JPH07277981A - Sustained release antineoplastic pharmaceutical preparation - Google Patents

Sustained release antineoplastic pharmaceutical preparation

Info

Publication number
JPH07277981A
JPH07277981A JP6107359A JP10735994A JPH07277981A JP H07277981 A JPH07277981 A JP H07277981A JP 6107359 A JP6107359 A JP 6107359A JP 10735994 A JP10735994 A JP 10735994A JP H07277981 A JPH07277981 A JP H07277981A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
collagen
drug
release
cpt
sustained
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP6107359A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Yukihisa Kurono
幸久 黒野
Kunio Kamimura
邦夫 上村
Ken Ikeda
憲 池田
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
Yakult Honsha Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
Yakult Honsha Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Yakult Honsha Co Ltd filed Critical Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
Priority to JP6107359A priority Critical patent/JPH07277981A/en
Publication of JPH07277981A publication Critical patent/JPH07277981A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain a substained release antineoplastic pharmaceutical preparation in the form of a collagen-copolymer hydrogel of a camptothecin derivative, capable of maintaining its blood level for a long period through its sustained release into the blood when percutaneously administered, thus having high antineoplastic activity even in small amounts. CONSTITUTION:This sustained release antineoplastic pharmaceutical preparation is in the form of a collagen-copolymer hydrogel which can be obtained by including (A) a camptothecin derivative (pref. 7-ethylcamptothecin, 7-ethyl-10 hydroxycamptothecin, or 7-ethyl-10-piperidinopiperidinocarbonyloxycamptothecin) in (B) a carrier consisting of a copolymer composed of (1) a collagen, atherocollagen produced preferably by protease treatment of a collagen to effect digestive removal of the telopeptide segments at both ends of the collagen and (2) 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】Detailed Description of the Invention

【0001】[0001]

【技術分野】本発明は、医薬として有用なカンプトテシ
ン誘導体の徐放性抗腫瘍製剤に関し、さらに詳しくは、
カンプトテシン誘導体を、コラーゲンと2−ヒドロキシ
エチル・メタクリレートとのコ・ポリマーからなる、担
体に含有させたことを特徴とする、徐放性抗腫瘍製剤に
関するものである。
TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a sustained-release antitumor preparation of a camptothecin derivative useful as a medicine, more specifically,
The present invention relates to a sustained release antitumor preparation, which is characterized in that a camptothecin derivative is contained in a carrier made of a co-polymer of collagen and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.

【0002】[0002]

【背景技術】カンプトテシン(camptotheci
n,CPT)は、中国原産の喜樹(Camptothe
caacuminata)の葉や樹皮などに含有される
アルカロイドであり、またCPTの半合成誘導体である
7−エチル−10−ピペリジノピペリジノカルボニルオ
キシカンプトテシン(CPT−11、特公平3−407
7号公報参照)はCPTの高い抗腫瘍活性を維持し、か
つ毒性の軽減が図られている。CPT−11は、生体内
で代謝されて、これもCPTの半合成誘導体である7−
エチル−10−ヒドロキシカンプトテシン(SN−3
8,特公昭62−47193号公報参照)となり活性が
現れる。
BACKGROUND ART Camptothecin (camptothecin)
n, CPT) is a native of China, Camptothe
7-ethyl-10-piperidinopiperidinocarbonyloxycamptothecin (CPT-11, Japanese Patent Publication No. 3-407), which is an alkaloid contained in leaves, bark, etc. of Cacuminata) and which is a semi-synthetic derivative of CPT.
(See Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7) maintains high antitumor activity of CPT and reduces toxicity. CPT-11 is metabolized in vivo and is also a semi-synthetic derivative of CPT 7-
Ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-3
8, Japanese Patent Publication No. 62-47193) and the activity appears.

【0003】即ち、CPT−11はSN−38のプロド
ラッグ(prodrug)である。CPT−11とSN
−38の抗腫瘍作用機構については、文献に詳細に記載
されている(Kanedaら,Cancer Re
s.,50,1715(1990)、Nagataら,
J.Aichi Med.Univ.Assoc.,1
5,683(1987)、Tricoliら,Exp.
Cell.Res.,158,1(1985)、Nag
ataら,Cancer Treatment Rep
orts,71,341(1987)参照)。カンプト
テシン、7−エチルカンプトテシン、7−エチル−10
−ヒドロキシカンプトテシン、CPT−11で代表され
る、カンプトテシン誘導体群は、いずれも、強い抗腫瘍
活性を有することが知られており、これらカンプトテシ
ン誘導体の製剤化に関する検討はこれまでに種々なされ
ている、しかしながら、徐放性の製剤に関する報告例は
ない。
That is, CPT-11 is a prodrug of SN-38. CPT-11 and SN
The mechanism of antitumor action of -38 has been described in detail in the literature (Kaneda et al., Cancer Re.
s. , 50, 1715 (1990), Nagata et al.,
J. Aichi Med. Univ. Assoc. , 1
5,683 (1987), Tricoli et al., Exp.
Cell. Res. , 158, 1 (1985), Nag
ata et al., Cancer Treatment Rep
orts, 71, 341 (1987)). Camptothecin, 7-ethylcamptothecin, 7-ethyl-10
-Hydroxycamptothecin, camptothecin derivatives represented by CPT-11 are all known to have strong antitumor activity, and various studies have been conducted on formulation of these camptothecin derivatives. However, there are no reports of sustained-release preparations.

