JPH0640017U - Vehicle stop zone structure - Google Patents
Vehicle stop zone structureInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0640017U JPH0640017U JP076280U JP7628092U JPH0640017U JP H0640017 U JPH0640017 U JP H0640017U JP 076280 U JP076280 U JP 076280U JP 7628092 U JP7628092 U JP 7628092U JP H0640017 U JPH0640017 U JP H0640017U
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- stop
- drainage
- shaped recess
- vehicle
- belt
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Abstract
(57)【要約】
【目的】 除雪作業の妨げにならず、またアイスバーン
で機能が損なわれたりすることなく、車両を確実に停止
させることができる耐久性に秀でた車両の停止帯構造を
提供する。
【構成】 車両の停止域に該当する路面Ａ部分に車輪10
0 の下端部が接地する底面11を備えた車輪100 進入用の
帯状凹部１を一段低く段設し、該帯状凹部１の底面に排
水手段２に連通する排水口31’を設ける。
(57) [Summary] [Purpose] A vehicle stop belt structure with excellent durability that can stop the vehicle without hindering snow removal work and without impairing its function on ice burn. I will provide a. [Structure] Wheels 10 on the part of the road surface A that corresponds to the stop area of the vehicle
A belt-shaped recess 1 for advancing the wheel 100 having a bottom surface 11 whose lower end is grounded is provided one step lower, and a drain port 31 'communicating with the drainage means 2 is provided on the bottom surface of the belt-shaped recess 1.
Description
【０００１】[0001]
本考案は、比較的狭い道路から比較的広い道路に進入する場合の一時停止用、 車両出入口での一時停止用、更には駐車場の車止め用等として使用できる路面に 形設した自動車等の車両用の停止帯構造に関するものである。 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention is a vehicle such as an automobile formed on a road surface that can be used as a temporary stop when entering a relatively wide road from a relatively narrow road, a temporary stop at a vehicle entrance, and a car stop at a parking lot. It is related to the stop band structure for.
【０００２】[0002]
一時停止の無視、見落とし等によって引き起こされる衝突事故、人身事故の発 生件数を減少させるのは、現段階では取締り以外に有効な手立てが無いものとさ れている。 現実的に、道路交差点で標識と停止線以外に一時停止を促す手段としては、停 止域の道路部分を凸状に***させたり、停止域近辺の所定範囲の路面を微細な凹 凸状路面で形設する２例が挙げられ、また、駐車場で、ラインによって区画割り だけを行う以外に車止めを促す手段としては、凸状の車止めを設置することが挙 げられる。 At present, it is said that there is no effective means other than crackdowns to reduce the number of collision accidents and personal injury caused by ignoring temporary suspensions, oversights, etc. Practically, as means for urging a temporary stop at road intersections other than signs and stop lines, the road part in the stop area is raised in a convex shape, or the road surface in a predetermined range near the stop area is a fine concave convex road surface. There are two examples of car parking, and as a means to promote car stop other than just dividing into sections by lines in a parking lot, a convex car stop can be installed.
【０００３】[0003]
しかし、一時停止帯が凸状の***部では、路面レベルで除雪する除雪機によっ て度々抉り取られることが多く、毎年の道路補修費を莫大なものにする、また微 細な凹凸状路を一時停止帯とした場合では、積雪地帯で路面が凍結したり、圧雪 アイスバーンになった場合に除雪しても埋没によって機能しなくなり、非常に危 険となる、更に駐車場等での凸状の車止めでは、除雪の大きな妨げになり、また 不測の出来事で欠損し易い等欠陥がある。 しかも、凸状の***部を一時停止帯とした場合や凸状の車止めの場合では、衝 撃を直接受ける為、ドライバーに不快感、恐怖感を受感させてしまい、精神的な 疲れが激しいドライバーの身になった適切な配慮がなされていない点でも満足な ものではなかった。 However, bumps with convex stop zones are often removed by snow plows that remove snow at the road level, which makes the annual road repair costs enormous and the fine uneven roads. If the road is a temporary stop zone, the road surface will freeze in a snowy area, and even if snow is removed from the snow, it will not function due to burial even if the snow is removed, making it extremely dangerous. In the case of wheel-shaped bollards, it greatly hinders snow removal and is apt to be lost due to an unexpected event. In addition, when a convex bump is used as a temporary stop or when a bumper is used as a bumper stop, the driver is directly struck and the driver feels discomfort and fear. I was not satisfied with the fact that the driver was not properly considered.
