JPH0733548A - Production of ceramic filter - Google Patents
Production of ceramic filterInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0733548A JPH0733548A JP19763993A JP19763993A JPH0733548A JP H0733548 A JPH0733548 A JP H0733548A JP 19763993 A JP19763993 A JP 19763993A JP 19763993 A JP19763993 A JP 19763993A JP H0733548 A JPH0733548 A JP H0733548A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- granules
- carbon
- slurry
- ceramic filter
- ball mill
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
- C04B38/06—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof by burning-out added substances by burning natural expanding materials or by sublimating or melting out added substances
- C04B38/063—Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches
- C04B38/0635—Compounding ingredients
- C04B38/0645—Burnable, meltable, sublimable materials
- C04B38/068—Carbonaceous materials, e.g. coal, carbon, graphite, hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00793—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as filters or diaphragms
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Filtering Materials (AREA)
- Press-Shaping Or Shaping Using Conveyers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【0001】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、液体の濾過、気体整流
等に好適なセラミックフィルターの製造方法に関するも
のである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a ceramic filter suitable for liquid filtration, gas rectification and the like.
【0002】[0002]
【従来の技術】液体の濾過、気体整流等にセラミックフ
ィルターが広く用いられている。セラミックフィルター
製造用セラミック材料としては、シリカ、アルミナ、ア
ルミノシリケート、マグネシア、ジルコニアあるいはこ
れらのセラミック混合体がある。例えばアルミナを例に
とると、予め分散剤、バインダー添加し顆粒に成形した
ものを用い、焼成後のフィルター内濾過孔を保持するた
め、板または円筒状フィルター生型を通常のセラミック
生型成形圧1〜2トン/cm2よりも低い200〜400
kg/cm2で軽く成形し、しかもこれを通常品の焼成
温度1500〜1620℃よりも、敢えて低い焼成温度
1000〜1250℃で焼成して、セラミックフィルタ
ーを造ることができる。しかしながら、このようにして
得られたアルミナフィルターは、低い成形圧、低温焼成
のため、図1に示す濾過能力測定装置での1kg/cm
2加圧水の濾過速度は0.01L/分程度で濾過能力が
低く且つ、加圧を2〜4kg/cm2に上昇すれば破壊
するほどで、機械的強度が弱い欠点がる。2. Description of the Related Art Ceramic filters are widely used for liquid filtration and gas rectification. Examples of the ceramic material for producing the ceramic filter include silica, alumina, aluminosilicate, magnesia, zirconia, and a ceramic mixture thereof. For example, taking alumina as an example, use a granule that has been added with a dispersant and a binder and molded into granules. 1-2 t / cm lower than the 2 200 to 400
It is possible to fabricate a ceramic filter by lightly molding it at kg / cm 2 and then firing it at a firing temperature of 1000 to 1250 ° C., which is lower than the firing temperature of 1500 to 1620 ° C. of a normal product. However, since the alumina filter thus obtained has a low molding pressure and low temperature firing, it is 1 kg / cm in the filtration capacity measuring device shown in FIG.
(2) The filtration rate of the pressurized water is about 0.01 L / min, and the filtration capacity is low, and the higher the pressure is from 2 to 4 kg / cm 2 , the more it breaks, and the mechanical strength is weak.
【0003】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】発明者らは、強度が大
で、濾過能力も優れたセラミックフィルターを得るため
の要件について検討し、フィルターの濾過通孔がほぼ一
様な口径で、且つセラミック基材中に均一に分布し、焼
締められてていることが必要であることに想到し、種々
試験研究を重ね本発明を完成するに至った。DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention The inventors have examined the requirements for obtaining a ceramic filter having a high strength and an excellent filtering ability. The present inventors have come to the conclusion that they need to be uniformly distributed in the substrate and have been heat-tightened, and have conducted various test studies to complete the present invention.