【0004】薬物をマトリックス中に閉じ込めたものを
組織内に埋め込み放出制御を行うシステムは生体に不活
性な広範な材料の利用を中心に数多く研究されている。
天然高分子であるコラーゲンは生体適合性に優れ、医用
高分子として様々な用途への応用が試みられており、中
でも酵素処理で溶解精製されたコラーゲン(アテロコラ
ーゲン)は抗原性が殆どないといわれている。また、こ
のコラーゲンは生体適合性を示し、しかも分解吸収性で
あること等の性質を持っている。種々のヒドロゲルも医
療材料として利用する試みが盛んに行われているが、そ
の中でも2−ヒドロキシエチル・メタクリレート(HE
MA)のポリマーは人工皮膚、ソフトコンタクトレンズ
等最も広く応用されている化合物の一つである。その特
徴は柔らかくて組織に損傷を与えず、高い含水率により
生体適合性を示すことである。
A large number of studies have been made on the use of a wide range of materials which are inactive to the living body, in which a system in which a drug encapsulated in a matrix is embedded in a tissue to control the release.
Collagen, which is a natural polymer, has excellent biocompatibility, and its application to various applications as a medical polymer has been attempted. Among them, collagen (atelocollagen) dissolved and purified by enzyme treatment is said to have almost no antigenicity. There is. In addition, this collagen has properties such as biocompatibility and decomposition and absorption. There have been many attempts to use various hydrogels as medical materials. Among them, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HE
The polymer (MA) is one of the most widely applied compounds such as artificial skin and soft contact lenses. Its characteristics are that it is soft and does not damage tissues, and it is biocompatible due to its high water content.

【0005】[0005]

【発明の開示】本発明者らは、コラーゲンとHEMAと
のコ・ポリマーの薬物担体素材としての可能性に着目
し、これをカンプトテシン誘導体の徐放性の製剤への応
用について検討を試みた。その結果、コラーゲンとHE
MAとのコ・ポリマーを担体素材とした、カンプトテシ
ン誘導体の製剤が、動物実験において優れた徐放性効果
を示すことを確認し本発明を完成するに到った。本発明
は、カンプトテシン誘導体を、コラーゲンと2−ヒドロ
キシエチル・メタクリレートとのコ・ポリマーからなる
担体に含有させたことを特徴とする徐放性抗腫瘍製剤を
提供するものであり、更に本発明は、上記コラーゲンと
して、コラーゲンの蛋白分解酵素による処理により、両
末端に存在するテロペプチド部分が消化除去されたアテ
ロコラーゲンを用いたことを特徴とする徐放性抗腫瘍製
剤を提供するものである。
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The present inventors paid attention to the possibility of a co-polymer of collagen and HEMA as a drug carrier material, and tried to study its application to a sustained-release formulation of a camptothecin derivative. As a result, collagen and HE
It was confirmed that a preparation of a camptothecin derivative using a co-polymer with MA as a carrier material exhibits an excellent sustained release effect in animal experiments, and the present invention has been completed. The present invention provides a sustained-release antitumor preparation characterized in that a camptothecin derivative is contained in a carrier comprising a co-polymer of collagen and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and the present invention further provides The present invention provides a sustained-release antitumor preparation characterized by using atelocollagen in which the telopeptide moieties present at both ends are digested and removed by treatment of collagen with a protease.

【0006】以下に、本発明を詳細に説明する。本発明
で利用できるカンプトテシン誘導体としては、天然由来
のカンプトテシン誘導体(10−ヒドロキシカンプトテ
シン、11−ヒドロキシカンプトテシン、9−メトキシ
カンプトテシン、10−メトキシカンプトテシン、11
−メトキシカンプトテシン等)などが挙げられる。ま
た、全合成法で得られたカンプトテシン誘導体(特開平
1−186892号および特開平1−279891号公
報参照)なども挙げられる。また、天然のカンプトテシ
ン等を原料に用いて化学修飾して得られる、半合成法に
よるカンプトテシン誘導体等も挙げられる。半合成法に
よるカンプトテシン誘導体としては、7−ヒドロキシメ
チル体およびその誘導体(特公昭62−42911号お
よび特公昭62−42913号公報参照)、7−アルデ
ヒド体およびその誘導体(特公昭62−47191号、
特公昭62−47192号および特公昭62−4718
9号公報参照)、7−エチルカンプトテシンなどの7−
アルキル体(特公昭62−42914号公報参照)、7
−カルボン酸誘導体(特開昭58−154582号公報
参照)、5−ヒドロキシ体およびその誘導体(特公昭6
2−42912号、特開昭56−12394号および特
公昭63−6072号公報参照)、カンプトテシンのA
環9、10、11、12位にニトロ基、アミノ基、ハロ
ゲン基などの種々の置換基を有する誘導体(特公昭62
−47193号、特公昭63−6070号、特公平3−
10630号、特公平3−12070号および特公平4
−34999号公報参照)が挙げられる。さらに、カン
プトテシン誘導体を水溶性型のプロドラッグとした誘導
体群、たとえば、A環にアミノカルボニルオキシ基を有
するもの(特公平3−68007号公報参照)、A環の
ヒドロキシル基でリン酸エステル、硫酸エステル、グリ
コシドとしたもの(特公平5−69112号、特開昭6
2−195384号および特開昭63−238098号
公報参照)また、20位水酸基に各種可溶化基を結合さ
せたもの(特公平5−69111号および特開平1−2
49777号公報参照)、E環ラクトン環開環型の可溶
化誘導体(特開平1−131179号公報参照)等が挙
げられる。
The present invention will be described in detail below. Examples of the camptothecin derivative that can be used in the present invention include naturally-occurring camptothecin derivatives (10-hydroxycamptothecin, 11-hydroxycamptothecin, 9-methoxycamptothecin, 10-methoxycamptothecin, 11
-Methoxycamptothecin, etc.) and the like. Further, a camptothecin derivative obtained by the total synthesis method (see JP-A-1-186892 and JP-A-1-279891) can also be mentioned. Further, a semi-synthetic camptothecin derivative and the like, which are obtained by chemically modifying natural camptothecin or the like as a raw material, may also be mentioned. As a camptothecin derivative by the semi-synthesis method, a 7-hydroxymethyl derivative and its derivative (see JP-B-62-42911 and JP-B-62-42913), a 7-aldehyde derivative and its derivative (JP-B-62-47191,
Japanese Patent Publication No. 62-47192 and Japanese Patent Publication No. 62-4718
No. 9), 7-ethylcamptothecin and the like 7-
Alkyl compound (see Japanese Patent Publication No. 62-42914), 7
-Carboxylic acid derivatives (see JP-A-58-154582), 5-hydroxy compounds and derivatives thereof (Japanese Patent Publication No. Sho 6-62)
2-42912, JP-A-56-12394 and JP-B-63-6072), A of camptothecin
Derivatives having various substituents such as nitro group, amino group, and halogen group at the ring 9, 10, 11, 12 positions (Japanese Patent Publication No. 62-62
-47193, Japanese Patent Publication No. 63-6070, Japanese Patent Fair 3-
No. 10630, Japanese Patent Publication No. 312070 and Japanese Patent Publication No. 4
-34999). Furthermore, a derivative group in which a camptothecin derivative is a water-soluble prodrug, for example, a compound having an aminocarbonyloxy group in the A ring (see Japanese Patent Publication No. 3-68007), a phosphoric ester, a sulfuric acid at the hydroxyl group of the A ring Esters and glycosides (Japanese Patent Publication No. 5-69112, JP-A-6-6
No. 2-195384 and JP-A No. 63-238098), and various solubilizing groups bonded to the 20-position hydroxyl group (Japanese Patent Publication No. 5-69111 and JP-A 1-2).
49977), solubilized derivatives of E-ring lactone ring ring-opening type (see JP-A-1-131179), and the like.