【０００４】 本考案は、上記従来事情に鑑みてなされたもので、その目的とする処は、除雪 作業の妨げにならず、またアイスバーンで機能が損なわれたりすることなく、車 両（自動車等）の停止を促すことができる耐久性に秀でた車両の停止帯構造を提 供することにある。 更に他の目的とする処は、凸状の***部や車止めのように、不意に衝撃を受け ることによって生じるドライバーの不快感、恐怖感を解決し、一時停止時、車止 め時の衝撃を予測させることができる車両の停止帯構造を提供することにある。 更に他の目的とする処は、夜間でも停止を促すことができる車両の停止帯構造 を提供することにある。The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned conventional circumstances, and a purpose of the present invention is not to hinder the snow removal work and to prevent the vehicle from losing its function by ice burn. Etc.) to provide a stop belt structure of a vehicle that has excellent durability and can be promoted to stop. Another purpose is to solve the driver's discomfort and fear caused by an unexpected impact, such as a convex bump or a car stop. It is to provide a stop zone structure for a vehicle that can predict Still another object is to provide a stop band structure for a vehicle that can promote a stop even at night.
【０００５】[0005]
上記目的を達成するために講じた技術的手段は、車両の停止域に該当する路面 部分に車輪の下端部が接地する底面を備えた車輪進入用の帯状凹部を一段低く段 設し、該帯状凹部の底面に排水手段に連通する排水口を設けたことを要旨とする 。 更に、請求項１の帯状凹部の底面が、路面から進行方向に向かって傾斜するス ロープ状面で構成され、且つ該スロープ状面最下端域に排水手段に連通する排水 口が設けてあると有効である。 更に、請求項１または２の排水手段が、路面に凹設される既設の排水溝であり 、帯状凹部の底面が、上記排水溝を被蓋する排水口付きの蓋部で構成されている と有効である。 更に、請求項１、２または３の帯状凹部の底面に連設する長手側の構成立面が 、直角よりも若干鈍角状とする傾斜立面で構成してあると有効である。 更に、請求項４の傾斜立面に反射処理もしくは蛍光処理を施してあると有効で ある。 Technical measures taken to achieve the above-mentioned object are that a belt-like recess for wheel entry having a bottom surface where the lower end of the wheel comes into contact with the ground is applied to the road surface portion corresponding to the stop area of the vehicle. The gist is that a drainage port communicating with the drainage means is provided on the bottom surface of the recess. Further, the bottom surface of the belt-shaped recess according to claim 1 is formed of a sloped surface inclined from the road surface in the traveling direction, and a drainage port communicating with the drainage means is provided at the lowermost end of the sloped surface. It is valid. Further, the drainage means according to claim 1 or 2 is an existing drainage groove that is recessed in the road surface, and the bottom surface of the band-shaped recess is formed of a lid portion with a drainage port that covers the drainage groove. It is valid. Further, it is effective that the constituent vertical surface on the long side, which is continuously provided on the bottom surface of the band-shaped recess of claim 1, is a slanted vertical surface which is slightly obtuse than a right angle. Furthermore, it is effective that the inclined elevation surface of claim 4 is subjected to a reflection treatment or a fluorescence treatment.
【０００６】[0006]
上記技術的手段によれば、下記の作用がある。 （請求項１）路面に凹設され除雪機による除雪作業の障害にならない帯状凹部が 、雨水を溜水しない停止帯を構成する。 The above technical means have the following effects. (Claim 1) The belt-shaped concave portion provided on the road surface so as not to hinder the snow removal work by the snow remover constitutes a stop zone that does not collect rainwater.