【0004】[0004]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明によれば、セラミ
ック粉体に分散媒体,分散剤及びバインダーを加えてボ
ールミルにより湿式混合し、次いで該混合物にさらにカ
ーボンを添加しボールミル中のボール量を減じて湿式混
合してスラリーを形成し、前記スラリーをスプレードラ
イして顆粒とし、該顆粒を用いて所望形状に加圧成形
し、該成形物を1,200〜1,350℃の温度で空気
を吹き込みつつ焼成することを特徴とするセラミックフ
ィルターの製造方法が提供される。次に、本発明方法を
アルミナを例にとって順を追って説明する。 アルミナに分散媒体として所要量の水、分散剤、バイ
ンダーを加え、これを例えばジルコニアボールを装入し
たボールミルにより湿式混合する。分散剤としては例え
ばポリアクリル酸系など、バインダーとしては、ポリビ
ニルアルコ−ル、カルボキシメチルセルロース等通常セ
ラミック材料に用いられるものが使用される。 上記混合物に、焼成時に焼失し均質な通過孔を残すた
め、所定単一粒子径の単粒体に調整されたカーボンを所
定量添加する。カーボンの粒径は3〜100μmの範囲
が好ましく、濾過能力に応じて上記範囲で選ばれる。配
合量は乾燥基準混合物の15〜40%が適当で、15%
未満では空隙率が不足してフィルター能力が低下し、4
0%を超えるとフィルターの充分な強度が保持できなく
なる。上記混合物を、単一粒度のカーボンをなるべく破
壊しないようにミル中のボール量を減じ、運転時間も短
縮してボールミル混合を行なう。 上記のようにして得られた均質混合スラリーをスプレ
ードライヤーによりスプレードライして顆粒を形成す
る。顆粒の粒径は70μm程度がスプレードライヤー操
業上の観点から好ましい。 上記顆粒を用いてプレス或いはCIP等の手段で成形
し、生型を成形する。成形加圧は300kg/cm2〜
2トン/cm2の範囲で行われる。 生型を乾燥後、空気を吹き込みつつ焼成する。焼成温
度は1200〜1350℃の範囲で、1200℃以下で
は焼締めが足りず強度が低く、1350℃以上の温度で
は素地の収縮が激しくなり、濾過能力が低下する。な
お、フィルターが円筒の場合は、一次加工を行なって仮
焼後、本焼を行えばよい。According to the present invention, a dispersion medium, a dispersant and a binder are added to ceramic powder and wet mixed by a ball mill, and then carbon is further added to the mixture to adjust the amount of balls in the ball mill. Reduced to wet mix to form a slurry, the slurry is spray-dried into granules, and the granules are pressure-molded into a desired shape, and the molded product is air-conditioned at a temperature of 1,200-1,350 ° C. A method for producing a ceramic filter is provided, which comprises firing while blowing. Next, the method of the present invention will be described step by step using alumina as an example. A necessary amount of water, a dispersant, and a binder are added to alumina as a dispersion medium, and the mixture is wet-mixed by, for example, a ball mill charged with zirconia balls. As the dispersant, for example, a polyacrylic acid type is used, and as the binder, those commonly used for ceramic materials such as polyvinyl alcohol and carboxymethyl cellulose are used. To the above mixture, a predetermined amount of carbon adjusted to a single particle having a predetermined single particle diameter is added in order to burn out and leave uniform passage holes during firing. The particle size of carbon is preferably in the range of 3 to 100 μm, and is selected in the above range depending on the filtering ability. 15-40% of the dry standard mixture is suitable for the compounding amount, and 15%
If it is less than 4, the porosity is insufficient and the filter performance is reduced, which is 4
If it exceeds 0%, the filter cannot retain sufficient strength. The above mixture is subjected to ball mill mixing by reducing the amount of balls in the mill and shortening the operation time so as not to destroy carbon having a single particle size as much as possible. The homogeneously mixed slurry obtained as described above is spray-dried with a spray dryer to form granules. The particle size of the granules is preferably about 70 μm from the viewpoint of spray dryer operation. Using the above granules, a green mold is formed by molding by means such as a press or CIP. Molding pressure is 300 kg / cm 2 ~
It is performed in the range of 2 ton / cm 2 . After the green mold is dried, it is baked while blowing in air. The firing temperature is in the range of 1200 to 1350 ° C., and at 1200 ° C. or lower, the tightening is insufficient and the strength is low, and at a temperature of 1350 ° C. or higher, the shrinkage of the substrate becomes severe and the filtration ability is lowered. When the filter has a cylindrical shape, primary processing may be performed, calcination may be performed, and then main firing may be performed.