【0007】後述する実施例では、水溶性の誘導体とし
て、現在臨床開発が行われているCPT−11(7−エ
チル−10−ピペリジノピペリジノカルボニルオキシカ
ンプトテシン)、およびこのものの活性の本体であると
考えられている誘導体でナトリウム塩型で可溶化するS
N−38(7−エチル−10−ヒドロキシカンプトテシ
ン)を用いている。本発明で利用するコラーゲンとして
は、材料的にはとくに制限はない。通常、市販されてい
るもので、安全性の点で問題のないものが使用され、特
に、動物由来のコラーゲンをペプシンで処理し、末端の
テロペプチド部分を除去し、より抗原性を低下させたア
テロコラーゲンは好ましいものである。
In the examples described below, CPT-11 (7-ethyl-10-piperidinopiperidinocarbonyloxycamptothecin), which is currently under clinical development as a water-soluble derivative, and the main body of activity of this compound. Solubilized in the sodium salt form with a derivative believed to be S
N-38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin) is used. The collagen used in the present invention is not particularly limited in terms of material. Usually, commercially available ones that are not problematic in terms of safety are used. In particular, animal-derived collagen was treated with pepsin to remove the telopeptide moiety at the end, further reducing the antigenicity. Atelocollagen is the preferred one.

【0008】本発明の徐放性抗腫瘍製剤としてのコラー
ゲン・コ・ポリマーヒドロゲルの製造は、Jeyant
hiらの方法(Biomaterials,11,23
8(1990),J.Bioactive and C
ompatible Polymers,5,194
(1990),J.Pharm,Pharmacol,
43,60(1991)参照)に従って行うことができ
る。例えば、コラーゲンとしてのアテロコラーゲンの水
溶液(例えば塩酸溶液)と、カンプトテシン誘導体の水
溶液(水不溶なものについては、ナトリウム塩などにし
て可溶化する)とHEMAの水溶液とを混合し、これ
に、溶媒としてのエチレングリコール、架橋剤としての
過硫酸アンモニウム/二亜硫酸ナトリウムを加えて加熱
重合反応することによりゼリー状の製剤として得られ
る。本発明の徐放性抗腫瘍製剤は、安全性も高く、投
与、例えば、皮下投与したときに、有効成分を徐々に血
中に放出し、結果として、長時間の薬剤の血中濃度維持
を可能とする。次に、実施例を掲げて、本発明をさらに
詳細に説明する。
The production of collagen co-polymer hydrogels as sustained release antitumor formulations of the present invention is described by Jeyant.
hi et al.'s method (Biomaterials, 11, 23)
8 (1990), J. Am. Bioactive and C
compatible Polymers, 5,194
(1990), J. Am. Pharm, Pharmacol,
43, 60 (see 1991)). For example, an aqueous solution of atelocollagen as collagen (for example, hydrochloric acid solution), an aqueous solution of a camptothecin derivative (for those insoluble in water, it is solubilized into sodium salt, etc.) and an aqueous solution of HEMA are mixed, and as a solvent, Ethylene glycol of 1) and ammonium persulfate / sodium disulfite as a cross-linking agent are added, and the mixture is heated and polymerized to obtain a jelly-like preparation. The sustained-release antitumor preparation of the present invention has high safety, and when administered, for example, subcutaneously, slowly releases the active ingredient into the blood, and as a result, maintains the blood concentration of the drug for a long time. It is possible. Next, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples.

【0009】[0009]

