after the smoothing. This is because the waviness was smoothed by the abrasion of the wet friction material during the leveling. Therefore, the wet friction material of Example 4 maintained the same resistance to judder as in the initial stage even after the initial stage. (Example 5) Paper making from a suspension prepared by mixing 40 parts by weight of cellulose fiber as a base fiber and 5 parts by weight of aramid fiber with 25 parts by weight of diatomaceous earth as an inorganic filler, followed by a binder. Phenolic resin as a whole 30
The friction single material was obtained by impregnating so as to have a weight percentage, air-drying, heating and pressing, punching into a ring shape. The plate thickness of this friction single material is 0.3 mm, the density is 0.7 g / cm 3 , and the elastic modulus is 118 MPa.
【００２９】次に厚さ０．１ｍｍのゴム系フィルム接着
剤を間に介在させながら、この摩擦単材を３枚サンドイ
ッチ状に積層し、加熱・加圧して総厚１．０ｍｍとなる
ように成形して、本実施例の湿式摩擦材を得た。この湿
式摩擦材は、概略断面図を図８に示すように、摩擦単材
層２が接着剤層３を介して交互に積層されている。 （比較例４）実施例５の摩擦単材と同様の組成で、積層
することなく板厚１．０ｍｍの一体品を形成して比較例
４の湿式摩擦材とした。 （比較例５）フェノール樹脂の含浸量を３５重量％とし
たこと以外は実施例５と同様にして、密度０．７ｇ／ｃ
ｍ3 、弾性率２４５ＭＰａの摩擦単材を形成し、同様に
積層し熱成形して総厚１．０ｍｍの比較例５の湿式摩擦
材を得た。 （評価）上記の各湿式摩擦材を外径２５．６ｍｍ、内径
２０．１ｍｍの円筒リングに接着し、油温８０℃の自動
変速機用油（ＡＴＦ）中において相手材（Ｓ３５Ｃ鋼）
と面圧９８０ＫＰａ（１０ｋｇｆ／ｃｍ2 ）で摩擦摺動
させ、滑り速度０．１ｍｍ／ｓと０．５ｍ／ｓの２水準
で摩擦係数を測定した。また両摩擦係数の比を算出し、
それらの結果を表４に示す。Next, while sandwiching a rubber-based film adhesive having a thickness of 0.1 mm, three pieces of this friction single material are laminated in a sandwich form, and heated and pressed so that the total thickness becomes 1.0 mm. Molding was performed to obtain the wet friction material of this example. In this wet friction material, as shown in the schematic sectional view of FIG. 8, single friction material layers 2 are alternately laminated with an adhesive layer 3 interposed therebetween. (Comparative Example 4) A wet friction material of Comparative Example 4 was obtained by forming an integrated product having a plate thickness of 1.0 mm without laminating with the same composition as the friction single material of Example 5. (Comparative Example 5) A density of 0.7 g / c was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the impregnated amount of the phenol resin was 35% by weight.
A friction single material having a m 3 and an elastic modulus of 245 MPa was formed, and similarly laminated and thermoformed to obtain a wet friction material of Comparative Example 5 having a total thickness of 1.0 mm. (Evaluation) Each of the above wet friction materials was adhered to a cylindrical ring having an outer diameter of 25.6 mm and an inner diameter of 20.1 mm, and the mating material (S35C steel) was used in automatic transmission oil (ATF) at an oil temperature of 80 ° C.
Was frictionally slid at a surface pressure of 980 KPa (10 kgf / cm 2 ) and the friction coefficient was measured at two levels of a sliding speed of 0.1 mm / s and 0.5 m / s. Also, calculate the ratio of both friction coefficients,
The results are shown in Table 4.
【００３０】また常法により各湿式摩擦材の剪断強度と
圧縮弾性率を測定し、結果を表４に合わせて示す。Further, the shear strength and compressive elastic modulus of each wet friction material were measured by a conventional method, and the results are also shown in Table 4.