【0005】[0005]
【作用】通常のスラリー調製方法では、セラミック原料
顆粒、カーボンに分散剤、バインダーを加えて湿式混合
するが、此の方法では、セラミック原料顆粒がカーボン
により滑ってしまって潰れず、セラミック顆粒の境界に
カーボンは不規則に残留し焼成孔となり、又カーボンの
凝集によって焼成後の通気孔は不規則に分布する。本発
明方法では、セラミック原料顆粒はカーボンを除いた状
態のため、ボールミルにより混合と同時に粉砕を受け、
均質なスラリーとなる。このスラリーに、さらにカーボ
ンを添加し、ボール量を減じ、且つボールミル運転時間
を短くしてカーボンがなるべく粉砕を受けず分散が主体
となるように操作する。それ故、カーボンは粒度分布が
微細粒子の少ない単一粒子からなる分布状態を保持し、
かつ混合スラリー中に均一に分散する。この均質なスラ
リーをスプレードライすることにより、粒径の揃った単
一粒子のカーボンの均一に分散した均質顆粒が得られ
る。これを用いて成形し焼成されたものは、通過孔径が
揃い、且つ均等に分散したセラミックフィルターとな
る。In a usual slurry preparation method, a ceramic raw material granule and carbon are mixed with a dispersant and a binder and wet mixed. In this method, however, the ceramic raw material granule is not slipped by the carbon and is not crushed. In addition, carbon irregularly remains and becomes firing holes, and the ventilation holes after firing are irregularly distributed due to aggregation of carbon. In the method of the present invention, since the ceramic raw material granules are in a state of excluding carbon, they are crushed at the same time as mixing by a ball mill,
A homogeneous slurry results. Carbon is further added to this slurry to reduce the amount of balls, and the operation time of the ball mill is shortened so that carbon is not subjected to pulverization as much as possible and dispersion is mainly performed. Therefore, carbon maintains a distribution state in which the particle size distribution consists of single particles with few fine particles,
And it is uniformly dispersed in the mixed slurry. By spray-drying this homogeneous slurry, homogeneous granules of uniformly dispersed single carbon particles having uniform particle diameters can be obtained. The one molded and fired by using this is a ceramic filter having uniform through-hole diameters and uniformly dispersed.
【0006】[0006]
【実施例】以下、実施例、比較例により、本発明を具体
的に説明する。 実施例 1 アルミナ顆粒(Al2O392%、残部CaO,MgO,
SiO2、分散剤及び,バインダー処理済み品、商品名
CH−92A,丸ス釉薬社製)2,125g、水2.1
L、ポリアクリル酸系分酸剤(商品名カヤディスパー、
日本化薬(株)製)20g,アクリル系バインダー(商品
名バインドセラム、三井東圧化学(株)製)40gを8L
ポットミルに入れ、ジルコニアボール6kgを加えて4
0rpm,12時間粉砕混合し、次にボールを減らして
350gとし、カーボンとして人造黒鉛微粉末(商品名
UFG10−10μm,昭和電工(株)製)375gを加
え、40rpmで30分間混合し、15%カーボン入り
アルミナスラリーを作った。 上記スラリーをスプレー
ドライヤーで乾燥塔入口温度約250℃、出口温度約1
00℃、排風量50m3/分、アトマイザー7500r
pm、装入量3L/時の条件下で、15%カーボン入り
顆粒を作った。顆粒の平均粒径は約70μmであった。
上記顆粒を用い中芯付きゴム型で2トン/cm2CIPに
より円筒生型を作り一次加工して焼上り外径65mm,
内径50mm,長さ250mmの円筒フィルターとし、
電気炉で24時間かけて1,250℃に昇温し、空気吹
込下、1,250℃で2時間保持焼成してセラミックフ
ィルタ−を得た。図1に示すように濾過能力測定装置1
の下部にセラミックフィルター2を取り付け、ステンレ
ス筒3に水道水を満たし、エアホース4により加圧し、
濾過能力を濾液流量L/分で表した。加圧圧力ゲージ圧
1.0kg/cm2のもとで、濾過流量は0.14L/
分と良好であった。なお、6.5kg/cm2の加圧で
も破壊が起こらず、充分の強度があった。EXAMPLES The present invention will be specifically described below with reference to examples and comparative examples. Example 1 Alumina granules (Al 2 O 3 92%, balance CaO, MgO,
SiO2, dispersant and binder treated product, trade name CH-92A, Marusu Glaze Co., Ltd.) 2,125 g, water 2.1
L, polyacrylic acid-based deoxidizer (trade name: Kaya Disper,
8L of 20g of Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd. and 40g of acrylic binder (Brand Serum, trade name, manufactured by Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc.)
Put in a pot mill, add 6 kg of zirconia balls, and
Grind and mix at 0 rpm for 12 hours, then reduce balls to 350 g, add 375 g of artificial graphite fine powder (trade name: UFG10-10 μm, Showa Denko KK) as carbon, mix at 40 rpm for 30 minutes, and mix at 15%. An alumina slurry containing carbon was made. The above slurry is dried with a spray dryer at a drying tower inlet temperature of about 250 ° C and an outlet temperature of about 1
00 ° C, exhaust air volume 50m 3 / min, atomizer 7500r
Granules containing 15% carbon were produced under the conditions of pm and a charging amount of 3 L / hour. The average particle size of the granules was about 70 μm.