【実施例】1.徐放性抗腫瘍製剤の製造 アテロコラーゲン(高研社製 lot KO−0030
−01)は購入したものを精製することなく用いた。C
PT−11(lot k003)およびSN−38(l
ot 100904R)は特公平3−4077号公報お
よび特公昭62−47194号公報に開示された方法で
製造したものを使用した。その他の試薬はすべて市販品
特級のものを使用した。まず2%アテロコラーゲン溶液
を1mM塩酸溶液で調製する。このもの(0.25m
l)に、CPT−11の水溶液(25mg/ml,0.
9ml)またはSN−38のナトリウム塩の水溶液(2
5mg/ml,0.94ml)と、HEMA(1.00
ml)を添加し、よく混合した。次に、これに溶媒とし
てエチレングリコール(0.25ml)、架橋剤として
6%過硫酸アンモニウム((NH) 水
溶液(0.25ml)と12%二亜硫酸ナトリウム(N
)水溶液(0.25ml)とを加え、37
℃で3時間加熱重合を行い、徐放性抗腫瘍製剤としての
薬物含有コラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒドロゲル(薬物含
量;8mg/ml)を調製した。これをpH7.0トリ
ス塩酸緩衝液で洗浄後、蒸留水で洗い薬物含量が6.8
5mg/mlとなったものを使用まで4℃で保存した。
また、薬物水溶液の代わりに蒸留水のみを用いて製造
したものも同様にして調製し、比較対照としての偽薬コ
ラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒドロゲルとした。
[Example] 1. Production of sustained-release antitumor preparation Atelocollagen ( manufactured by Koken Co., lot KO-0030
-01) was used as it was purchased without purification. C
PT-11 (lot k003) and SN-38 (l
ot 100904R) used was one produced by the method disclosed in Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 3-4077 and Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 62-47194. All other reagents were commercial grade special grade. First, a 2% atelocollagen solution is prepared with a 1 mM hydrochloric acid solution. This thing (0.25m
1), an aqueous solution of CPT-11 (25 mg / ml, 0.
9 ml) or an aqueous solution of SN-38 sodium salt (2
5 mg / ml, 0.94 ml) and HEMA (1.00
ml) was added and mixed well. Then, ethylene glycol (0.25 ml) as a solvent, a 6% ammonium persulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ) aqueous solution (0.25 ml) as a cross-linking agent, and 12% sodium disulfite (N
a 2 S 2 O 5 ) aqueous solution (0.25 ml), and added 37
Polymerization was performed by heating at 3 ° C. for 3 hours to prepare a drug-containing collagen / co-polymer hydrogel (drug content; 8 mg / ml) as a sustained-release antitumor preparation. This was washed with Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.0) and then with distilled water so that the drug content was 6.8.
The product of 5 mg / ml was stored at 4 ° C until use.
Further, a product prepared by using only distilled water instead of the drug aqueous solution was also prepared in the same manner to obtain a placebo collagen / copolymer hydrogel as a comparative control.

【0010】2.コラーゲン含量とコラーゲン・コ・ポ
リマーヒドロゲルの含水率の関係及び薬物放出挙動 本実験は、in vitroにおいて、コラーゲン・コ
・ポリマーヒドロゲルの含水率と薬物の放出挙動につい
て調べたものである。コラーゲン含量が1%から10%
までのコラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒドロゲルを調製し
(コラーゲン含量は元素分析値により算出した)、それ
ぞれの含水率(Q)を測定した。すなわち、200ml
蒸留水中にこれらのヒドロゲルを浸し、時間毎に重量を
測定し、定常状態になるまで続けた(この時の重量
)。このヒドロゲルを120℃の乾燥機中に8時間
おいて、含有される水分を完全に除いてからの重量(W
)を求め、式(1)により含水率Qを計算した。 Q=100×(W−W)/W (1) 上記(1)式において、Wは膨潤後の重量、Wは乾
燥後の重量である。その結果を表1に示す。
2. Collagen content and collagen
Relationship between Water Content of Limer Hydrogel and Drug Release Behavior In this experiment, the water content of collagen-copolymer hydrogel and the drug release behavior were investigated in vitro. Collagen content is 1% to 10%
Was prepared (collagen content was calculated by elemental analysis), and the water content (Q) of each was measured. That is, 200 ml
These hydrogels were soaked in distilled water, weighed every hour and continued until steady state was reached (weight W 1 at this time). The hydrogel was placed in a drier at 120 ° C. for 8 hours, and the weight (W
2 ) was obtained, and the water content Q was calculated by the formula (1). Q = 100 × (W 1 −W 2 ) / W 2 (1) In the above formula (1), W 1 is the weight after swelling, and W 2 is the weight after drying. The results are shown in Table 1.

【0011】[0011]

【表1】 [Table 1]

【0012】一般にヒドロゲルの含水率は35%から9
0%の範囲であり、この高含水率のために優れた生体適
合性を示す。コラーゲンの含有率を増加させるにつれて
コラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒドロゲルの含水率は減少し
た。コラーゲンは薬物担体素材として優れた多くの性質
をもっており、しかもHEMAの細胞粘着性が低いとい
う欠点を補うことができる。しかしながら高濃度のコラ
ーゲンを生体内に植え込んだ場合には、組織内石灰沈着
(calcification)の発生が問題とな
る。従ってコラーゲン含有率をどの程度にするかは重要
な問題である。
Generally, the water content of hydrogel is from 35% to 9%.
It is in the 0% range and exhibits excellent biocompatibility due to this high water content. The water content of collagen co-polymer hydrogel decreased as the content of collagen increased. Collagen has many excellent properties as a drug carrier material, and can supplement the drawback of low cell adhesion of HEMA. However, when a high concentration of collagen is implanted in a living body, the occurrence of calcification in the tissue becomes a problem. Therefore, what is the collagen content is an important issue.

【0013】Cifkovらは、コラーゲンの含有率が
10%以下のものならば、ラット体内に6か月間組織内
石灰沈着は起こらなかったと報告している。そこでコラ
ーゲンの含有率が10%のコラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒ
ドロゲルでは高い含水率を維持することから、これを以
下の実験に用いることにした。CPT−11及びSN−
38は水溶液で強い蛍光を示す物質であり、定量は蛍光
分析によりおこなった。定量に用いた励起波長(Ex,
nm)および蛍光波長(Em,nm)は次の通りであ
る。
Cifkov et al. Reported that if the content of collagen was 10% or less, calcification in the tissue did not occur in the rat body for 6 months. Therefore, the collagen co-polymer hydrogel with a collagen content of 10% maintains a high water content, so it was decided to use this in the following experiments. CPT-11 and SN-
38 is a substance that exhibits strong fluorescence in an aqueous solution, and the quantitative determination was performed by fluorescence analysis. Excitation wavelength (Ex,
nm) and fluorescence wavelength (Em, nm) are as follows.

【0014】CPT−11;Ex.368nm、Em.
433nm、SN−38;Ex.385nm、Em.
530nm 薬物の放出試験にはジャケットビーカー
を用い、200mlリン酸緩衝液(pH7.4)中で回
転速度60rpm、温度は37℃で行った。測定時間毎
に3mlずつ採取し、代わりに同量の新しい緩衝液を加
えた。放出した薬物の量は蛍光強度を測定することによ
り求めた。蛍光光度計にはShimadzu RF−5
20型を用いた。その測定結果を図1に示す。
CPT-11; Ex. 368 nm, Em.
433 nm, SN-38; Ex. 385 nm, Em.
A 530 nm drug release test was carried out using a jacket beaker in 200 ml phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at a rotation speed of 60 rpm and a temperature of 37 ° C. 3 ml was taken at each measurement time, and the same amount of fresh buffer solution was added instead. The amount of drug released was determined by measuring the fluorescence intensity. Shimadzu RF-5 for Fluorometer
Type 20 was used. The measurement result is shown in FIG.