【００３１】[0031]
【表４】 表４より、実施例５と比較例５の湿式摩擦材は圧縮弾性
率が小さく、それにより安定した高い摩擦特性が得られ
ているので変速ショックやスティックリップに対して有
利であり、これは湿式摩擦材が湿式摩擦材を接着する板
及び相手板のうねりを吸収してフラット当たりとなって
いることの間接的な証明であるから、ジャダーも防止さ
れるであろうことがわかる。また比較例５の湿式摩擦材
は剪断強度が小さいが、これは厚さが厚いため内部亀裂
が発生したことによるものと推察される。[Table 4] From Table 4, the wet friction materials of Example 5 and Comparative Example 5 have a small compression elastic modulus, and thus stable and high friction characteristics are obtained, which is advantageous for gear shift shock and stick lip. Since it is an indirect proof that the friction material absorbs the undulations of the plate to which the wet friction material is adhered and the mating plate, it is possible to prevent judder from occurring. Further, the wet friction material of Comparative Example 5 has a small shear strength, but it is speculated that this is because internal cracks were generated due to its large thickness.
【００３２】一方、比較例６の湿式摩擦材は、圧縮弾性
率が大きく変形しにくいため、摩擦係数が他より小さく
μ比も１．０より小さくなり、変速ショックやスティッ
クスリップに対して不利であって、ジャダーも発生しや
すいことがわかる。つまり実施例５の湿式摩擦材は、う
ねりを解消できる程度の変形が可能な弾性を有しつつ、
高摩擦係数と安定した摩擦特性及び高強度を兼ね備え、
従来では両立し得なかった特性を有していることが明ら
かである。On the other hand, the wet friction material of Comparative Example 6 has a large compression elastic modulus and is hard to be deformed. Therefore, the friction coefficient is smaller than the others, and the μ ratio is smaller than 1.0, which is disadvantageous to gear shift shock and stick slip. It is clear that judder is likely to occur. That is, the wet friction material of Example 5 has elasticity capable of deforming to such an extent that undulations can be eliminated,
Combines high friction coefficient with stable friction characteristics and high strength,
It is clear that it has characteristics that were not compatible with each other in the past.
【００３３】[0033]
【発明の効果】すなわち第１発明の湿式摩擦材によれ
ば、直結クラッチのピストンやフロントカバーなどの表
面のうねりを吸収してフラット当たりとすることができ
るので、安定した摩擦特性が得られ、ジャダーの発生を
防止することができる。また第２発明の湿式摩擦材によ
れば、湿式摩擦材自体のうねりがなく表面が平滑である
ので、継合初期における相手部材との当たりがフラット
となり、初期のジャダーの発生を防止することができ
る。That is, according to the wet friction material of the first aspect of the present invention, it is possible to absorb the undulations of the surface of the piston, front cover, etc. of the direct coupling clutch to make a flat contact, so that stable friction characteristics can be obtained. It is possible to prevent the occurrence of judder. According to the wet friction material of the second aspect of the invention, since the wet friction material itself has no undulation and the surface is smooth, the contact with the mating member at the initial stage of joining is flat, and the occurrence of initial judder can be prevented. it can.
【００３４】さらに第３発明の湿式摩擦材によれば、う
ねりを解消できる程度の変形が可能な弾性を有しつつ、
高摩擦係数と安定した摩擦特性及び高強度を兼ね備え、
従来では両立し得なかった耐ジャダー性と強度の両特性
を有している。Further, according to the wet friction material of the third invention, while having elasticity capable of being deformed to such an extent that waviness can be eliminated,
Combines high friction coefficient with stable friction characteristics and high strength,
It has both properties of resistance to judder and strength that have not been compatible with conventional products.
【図１】本発明の一実施例の湿式摩擦材を相手部材に接
合した状態で示す要部断面図である。FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of essential parts showing a wet friction material according to an embodiment of the present invention in a state of being joined to a mating member.
【図２】本発明の実施例の湿式摩擦材が装着されるトル
クコンバータ装置の断面図である。FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a torque converter device to which the wet friction material according to the embodiment of the present invention is mounted.
【図３】実施例４におけるならし前後のうねりの変化を
示す説明図である。FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing changes in waviness before and after smoothing in Example 4.
【図４】比較例２におけるならし前後のうねりの変化を
示す説明図である。FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing changes in waviness before and after smoothing in Comparative Example 2.
【図５】比較例３におけるならし前後のうねりの変化を
示す説明図である。FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing changes in waviness before and after smoothing in Comparative Example 3.