Using the above granules, a rubber mold with a core is used to make a cylindrical green mold by 2 ton / cm 2 CIP, and primary processing is performed to burn the outer diameter 65 mm,
A cylindrical filter with an inner diameter of 50 mm and a length of 250 mm,
The temperature was raised to 1,250 ° C. over 24 hours in an electric furnace, and the mixture was held and fired at 1,250 ° C. for 2 hours while blowing air to obtain a ceramic filter. As shown in FIG. 1, the filtration capacity measuring device 1
Attach the ceramic filter 2 to the bottom of the, fill the stainless steel cylinder 3 with tap water, pressurize with the air hose 4,
The filtration capacity was represented by the filtrate flow rate L / min. The filtration flow rate is 0.14 L / under a pressure of 1.0 kg / cm 2
It was good with minutes. It should be noted that even if a pressure of 6.5 kg / cm 2 was applied, no breakage occurred, and there was sufficient strength.
【0007】実施例 2 アルミナ顆粒を2,100g、水2.5Lとした以外
は、実施例1と全く同様にして操作し、焼上り外径65
mm,内径50mm,長さ250mmの円筒フィルター
を得た。このものを、電気炉で24時間かけて1,30
0℃に昇温し、空気吹込下、1,300℃で2時間保持
焼成してセラミックフィルタ−を得た。これを図1に示
す濾過能力測定装置の下面に取り付け、ステンレス筒3
に水道水を満たし、エアホース4により加圧し、濾過能
力を濾液流量L/分で表した。加圧圧力1.0kg/c
m2のもとで、0.5L/分と良好であった。また、
6.5kg/cm2加圧でも破壊が起こらず優れた強度
を示した。電子顕微鏡による200倍及び2000倍で
の観察によっても均一気孔が形成されていることが見ら
れた。Example 2 The same procedure as in Example 1 was carried out except that 2,100 g of alumina granules and 2.5 L of water were used.
A cylindrical filter having a diameter of 50 mm, an inner diameter of 50 mm and a length of 250 mm was obtained. This is 1,30 in an electric furnace for 24 hours
The temperature was raised to 0 ° C., and the mixture was held and fired at 1,300 ° C. for 2 hours while blowing air to obtain a ceramic filter. This is attached to the lower surface of the filtration capacity measuring device shown in FIG.
Was filled with tap water and pressurized by the air hose 4, and the filtration capacity was expressed by the filtrate flow rate L / min. Pressurized pressure 1.0kg / c
It was as good as 0.5 L / min under m 2 . Also,
Even at a pressure of 6.5 kg / cm 2 , it did not break and showed excellent strength. It was also found that uniform pores were formed by observation with an electron microscope at 200 times and 2000 times.
【0008】比較例 実施例1で用いたと同一のアルミニウム顆粒に、当初か
ら実施例1と同一のカーボンを添加した混合物を用いて
湿式混合して坏土を調製し、中芯付きゴム型で400k
g/cm2でCIP成形し、一次加工により焼成後の外
径65mm,内径50mm,長さ250mmの円筒生型
を作り、これを850℃まで10時間かけて昇温し、同
温度で2時間保持の仮焼を施し、1,000℃で1時間
焼成してセラミックフィルタ−を作成した。このものの
図1に示す濾過能力測定装置による1kg/cm2加圧
による測定では流量は0.01L/分と著しく低く、強
度も6.5kg/cm2加圧で破壊し、充分とは言えな
かった。Comparative Example A kneaded material was prepared by wet-mixing the same aluminum granules used in Example 1 with the same carbon mixture as in Example 1 from the beginning to prepare a kneaded material.
CIP molding is performed at g / cm 2 , and a cylindrical green mold having an outer diameter of 65 mm, an inner diameter of 50 mm, and a length of 250 mm after firing is made by primary processing, and this is heated to 850 ° C. over 10 hours, and at the same temperature for 2 hours. It was calcined for holding and fired at 1,000 ° C. for 1 hour to prepare a ceramic filter. According to the measurement of 1 kg / cm 2 pressure applied by the filtration capacity measuring device shown in FIG. 1, the flow rate was 0.01 L / min, which was extremely low, and the strength was broken at 6.5 kg / cm 2 pressure, which was not sufficient. It was
【0009】[0009]
【発明の効果】本発明方法によれば、均一気孔が形成さ
れ濾過能力、強度とも優れたセラミックフィルターが得
られ、液体の濾過、気体の整流等に非常に有用である。According to the method of the present invention, it is possible to obtain a ceramic filter having uniform pores and having excellent filtering ability and strength, and it is very useful for filtering a liquid, rectifying a gas and the like.