【０００７】 （請求項２）スロープ状面でいったん下る感じを体感させてから、一時停止時、 車止め時の衝撃を受感させる。(Claim 2) The slope-like surface is first made to feel as if it were descending, and then the shock is felt when the vehicle is stopped or when the vehicle is stopped.
【０００８】 （請求項３）帯状凹部内に進入する雨水をすぐ下の排水溝に効率的に排水する。(Claim 3) Rainwater that enters the band-shaped recess is efficiently drained to the drainage channel immediately below.
【０００９】 （請求項４）停止時に適当な衝撃をドライバーに与える。(Claim 4) An appropriate impact is applied to the driver at the time of stopping.
【００１０】 （請求項５）夜間において、停止帯としての帯状凹部の認識度を向上させる。(Claim 5) At night, the degree of recognition of the band-shaped recess as a stop band is improved.
本考案は以上のように構成したので下記の利点がある。 （請求項１）道路、車両出入口等での一時停止帯、駐車場の車止め用として、除 雪効率を向上させ、不測の事態に損傷する度合いも少なく長期的信頼性が高い停 止帯構造を提供できる。 しかも、雨水は排水されて停滞しないから、発進時の飛び跳ねを防止できる。 更に、凍結をも防止できるから、駐車場のように一定時間駐車しても発進に支障 を来すこともない。また、傾斜地の駐車場において、サイドブレーキを掛け忘れ た場合にも、事故を引き起こすことを防止できる。 Since the present invention is configured as described above, it has the following advantages. (Claim 1) A stop belt structure with high long-term reliability that improves snow removal efficiency and is less likely to be damaged unexpectedly, for use as a temporary stop at roads, vehicle entrances and exits, and as a car stop at a parking lot. Can be provided. Moreover, since rainwater is drained and does not stagnate, jumping at the time of starting can be prevented. In addition, it can prevent freezing, so even if you park for a certain period of time like in a parking lot, it will not interfere with starting. In addition, even if you forget to apply the side brakes in a parking lot on a slope, you can prevent an accident.
【００１１】 （請求項２）停止時の衝撃を受感させる前にスロープ状面の下り勾配でいったん 降りる感覚を体感させて前もって停止帯として認識させることができるように配 慮しているから、突然衝撃を受けることによるドライバーの不安感、恐怖感を回 避できる。(Claim 2) Before the shock at the time of stopping is sensed, it is arranged so that the driver can experience the feeling of descending at the descending slope of the slope-like surface and recognize it as a stop zone beforehand. It can avoid the driver's anxiety and fear caused by sudden shock.
【００１２】 （請求項３）道路交差点の横断排水側溝、車両出入口の排水側溝、駐車場の排水 溝等の排水溝に帯状凹部内の雨水を直接的で且つ速やかに排水するから、排水効 率を経済的に向上できる。(Claim 3) The rainwater in the belt-shaped recess is directly and quickly drained to drainage gutters such as a crossing drainage gutter at a road intersection, a vehicle entrance / exit drainage gutter, and a parking lot drainage gutter. Can be improved economically.
【００１３】 （請求項４）帯状凹部内に進入した車輪が適当な衝撃で長手側の構成立面に衝突 して適度な衝撃をドライバーに与えるから、停止も確実である。(Claim 4) Since the wheel that has entered the belt-shaped recess collides with the vertical standing surface with an appropriate impact and gives an appropriate impact to the driver, stopping is also reliable.
【００１４】 （請求項５）夜間でも所定位置での停止を確実化させ、交通事故の低減化を図り 、また駐車時の走路ミスによる既駐車との接触等を未然に防止できる。(Claim 5) It is possible to reliably stop the vehicle at a predetermined position even at night, reduce traffic accidents, and prevent contact with an already parked vehicle due to an error in a running road during parking.
【００１５】[0015]
次に、本考案の実施例を図面に基づいて説明する。 図１は請求項１、２、４、５における車両の停止帯構造の実施例を、図２は、 請求項１、３、４、５における車両の停止帯構造を各々示している。まず、図１ について説明する。 Next, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a vehicle stop band structure according to claims 1, 2, 4, and 5, and FIG. 2 shows a vehicle stop band structure according to claims 1, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. First, FIG. 1 will be described.