【図６】ならし前の滑り速度と摩擦係数の関係を示すグ
ラフである。FIG. 6 is a graph showing a relationship between a sliding speed and a friction coefficient before normalizing.
【図７】ならし後の滑り速度と摩擦係数の関係を示すグ
ラフである。FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the sliding speed after leveling and the friction coefficient.
【図８】実施例５の湿式摩擦材の要部断面図である。FIG. 8 is a sectional view of a main part of a wet friction material of Example 5.
１：湿式摩擦材 ２：摩擦単材層
３：接着剤層 １０：変形層 １１：母層1: Wet friction material 2: Friction single material layer
3: Adhesive layer 10: Deformation layer 11: Mother layer
Claims (3)
結合材とよりなる母層と、第２基材繊維と第２無機充填
材及び第２結合材とよりなり該母層表面に積層された変
形層とからなり、 該第２基材繊維は該第１基材繊維より弾性率が小さな繊
維を含み該変形層は該母層より変形容易であって、該変
形層が駆動部材又は従動部材の一方に接合され該母層が
駆動部材又は従動部材の他方と摩擦するように構成され
たことを特徴とする湿式摩擦材。1. A first base fiber, a first inorganic filler, and a first
A mother layer composed of a binder, and a deformable layer composed of a second base fiber, a second inorganic filler and a second binder laminated on the surface of the base layer, wherein the second base fiber is The deformable layer includes a fiber having an elastic modulus smaller than that of the first base fiber and is more easily deformable than the mother layer, and the deformable layer is bonded to one of the driving member and the driven member, and the mother layer is the driving member or the driven member. A wet friction material characterized by being configured to rub against the other.
なる湿式摩擦材であって、その摩擦表面は凍結後に研磨
された平滑表面となっていることを特徴とする湿式摩擦
材。2. A wet friction material comprising a base fiber, an inorganic filler and a binder, the friction surface of which is a smooth surface polished after freezing.
なり弾性率が９．８ＭＰａ〜３９２ＭＰａの摩擦単材を
接着剤を介して複数枚積層してなることを特徴とする湿
式摩擦材。3. A wet friction material comprising a plurality of friction single materials composed of a base fiber, an inorganic filler and a binder and having an elastic modulus of 9.8 MPa to 392 MPa, laminated with an adhesive. .
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP25800594A JPH08121516A (en) | 1994-10-24 | 1994-10-24 | Wet friction material |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP25800594A JPH08121516A (en) | 1994-10-24 | 1994-10-24 | Wet friction material |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH08121516A true JPH08121516A (en) | 1996-05-14 |
Family
ID=17314219
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP25800594A Pending JPH08121516A (en) | 1994-10-24 | 1994-10-24 | Wet friction material |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH08121516A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000037804A (en) * | 1998-07-06 | 2000-02-08 | Borg Warner Automot Inc | High performance two-ply friction material |
| WO2019173164A1 (en) * | 2018-03-06 | 2019-09-12 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Wet friction material with orifices |
| WO2019173169A1 (en) * | 2018-03-06 | 2019-09-12 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Double layer wet friction material |
| WO2019173168A1 (en) * | 2018-03-06 | 2019-09-12 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Method of forming wet friction material by burning off fibers |
| JP2019210463A (en) * | 2018-05-31 | 2019-12-12 | ボーグワーナー インコーポレーテッド | Friction material |
-
1994
- 1994-10-24 JP JP25800594A patent/JPH08121516A/en active Pending
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000037804A (en) * | 1998-07-06 | 2000-02-08 | Borg Warner Automot Inc | High performance two-ply friction material |
| WO2019173164A1 (en) * | 2018-03-06 | 2019-09-12 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Wet friction material with orifices |
| WO2019173169A1 (en) * | 2018-03-06 | 2019-09-12 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Double layer wet friction material |
| WO2019173168A1 (en) * | 2018-03-06 | 2019-09-12 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Method of forming wet friction material by burning off fibers |
| CN111527319A (en) * | 2018-03-06 | 2020-08-11 | 舍弗勒技术股份两合公司 | Wet friction material with holes |
| US10816043B2 (en) | 2018-03-06 | 2020-10-27 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Method of forming wet friction material by burning off fibers |
| JP2019210463A (en) * | 2018-05-31 | 2019-12-12 | ボーグワーナー インコーポレーテッド | Friction material |
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