【図1】セラミックフィルターの濾過能力測定装置の構
成を示す説明図である。FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing a configuration of a filtration capacity measuring device for a ceramic filter.
1 濾過能力測定装置 2 セラミックフィルター 3 ステンレス筒 4 エアホース 1 Filtering capacity measuring device 2 Ceramic filter 3 Stainless steel cylinder 4 Air hose
Claims (1)
一次バインダーを加えてボールミルにより湿式混合し、
次いで該混合物にさらにカーボンを添加しボールミル中
のボール量を減じて湿式混合してスラリーを形成し、前
記スラリーをスプレードライして顆粒とし、該顆粒を用
いて所望形状に加圧成形し、該成形物を1,200〜
1,350℃の温度で空気を吹き込みつつ焼成すること
を特徴とするセラミックフィルターの製造方法。1. A dispersion medium, a dispersant and a primary binder are added to ceramic powder and wet mixed by a ball mill,
Next, carbon is further added to the mixture, the amount of balls in the ball mill is reduced, and the mixture is wet-mixed to form a slurry. The slurry is spray-dried into granules, and the granules are pressure-molded into a desired shape. Molded products from 1,200
A method for producing a ceramic filter, which comprises firing while blowing air at a temperature of 1,350 ° C.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP19763993A JPH0733548A (en) | 1993-07-16 | 1993-07-16 | Production of ceramic filter |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP19763993A JPH0733548A (en) | 1993-07-16 | 1993-07-16 | Production of ceramic filter |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH0733548A true JPH0733548A (en) | 1995-02-03 |
Family
ID=16377837
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP19763993A Pending JPH0733548A (en) | 1993-07-16 | 1993-07-16 | Production of ceramic filter |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPH0733548A (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0826649A1 (en) * | 1996-08-29 | 1998-03-04 | HE HOLDINGS, INC. dba HUGHES ELECTRONICS | Methods of making ferroelectric ceramic-polymer composites for voltage-variable dielectric tuning and structures using same |
KR100458471B1 (en) * | 2002-07-05 | 2004-11-26 | 대주엔지니어링(주) | Manufacturing method of the ceramics filter |
EP2460772A2 (en) | 2010-12-01 | 2012-06-06 | Japan Super Quartz Corporation | Method of manufacturing granulated silica powder, method of manufacturing vitreous silica crucible |
JP2018518206A (en) * | 2015-05-14 | 2018-07-12 | シンハン セラミック カンパニー,リミテッド | Ceramic filter for syringe and manufacturing method thereof |
CN110561636A (en) * | 2019-09-17 | 2019-12-13 | 安徽可尔海思塑业有限公司 | PVC board powder aftertreatment equipment |
CN111805703A (en) * | 2020-07-17 | 2020-10-23 | 廖树钦 | Production process of ceramic tea filter |
-
1993
- 1993-07-16 JP JP19763993A patent/JPH0733548A/en active Pending
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP0826649A1 (en) * | 1996-08-29 | 1998-03-04 | HE HOLDINGS, INC. dba HUGHES ELECTRONICS | Methods of making ferroelectric ceramic-polymer composites for voltage-variable dielectric tuning and structures using same |
KR100458471B1 (en) * | 2002-07-05 | 2004-11-26 | 대주엔지니어링(주) | Manufacturing method of the ceramics filter |
EP2460772A2 (en) | 2010-12-01 | 2012-06-06 | Japan Super Quartz Corporation | Method of manufacturing granulated silica powder, method of manufacturing vitreous silica crucible |
US9284207B2 (en) | 2010-12-01 | 2016-03-15 | Sumco Corporation | Method of manufacturing granulated silica powder, method of manufacturing vitreous silica crucible |
JP2018518206A (en) * | 2015-05-14 | 2018-07-12 | シンハン セラミック カンパニー,リミテッド | Ceramic filter for syringe and manufacturing method thereof |
CN110561636A (en) * | 2019-09-17 | 2019-12-13 | 安徽可尔海思塑业有限公司 | PVC board powder aftertreatment equipment |
CN110561636B (en) * | 2019-09-17 | 2021-07-30 | 安徽可尔海思塑业有限公司 | PVC board powder aftertreatment equipment |
CN111805703A (en) * | 2020-07-17 | 2020-10-23 | 廖树钦 | Production process of ceramic tea filter |
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