【００１６】 図１は、比較的狭い道路から比較的広い道路に進入する場合の一時停止用や駐 車場の車止め用等として使用される停止帯構造を示している。 符号１は路面Ａに凹設した平面視帯状の帯状凹部であり、停止ラインに車両の 先端を一致させて車輪100 を停止させることができる位置の路面Ａ部分に凹設し てある。FIG. 1 shows a stop band structure used for a temporary stop when entering a relatively wide road from a relatively narrow road, a car stop for a parking lot, and the like. Reference numeral 1 is a belt-shaped recessed portion which is recessed in the road surface A and which is in a plan view, and is recessed in the road surface A portion where the front end of the vehicle can be aligned with the stop line to stop the wheel 100.
【００１７】 この帯状凹部１は、一時停止や駐車に該当する路面Ａ部分に車輪100 の直径よ りも広い幅寸法の底面11を有するように凹設されている。The band-shaped recess 1 is provided so as to have a bottom surface 11 having a width width wider than the diameter of the wheel 100 on a portion of the road surface A corresponding to temporary stop or parking.
【００１８】 この帯状凹部１は、詳細には底面11を路面Ａから進行方向に向かって傾斜する スロープ状面（後述では符号11を付けて説明する）で形成し、該スロープ状面11 における進行方向先側の長手側の構成立面を直角よりも若干鈍角状とする傾斜立 面21で形成し、該傾斜立面21に反射処理もしくは蛍光処理41を施して構成されて いる。In detail, the strip-shaped recess 1 is formed by forming a bottom surface 11 with a slope-shaped surface (which will be described with reference numeral 11 in the following description) inclined from the road surface A in the traveling direction. It is configured by forming the constituent vertical surface on the longitudinal side on the front side in the direction of inclination from an inclined surface 21 that is slightly obtuse than the right angle, and subjecting the inclined vertical surface 21 to reflection processing or fluorescence processing 41.
【００１９】 上記帯状凹部１の最深部の深さは、５乃至10ｃｍ程度とし、また、帯状凹部１ のスロープ状面11の寸法は、車輪100 直径の１．５乃至３倍程度とし、その最深 部に排水口31’を開放した排水凹溝31を全長に亘って凹設し、該排水凹溝31の端 部を排水手段２である排水側溝に連通状に接続している。The depth of the deepest part of the band-shaped recess 1 is about 5 to 10 cm, and the dimension of the sloped surface 11 of the band-shaped recess 1 is about 1.5 to 3 times the diameter of the wheel 100, and the deepest A drainage groove 31 having an open drainage port 31 'is provided in the portion along its entire length, and the end of the drainage groove 31 is connected to the drainage side groove, which is the drainage means 2, so as to communicate therewith.
【００２０】 従って、この図１の実施例においては、車輪100 が帯状凹部１に進入すると、 いったんスロープ状面11で徐々に下がる（落ちる）感じをドライバーが受感して から傾斜立面21に車輪100 が当たって適度な衝撃を受ける為、不意に衝撃を受け るような不快感、恐怖感を感じることがない。 また、排水も良好であるから、塵類は雨水で排水され、また車輪100 が凍り付 くこともなく、更に夜間でも確実に認識できる。Therefore, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, when the wheel 100 enters the strip-shaped recess 1, the driver first feels that the slope-shaped surface 11 gradually lowers (falls), and then the sloped surface 21 is inclined. Since the wheel 100 hits and receives an appropriate impact, there is no uncomfortable feeling or fear of sudden impact. Further, since the drainage is good, the dust is drained by rainwater, and the wheel 100 does not freeze, so that it can be reliably recognized even at night.
【００２１】 図２は、車両出入口で一時停止用として使用される一時停止帯を示している。 符号１は路面Ａに凹設した平面視帯状の帯状凹部である。FIG. 2 shows a stop band used for a stop at a vehicle entrance / exit. Reference numeral 1 is a band-shaped concave portion which is provided on the road surface A and has a band shape in a plan view.