【0015】図1から明らかなとおり、両者ともほぼ一
定の速度で放出され、一週間にわたって継続した。この
様なパターンを示すのはコラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒド
ロゲルに架橋処理をしたことにより、薬物が網目構造中
に強く取り込まれたためと考えられ、CPT−11及び
SN−38の両者の構造の違いによる取り込まれ方の差
はないと考えられた。一般にHEMA含有率の高いコ・
ポリマーとなったヒドロゲルでは薬物放出の初期に、急
激放出(burst) 効果がみられるが、今回調製し
たコラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒドロゲルではそのような
放出は確認されなかった。この様に薬物の放出が初期か
ら一定して徐放性を示している。これは、本発明のコラ
ーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒドロゲルの薬物送達システム
(DDS)としての有効性を示すものである。
As is apparent from FIG. 1, both were released at a substantially constant rate and continued for one week. It is considered that the reason why such a pattern is exhibited is that the drug was strongly incorporated into the network structure due to the cross-linking treatment of the collagen-co-polymer hydrogel, which is due to the difference in the structures of both CPT-11 and SN-38. It was considered that there was no difference in how they were taken in. Generally, a high HEMA content
The polymer hydrogel had a burst effect at the initial stage of drug release, but such release was not confirmed in the collagen co-polymer hydrogel prepared this time. Thus, the release of the drug is constant from the initial stage and shows a sustained release property. This shows the effectiveness of the collagen co-polymer hydrogel of the present invention as a drug delivery system (DDS).

【0016】3.薬物の血中濃度変化 本実験は、in vivo(マウス)において薬物投与
後のSN−38の血漿中濃度を測定したものである。本
実験においては、前述実施例により調製した、本発明に
係る徐放性抗腫瘍製剤としての薬物含有コラーゲン・コ
・ポリマーヒドロゲル及び比較対照としての薬物(CP
T−11及びSN−38)水溶液が用いられた。マウス
血中ではCPT−11からSN−38への代謝酵素活性
が強く、投与されたCPT−11は速やかにSN−38
へ代謝されることが知られているので、CPT−11投
与群についてもSN−38の血漿中濃度を測定して指標
とした。
3. Changes in Blood Concentration of Drug In this experiment, the plasma concentration of SN-38 after drug administration was measured in vivo (mouse). In this experiment, the drug-containing collagen-co-polymer hydrogel prepared as the sustained release antitumor preparation according to the present invention and the drug prepared as a comparative control (CP
T-11 and SN-38) aqueous solutions were used. In the blood of mice, the metabolic enzyme activity from CPT-11 to SN-38 was strong, and the administered CPT-11 rapidly produced SN-38.
Since it is known to be metabolized into plasma, the plasma concentration of SN-38 was also used as an index in the CPT-11 administration group.

【0017】実験に用いたマウスは、SPFマウスの、
雌のICR4週齢を購入し、飼育後6週齢となったもの
である。血漿中の薬物濃度の測定に用いる試料の前処理
は、SEP−PAKライトカラム(Waters 社
製,lot 23501)を用いて行った。採血を行っ
た後直ちに遠心分離し、血漿を0.1N塩酸で10倍希
釈してSEP−PAKライトカラムを通し、カラム内に
薬物を保持させた。その後3mlの水で洗浄し、次いで
2mlのメタノールで薬物を溶出させた。回収率は約7
0%であった。薬物濃度の測定にはHPLCを用いた。 HPLC測定条件: カラム;Simadzu Cosmosl
18(4.6φ×150mm)、 移動相;CHCN:HO=1:4、流速;1.0m
l/min、温度;25℃、 蛍光検出器;Simadzu RF−535、 励起波長;380nm、蛍光波長;540nm、 薬物投与後のCPT−11およびSN−38の血漿中濃
度を測定した結果を図2と図3に示した。
The mice used in the experiment were SPF mice,
Female ICR 4 weeks old was purchased and 6 weeks old after breeding. The pretreatment of the sample used for measuring the drug concentration in plasma was performed using a SEP-PAK light column (Waters, lot 23501). Immediately after collecting the blood, the mixture was centrifuged, plasma was diluted 10-fold with 0.1N hydrochloric acid, passed through a SEP-PAK Lite column, and the drug was retained in the column. Then, it was washed with 3 ml of water, and then the drug was eluted with 2 ml of methanol. Recovery rate is about 7
It was 0%. HPLC was used to measure the drug concentration. HPLC measurement conditions: column; Simadzu Cosmos 5 C
18 (4.6φ × 150 mm), mobile phase; CH 3 CN: H 2 O = 1: 4, flow rate; 1.0 m
1 / min, temperature; 25 ° C., fluorescence detector; Simadzu RF-535, excitation wavelength; 380 nm, fluorescence wavelength; 540 nm, plasma concentrations of CPT-11 and SN-38 after drug administration are measured, and the results are shown in FIG. And shown in FIG.

【0018】CPT−11水溶液(50mg/mous
e)を皮下投与した場合(図2)、SN−38の血漿中
濃度は投与後4時間まで減少した後、数時間ほぼ一定と
なり、再び減少して投与24時間後には検出限界(0.
01μg/ml)以下となった。これに対してSN−3
8水溶液を投与した場合(図3)、体内からの消失が速
かった。この消失挙動の違いの理由は、CPT−11の
水溶液を投与した場合には代謝されなかった未変化のC
PT−11が体内に残留するので、これがSN−38の
***を飽和あるいは阻害するものと推測される。
CPT-11 aqueous solution (50 mg / mouse
When subcutaneous administration of (e) was performed (FIG. 2), the plasma concentration of SN-38 decreased for up to 4 hours after the administration, remained almost constant for several hours, and then decreased again to the detection limit (0.
01 μg / ml) or less. On the other hand, SN-3
When 8 aqueous solutions were administered (Fig. 3), the elimination from the body was rapid. The reason for the difference in the elimination behavior is that unchanged C that was not metabolized when the aqueous solution of CPT-11 was administered.
Since PT-11 remains in the body, it is speculated that it saturates or inhibits the excretion of SN-38.