【００２２】 帯状凹部１は、排水手段２として路面Ａに凹設された既設の排水溝12を被蓋す る排水口31’付きの蓋部22を底面11として形成されている。The strip-shaped recess 1 is formed with a bottom portion 11 having a drain portion 31 ′ with a drain port 31 ′ that covers an existing drain groove 12 that is recessed in the road surface A as the drain means 2.
【００２３】 この排水溝12は、コンクリート製、鋼板製、その他所望な材料で正面視上向き コ型に成形されている。The drainage groove 12 is made of concrete, a steel plate, or any other desired material, and is formed in a U shape facing upward in a front view.
【００２４】 この蓋部22は長手側の構成立面両面を直角よりも若干鈍角状とする傾斜立面21 で形成し、該傾斜立面21に反射処理もしくは蛍光処理41を施し、且つ傾斜立面21 、21間を中央に向かって下り勾配なスロープ状の底面11とし、最深部には排水口 31’を必要個開孔している。The lid portion 22 is formed by an inclined standing surface 21 having both oblong angles on both sides of the constituent standing surface on the longitudinal side, and the inclined standing surface 21 is subjected to a reflection treatment or a fluorescent treatment 41 and an inclined standing surface. A slope-shaped bottom surface 11 is formed between the surfaces 21 and 21 with a downward slope toward the center, and necessary drainage holes 31 'are opened at the deepest part.
【００２５】 この蓋部22の最深部の深さは、前記実施例と同様に路面Ａから５乃至10ｃｍ程 度とし、傾斜立面21、21間の底面11の幅寸法も前記実施例と同様に車輪100 直径 の１．５乃至３倍程度としている。The depth of the deepest part of the lid portion 22 is about 5 to 10 cm from the road surface A as in the above-mentioned embodiment, and the width dimension of the bottom surface 11 between the inclined standing surfaces 21 and 21 is also the same as in the above-mentioned embodiment. In addition, the diameter of the wheel 100 is about 1.5 to 3 times.
【００２６】 従って、この図２の実施例のおいては、前記実施例と同様に凸部に突然衝突す る不快感、恐怖感を感じることがなく、夜間でも確実に認識できるばかりか、流 入する雨水を直下の排水溝12に速やかに排水でき、水跳ねを効率的に防止できる 。Therefore, in the embodiment of FIG. 2, there is no discomfort or fear of sudden collision with a convex portion as in the case of the above-mentioned embodiment, and not only can the image be reliably recognized at night, but also the flow can be confirmed. Rainwater entering can be quickly drained to the drainage channel 12 directly below, and water splash can be efficiently prevented.
【００２７】 尚、前記蓋部22は鋼製の多孔板で構成されていても構わない。このように構成 すると排水効率がより向上する。The lid 22 may be made of a steel perforated plate. With this structure, drainage efficiency is further improved.
【００２８】 また、排水溝12となる横断排水側溝等として既設のものを利用する場合には、 その蓋部22を帯状凹部１を凹設した形状のものに交換するだけで対処できる経済 的なメリットもある。When an existing one is used as the transverse drainage side groove or the like which becomes the drainage groove 12, it is economical because it can be dealt with only by replacing the lid portion 22 with a shape in which the band-shaped recess 1 is provided. There are also merits.
【図１】路面部分の縦断面図で拡大して示す。FIG. 1 is an enlarged vertical sectional view of a road surface portion.
【図２】他の実施例を示す路面部分の縦断面図で拡大し
て示す。FIG. 2 is an enlarged vertical sectional view of a road surface portion showing another embodiment.
Ａ ：路面 100 ：車輪 １ ：帯状凹部 ２ ：排水手段 31 ’：排水口 11 ：底面（スロ
ープ状面） 21 ：傾斜立面 31 ：排水凹部 41 ：反射処理もしくは蛍光処理 22 ：蓋部 12 ：排水溝A: Road surface 100: Wheels 1: Belt-shaped recess 2: Drainage means 31 ': Drainage port 11: Bottom surface (slope-like surface) 21: Slope elevation 31: Drain recess 41: Reflection treatment or fluorescence treatment 22: Lid 12: Drainage groove
Claims (5)
の下端部が接地する底面を備えた車輪進入用の帯状凹部
を一段低く段設し、該帯状凹部の底面に排水手段に連通
する排水口を設けたことを特徴とする車両の停止帯構
造。1. A belt-shaped recess for wheel entry, which has a bottom surface where the lower end of the wheel comes into contact with the ground, is provided at a lower level on a road surface portion corresponding to a stop area of the vehicle, and the bottom surface of the belt-shaped recess communicates with drainage means. A stop band structure for vehicles characterized by having a drainage port.
向に向かって傾斜するスロープ状面で構成され、且つ該
スロープ状面最下端域に排水手段に連通する排水口を設
けたことを特徴とする上記請求項１記載の車両の停止帯
構造。2. A bottom surface of the band-shaped recess is formed by a slope-shaped surface inclined from a road surface in a traveling direction, and a drain port communicating with drainage means is provided at a lowermost end area of the slope-shaped surface. The stop band structure for a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein:
の排水溝であり、帯状凹部の底面が、上記排水溝を被蓋
する排水口付きの蓋部で構成されていることを特徴とす
る上記請求項１または２記載の車両の停止帯構造。3. The drainage means is an existing drainage groove that is recessed in the road surface, and the bottom surface of the band-shaped recess is formed of a lid portion with a drainage port that covers the drainage groove. The stop belt structure for a vehicle according to claim 1 or 2, wherein.
構成立面が、直角よりも若干鈍角状とする傾斜立面で構
成してあることを特徴とする上記請求項１、２または３
記載の車両の停止帯構造。4. The above-mentioned 1, 2 or the above-mentioned, characterized in that the constituent elevations on the long side, which are connected to the bottom surface of the band-shaped recess, are inclined elevations that are slightly obtuse rather than right angles. Three
The vehicle stop band structure described.
理を施したことを特徴とする上記請求項４記載の車両の
停止帯構造。5. The stop band structure for a vehicle according to claim 4, wherein the inclined standing surface is subjected to a reflection treatment or a fluorescence treatment.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP076280U JPH0640017U (en) | 1992-11-05 | 1992-11-05 | Vehicle stop zone structure |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP076280U JPH0640017U (en) | 1992-11-05 | 1992-11-05 | Vehicle stop zone structure |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0640017U true JPH0640017U (en) | 1994-05-27 |
Family
ID=13600878
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP076280U Pending JPH0640017U (en) | 1992-11-05 | 1992-11-05 | Vehicle stop zone structure |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0640017U (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR102179221B1 (en) * | 2020-03-31 | 2020-11-16 | 구본국 | Construction method of driveway boundary structure and driveway boundary structure |
| KR102179225B1 (en) * | 2020-03-31 | 2020-11-16 | 구본국 | Construction method of shoulder uneven structure and shoulder uneven structure |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6073303A (en) * | 1983-09-07 | 1985-04-25 | フイニケ、イタリアーナ、マーポス、ソチエタ、ペル、アツイオーニ | Snap gage for inspecting size of workpiece |
| JPH0259884A (en) * | 1988-08-25 | 1990-02-28 | Fujitsu Ltd | Character recognizing device |
-
1992
- 1992-11-05 JP JP076280U patent/JPH0640017U/en active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6073303A (en) * | 1983-09-07 | 1985-04-25 | フイニケ、イタリアーナ、マーポス、ソチエタ、ペル、アツイオーニ | Snap gage for inspecting size of workpiece |
| JPH0259884A (en) * | 1988-08-25 | 1990-02-28 | Fujitsu Ltd | Character recognizing device |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR102179221B1 (en) * | 2020-03-31 | 2020-11-16 | 구본국 | Construction method of driveway boundary structure and driveway boundary structure |
| KR102179225B1 (en) * | 2020-03-31 | 2020-11-16 | 구본국 | Construction method of shoulder uneven structure and shoulder uneven structure |
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