【0019】これらの薬物水溶液を直接投与した場合と
比較して、本発明のコラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒドロゲ
ルを投与した群では、SN−38の場合、血漿中濃度が
高濃度に維持され、投与後5日経過しても検出可能であ
った。またCPT−11含有コラーゲン・コ・ポリマー
ヒドロゲル投与群の場合、さらに、SN−38の血漿中
濃度が高い傾向がみられた。
In the group administered with the collagen copolymer hydrogel of the present invention, the plasma concentration was maintained at a high concentration in the group administered with the collagen copolymer hydrogel of the present invention, as compared with the case where these drug aqueous solutions were directly administered. It was detectable even after 5 days. Further, in the case of the CPT-11-containing collagen / copolymer hydrogel administration group, the plasma concentration of SN-38 tended to be higher.

【0020】一方で、コラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒドロ
ゲル投与群の方が水溶液投与群に比べて最高血漿中濃度
が抑制されることも示された。このようにコラーゲン・
コ・ポリマーヒドロゲルと薬物水溶液を投与した場合と
で血漿中濃度に差がみられるのは、2.で確認されたよ
うにコラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒドロゲルを投与した場
合には、薬物が徐々に放出されることによるためと考え
られる。またCPT−11含有コラーゲン・コ・ポリマ
ーヒドロゲル投与群の場合、さらに、SN−38の血漿
中濃度が高くなるのは、先に述べたように未変化のCP
T−11が体内に存在するためと思われる。以上のよう
に、2.の結果から期待された通りin vivoでも
薬物の放出に徐放性の効果が認められた。
On the other hand, it was also shown that the maximum plasma concentration was suppressed in the collagen / copolymer hydrogel administration group as compared with the aqueous solution administration group. Collagen like this
The difference in plasma concentration between administration of co-polymer hydrogel and aqueous drug solution is 2. It is considered that when the collagen-co-polymer hydrogel is administered as confirmed in 1., the drug is gradually released. Further, in the case of the CPT-11-containing collagen / co-polymer hydrogel administration group, the plasma concentration of SN-38 was further increased as described above.
It seems that T-11 is present in the body. As described above, 2. As expected from the above results, a sustained release effect was observed in the release of the drug in vivo.

【4021】4.徐放性製剤の抗腫瘍効果 本実験は、抗腫瘍効果を評価する目的で、Ehrlic
h細胞を鼠蹊部に接種した固形担癌マウスを使って、本
発明の徐放性抗腫瘍製剤の皮下投与後の換算腫瘍重量及
び生存期間を測定したものである。この方法は腫瘍の長
径と短径のみを測定すればよいため非常に簡単で、高さ
を計測しないので誤差も少ないという長所を持つ。但し
同一人によって計測される必要がある。さらにこの方法
は実験動物を解剖する必要がないので経過観察をするこ
とができ、換算腫瘍重量と実測腫瘍重量との間には高い
相関が認められている。Ehrlich細胞の維持はマ
ウスの腹腔内に継代移植することにより行った。
[4021] 4. Antitumor Effect of Sustained Release Formulation This experiment was conducted to evaluate the antitumor effect of Ehrlic.
The solid tumor-bearing mice inoculated with h cells in the groin were used to measure the reduced tumor weight and survival period after subcutaneous administration of the sustained-release antitumor preparation of the present invention. This method is very simple because it only needs to measure the major axis and minor axis of the tumor, and has the advantage that there is little error because it does not measure the height. However, it must be measured by the same person. Furthermore, since this method does not need to dissect an experimental animal, follow-up observation can be performed, and a high correlation is recognized between the reduced tumor weight and the measured tumor weight. The maintenance of Ehrlich cells was carried out by subcultured in the abdominal cavity of mice.

【0022】マウス腹腔から採取した腹水中の細胞数
を、光学顕微鏡下で血球計数盤を用いて求めた。次いで
生理食塩水で4×10cell/mlに希釈し、これ
を0.1mlずつ鼠蹊部に皮下投与した。一日後、偽薬
コラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒドロゲル、薬物水溶液及び
本発明の徐放性抗腫瘍製剤としての薬物含有コラーゲン
・コ・ポリマーヒドロゲルをそれぞれの群に皮下投与し
た。薬物投与量はそれぞれSN−38に換算して50m
g/kgとなるようにした。マウス皮下に移植された腫
瘍は境界明瞭な腫瘍を形成し、腫瘍の計測及び観察は容
易であった。腫瘍の計測はノギスを用いてその短径と長
径を測定することにより行い、換算腫瘍重量(RW)
を、式(2)で表した。
The number of cells in the ascites collected from the abdominal cavity of the mouse was determined using a hemocytometer under an optical microscope. Then, it was diluted to 4 × 10 7 cells / ml with physiological saline, and 0.1 ml of this was subcutaneously administered to the groin. One day later, placebo collagen co-polymer hydrogel, drug aqueous solution and drug-containing collagen co-polymer hydrogel as the sustained-release antitumor preparation of the present invention were subcutaneously administered to each group. The drug dose is 50m in terms of SN-38.
It was made to be g / kg. The tumor implanted subcutaneously in the mouse formed a well-defined tumor, and the measurement and observation of the tumor were easy. Tumors are measured by measuring their short and long diameters using calipers, and converted tumor weight (RW)
Was represented by the formula (2).

【0023】 RW(mg)=ab/2 (2) 式において、a(mm)は腫瘍の短径、b(mm)は腫
瘍の長径である。さらに式(3)で表される腫瘍増殖阻
止率(I.R.)を求め、各群の比較を行った。
RW (mg) = a 2 b / 2 In the formula (2), a (mm) is the minor axis of the tumor and b (mm) is the major axis of the tumor. Furthermore, the tumor growth inhibition rate (IR) represented by the formula (3) was obtained, and each group was compared.

【0024】 I.R.(%)=1−(A.T.A.)/(A.T.C.) (3) I.R.=腫瘍増殖抑制率 A.T.A.=投薬群の平均腫瘍重量 A.T.C.=対照群の平均腫瘍重量 その結果を表2と表3に示した。I. R. (%) = 1- (A.T.A.) / (A.T.C.) (3) I.D. R. = Tumor growth inhibition rate A. T. A. = Mean tumor weight of dosing group A. T. C. = Average tumor weight of control group The results are shown in Tables 2 and 3.

【0025】[0025]

【表2】 [Table 2]

【0026】[0026]

【表3】 [Table 3]

【0027】I.R.を比較するとCPT−11含有コ
ラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒドロゲル投与群(表2)では
50〜60%、SN−38含有コラーゲン・コ・ポリマ
ーヒドロゲル投与群(表3)では40〜50%を示し、
対照群との間に有為な差がみられた。また薬物水溶液投
与群と比較しても、薬物含有コラーゲン・コ・ポリマー
ヒドロゲル群では、より優れた腫瘍増殖抑制効果が示さ
れた。これは3.で述べたように薬物水溶液を投与した
場合は速やかに***されるのに対し、薬物含有コラーゲ
ン・コ・ポリマーヒドロゲルでは徐々に放出された薬物
が血中に維持された結果、長時間にわたって薬効が発現
するためと考えられる。
I. R. In comparison, the CPT-11-containing collagen / copolymer hydrogel administration group (Table 2) shows 50-60%, and the SN-38-containing collagen / copolymer hydrogel administration group (Table 3) shows 40-50%,
There was a significant difference with the control group. Further, the drug-containing collagen / co-polymer hydrogel group showed a more excellent tumor growth inhibitory effect as compared with the drug aqueous solution administration group. This is 3. As described above, when the drug aqueous solution is administered, the drug is rapidly excreted, whereas in the drug-containing collagen-co-polymer hydrogel, the drug gradually released is maintained in the blood, resulting in long-term drug efficacy. It is thought that this is due to expression.

【0028】(延命効果)また薬物投与後の対照郡(5
匹)、偽薬コラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒドロゲル投与群
(5匹)、薬物水溶液投与群(10匹または9匹)のそ
れぞれの体重の変化及び生存期間を観察した。各々の群
の平均生存期間から生存期間延長率(T/C)を求め比
較を行った。
(Life-prolonging effect) In addition, the control group (5
The change in body weight and the survival period were observed in each group (5 animals), placebo collagen / copolymer hydrogel administration group (5 animals), and drug aqueous solution administration group (10 animals or 9 animals). The survival period extension rate (T / C) was calculated from the average survival period of each group and compared.

【0029】T/C(%)=100×(A.S.A.)
/(A.S.C.) T/C=生存期間延長率 A.S.A.=投薬群の平均生存期間延長日数 A.S.C.=対照群の平均生存期間延長日数 結果を表4と表5に示した。
T / C (%) = 100 × (A.S.A.)
/ (ASC) T / C = Survival extension rate A. S. A. = Mean survival time extension days of the medication group A. S. C. = Results of extension of average survival time of control group are shown in Tables 4 and 5.

【0030】[0030]

【表4】 [Table 4]

【0031】[0031]

【表5】 [Table 5]

【0032】偽薬コラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒドロゲル
投与では延命効果は全く見られなかった。また両薬物と
も薬物水溶液を投与した場合は延命効果が観察された。
これに対して薬物含有コラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒドロ
ゲルを投与した場合、その効果は著しく増大し、150
%まで上昇した。更にCPT−11、SN−38各々一
例ずつ完治例がみられた。これは3.で述べたように、
長期にわたって有効血中濃度が維持された結果と考えら
れる。またI.R.で判定した治療効果が、最終的な目
標である延命効果につながることが示された。Ehrl
ich腫瘍細胞を接種して1日後、5日後、9日後に1
00mg/kgずつ計300mg/kgのCPT−11
水溶液を投与した場合でもT/Cは130%しか得られ
ず、最長生存率は102日であり完治例はなかった。こ
れと比較すると、薬物含有コラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒ
ドロゲルでは少ない投与量でより高い効果が得られるこ
とが示された。薬物の投与量を減少できることはその毒
性を軽減することにつながるので、より安全に投与する
ことが可能になる。また薬物含有コラーゲン・コ・ポリ
マーヒドロゲル投与による完治例では、対照群と比較し
て体重減少等の異常は認められなかった。
No life-prolonging effect was observed with placebo collagen / co-polymer hydrogel administration. In addition, a life-prolonging effect was observed for both drugs when an aqueous drug solution was administered.
On the other hand, when the drug-containing collagen-co-polymer hydrogel was administered, the effect was significantly increased,
Rose to%. Furthermore, one complete cure was observed for each of CPT-11 and SN-38. This is 3. As mentioned in
This is considered to be the result of maintaining effective blood levels over a long period of time. In addition, I. R. It was shown that the therapeutic effect determined in step 1) leads to the final goal of life-prolonging effect. Ehrl
1 day, 5 days, 9 days after inoculation of ich tumor cells 1
300 mg / kg of CPT-11 in total of 00 mg / kg
Even when the aqueous solution was administered, T / C was only obtained at 130%, and the longest survival rate was 102 days, and there was no complete cure. In comparison with this, it was shown that the drug-containing collagen-co-polymer hydrogel was more effective at a smaller dose. The ability to reduce the dose of a drug leads to a reduction in its toxicity, so that it can be administered more safely. In the case of complete cure by administration of drug-containing collagen / co-polymer hydrogel, no abnormalities such as weight loss were observed as compared with the control group.

【0033】[0033]

【発明の効果】本発明に係る徐放性抗腫瘍製剤は、皮下
投与した際、含有する薬剤としてのカンプトテシン誘導
体を徐々に血中に放出し、従って、長期にわたって、血
中の薬剤濃度を維持することができる。また、その結果
として、薬剤の直接投与に比較して、より少ない量での
より高い腫瘍抑制効果が得られる。
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The sustained-release antitumor preparation according to the present invention, when administered subcutaneously, gradually releases the camptothecin derivative as a contained drug into the blood, and therefore maintains the drug concentration in the blood for a long period of time. can do. Also, as a result, a higher tumor suppressive effect can be obtained with a smaller amount as compared with the direct administration of the drug.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief description of drawings]

【図1】本発明の実施例における製剤についてCPT−
11およびSN−38の放出試験の結果を示した図であ
る。
FIG. 1 shows the CPT-of the formulations in the examples of the present invention.
It is the figure which showed the result of the release test of 11 and SN-38.

【図2】本発明の実施例における製剤についてCPT−
11の投与後の血漿中濃度の経過の測定結果を示す図で
ある。
FIG. 2 shows CPT-of the formulations in the examples of the present invention.
It is a figure which shows the measurement result of the progress of the plasma level after administration of 11.

【図3】本発明の実施例における製剤についてSN−3
8の投与後の血漿中濃度の経過の測定結果を示す図であ
る。
FIG. 3 SN-3 for the formulations in the examples of the present invention
8 is a diagram showing the measurement results of the plasma concentration after administration of 8.

───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (51)Int.Cl.6 識別記号 庁内整理番号 FI 技術表示箇所 C07D 491/22 7019−4C ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (51) Int.Cl. 6 Identification code Internal reference number FI technical display area C07D 491/22 7019-4C

Claims (3)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 【請求項1】 カンプトテシン誘導体を、コラーゲンと
2−ヒドロキシエチル・メタクリレートとのコ・ポリマ
ーからなる担体に含有させコラーゲン・コ・ポリマーヒ
ドロゲルとしたことを特徴とする、徐放性抗腫瘍製剤。
1. A sustained-release antitumor preparation characterized by comprising a camptothecin derivative in a carrier composed of a copolymer of collagen and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate to form a collagen copolymer hydrogel.
【請求項2】 前記カンプトテシン誘導体が、7−エチ
ルカンプトテシン、7−エチル−10−ヒドロキシカン
プトテシン、または7−エチル−10−ピペリジノピペ
リジノカルボニルオキシカンプトテシンである、請求項
1記載の徐放性抗腫瘍製剤。
2. The sustained release according to claim 1, wherein the camptothecin derivative is 7-ethylcamptothecin, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, or 7-ethyl-10-piperidinopiperidinocarbonyloxycamptothecin. Antitumor formulation.
【請求項3】 コラーゲンが、コラーゲンを蛋白分解酵
素により処理して、両末端に存在するテロペプチド部分
を消化除去して得られるアテロコラーゲンである、請求
項1または請求項2記載の徐放性抗腫瘍製剤。
3. The sustained-release anti-inflammatory drug according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the collagen is atelocollagen obtained by treating collagen with a proteolytic enzyme to digest and remove telopeptide moieties present at both ends. Tumor formulation.
JP6107359A 1994-04-12 1994-04-12 Sustained release antineoplastic pharmaceutical preparation Pending JPH07277981A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP6107359A JPH07277981A (en) 1994-04-12 1994-04-12 Sustained release antineoplastic pharmaceutical preparation

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP6107359A JPH07277981A (en) 1994-04-12 1994-04-12 Sustained release antineoplastic pharmaceutical preparation

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPH07277981A true JPH07277981A (en) 1995-10-24

Family

ID=14457082

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP6107359A Pending JPH07277981A (en) 1994-04-12 1994-04-12 Sustained release antineoplastic pharmaceutical preparation

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPH07277981A (en)

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US7488825B2 (en) 2003-02-25 2009-02-10 Kabushiki Kaisha Yakult Honsha Method for preparing polymorphism of irinotecan hydrochloride
WO2010026782A1 (en) * 2008-09-08 2010-03-11 独立行政法人物質・材料研究機構 Composite material comprising high-molecular-weight matrix and low-molecular-weight organic compound and process for producing same
US7897772B2 (en) 2004-10-01 2011-03-01 Kabushiki Kaisha Yakult Honsha Acid addition salt of irinotecan
US7994186B2 (en) 2005-04-18 2011-08-09 Kabushiki Kaisha Yakult Honsha Pharmaceutical compositions containing camptothecins
CN114288237A (en) * 2021-12-25 2022-04-08 北京化工大学 Preparation method and application of irinotecan-hydrogel drug-loaded system

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7488825B2 (en) 2003-02-25 2009-02-10 Kabushiki Kaisha Yakult Honsha Method for preparing polymorphism of irinotecan hydrochloride
US7897772B2 (en) 2004-10-01 2011-03-01 Kabushiki Kaisha Yakult Honsha Acid addition salt of irinotecan
US7994186B2 (en) 2005-04-18 2011-08-09 Kabushiki Kaisha Yakult Honsha Pharmaceutical compositions containing camptothecins
WO2010026782A1 (en) * 2008-09-08 2010-03-11 独立行政法人物質・材料研究機構 Composite material comprising high-molecular-weight matrix and low-molecular-weight organic compound and process for producing same
CN102143767A (en) * 2008-09-08 2011-08-03 独立行政法人物质.材料研究机构 Composite material comprising high-molecular-weight matrix and low-molecular-weight organic compound and process for producing same
JP5660452B2 (en) * 2008-09-08 2015-01-28 独立行政法人物質・材料研究機構 COMPOSITE MATERIAL COMPRISING POLYMER MATRIX AND LOW MOLECULAR ORGANIC COMPOUND AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME
CN114288237A (en) * 2021-12-25 2022-04-08 北京化工大学 Preparation method and application of irinotecan-hydrogel drug-loaded system
CN114288237B (en) * 2021-12-25 2024-02-02 北京化工大学 Preparation method and application of irinotecan-hydrogel drug-loading system

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