JPH06173471A - Floor squeaking preventing method - Google Patents
Floor squeaking preventing methodInfo
- Publication number
- JPH06173471A JPH06173471A JP4349898A JP34989892A JPH06173471A JP H06173471 A JPH06173471 A JP H06173471A JP 4349898 A JP4349898 A JP 4349898A JP 34989892 A JP34989892 A JP 34989892A JP H06173471 A JPH06173471 A JP H06173471A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- floor
- adhesive
- squeaking
- gap
- voids
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Landscapes
- Working Measures On Existing Buildindgs (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、建築物で問題になる
「床鳴り」や「きしみ」を、α−シアノアクリレート系
接着剤を用いて、床材や敷居などを解体すること無く、
迅速且つ容易に防止する方法に関するものであり、建築
業界で利用されるものである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention uses an α-cyanoacrylate adhesive to remove "floor ringing" and "creaking" which are problems in buildings, without disassembling flooring materials or sills.
It relates to a quick and easy prevention method and is used in the construction industry.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】家屋の売買或いは使用時において発生す
る問題として最も多いものの一つに床鳴りやきしみがあ
る。床鳴りは、床材が温度や湿度の変化に伴う膨張また
は収縮を受け、床材と下地の間や床材同士の間に空隙を
生じ、この部分に荷重を受けて部材がたわんだり擦れ合
ったりするときに発生する不快音である。このような床
鳴りは、例えば家屋が木造であった場合には、新築して
から平均１〜２年で発生し、木材の乾燥状態が原因であ
るため事前に防止することは全く不可能である。きしみ
も同様に柱や壁、梁等の部材が膨張または収縮を受けて
空隙を生じることによって発生する不快音で、木材を使
用していると新築から平均１〜２年で発生する。このよ
うに不快音の発生する箇所によって「きしみ」と呼んだ
り「床鳴り」と区別しているが、本質的には同じで、部
材の体積変化を原因とする現象である。従って、木造建
築以外でも体積が膨張や収縮する建築材料を用いる箇所
には発生し、発生するまでの年数は材質によって大きく
異なる。2. Description of the Related Art Floor ringing and squeaking are one of the most common problems that occur when buying or selling a house. Floor noise is caused by expansion or contraction of the floor material due to changes in temperature and humidity, creating voids between the floor material and the base material or between the floor materials, and the parts bend and rub against each other under load. It is an unpleasant sound that is generated when For example, when a house is made of wood, such a ringing noise occurs in an average of 1 to 2 years after new construction, and it is completely impossible to prevent it in advance because it is caused by the dry state of the wood. is there. Similarly, squeak is an unpleasant sound that is generated when a member such as a pillar, a wall, or a beam is expanded or contracted to generate a void, and when wood is used, it is generated in an average of 1 to 2 years after new construction. In this way, the place where the unpleasant sound is generated is referred to as “squeaky” or “floor ringing”, but it is essentially the same and is a phenomenon caused by a change in the volume of the member. Therefore, it occurs in places other than wooden constructions where a building material whose volume expands or contracts is used, and the number of years until it occurs greatly varies depending on the material.
【０００３】従来、このような床鳴りやきしみが発生し
た場合には、音の源になっている現場を捜し出し、家屋
の一部を解体して部材の取り替えや継ぎ足し等の修理を
行なっているが、このような修理はハウスメーカーや工
務店にとって非常に大きな時間的負担となっている。こ
のような状況に鑑み、エポキシ系接着剤をきしみが生じ
ている箇所に穴を開けて注入し、部材間の空隙を充填す
るという補修法が行なわれている。この方法は、家屋の
解体や補修部材の加工といった手間が省略でき、材料経
費といった面で大きく合理化に寄与している。しかしな
がらエポキシ系接着剤は硬化に時間を要するため、充填
が良好に行われているかどうかを確認するためには、日
を変えてもう一度現場に足を運ばなければならない場合
が多く、また、そこで再度充填不良が見られる場合も多
々有って、時間的労力がかかってしまうという欠点を有
している。さらにエポキシ系接着剤は二液混合型のもの
がほとんどであるため、接着剤の正確な計量を必要と
し、調製そのものがかなりの時間的労力と熟練を要し、
経験の浅い作業者では良好な補修が得られないという欠
点もある。Conventionally, when such a floor squeal or squeak occurs, the site that is the source of the sound is searched for, and a part of the house is dismantled to replace the members or repair the replenishment. However, such repairs impose a huge time burden on the house maker and the builder. In view of such a situation, a repairing method has been performed in which a hole is injected into an area where the squeak is generated and the epoxy adhesive is injected to fill the voids between the members. This method can save labor such as dismantling of a house and processing of repair members, and greatly contributes to rationalization in terms of material cost. However, since the epoxy adhesive takes a long time to cure, it is often necessary to change the day and go to the site again to confirm whether the filling is performed properly, and again there. In many cases, defective filling can be seen, which has the drawback of requiring time and labor. Furthermore, most epoxy-based adhesives are of the two-liquid type, so accurate measurement of the adhesive is required, and the preparation itself requires considerable time and effort,
There is also a drawback that inexperienced workers cannot obtain good repairs.
【０００４】[0004]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明は、このような
従来の補修方法の欠点を克服し、簡単に短時間に「床鳴
り」や「きしみ」を防止できる補修作業方法を提供しよ
うとするものである。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention intends to provide a repairing work method which overcomes the drawbacks of the conventional repairing method and can easily prevent "floor squeaking" and "squeaking" in a short time. It is a thing.
【０００５】[0005]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明者らは、上記課題
を解決するために鋭意検討した結果、建築物の床鳴りや
きしみの発生箇所に、α−シアノアクリレート系接着剤
を充填し固化させることにより、短時間にきしみや床鳴
りの補修作業を完了させ得ることを見いだし、本発明を
完成するに至った。すなわち、本発明は、建築物の空隙
部に、α−シアノアクリレート系接着剤を充填して、空
隙の存在により発生するきしみ又は床鳴りを抑えること
を特徴とするきしみ又は床鳴りの防止方法に関するもの
である。Means for Solving the Problems As a result of intensive studies for solving the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors filled an α-cyanoacrylate adhesive at a place where floor squeaking and squeaking occurred and solidified. By doing so, it was found that repair work for squeak and floor squeal can be completed in a short time, and the present invention has been completed. That is, the present invention relates to a method for preventing squeaking or floor squeal, which is characterized by filling a void portion of a building with an α-cyanoacrylate adhesive to suppress squeaking or floor squeaking caused by the presence of the void. It is a thing.
【０００６】以下に本発明を詳細に説明するが、床鳴り
と柱や壁等のきしみとでは補修方法が異なってくるた
め、それぞれ個別に説明する。The present invention will be described in detail below, but since the repairing method differs between floor squealing and squeaking of columns, walls, etc., each will be described individually.
【０００７】（１）床鳴り補修方法 床鳴り補修方法では、床鳴り箇所を捜し出し、床鳴り箇
所の構造から接着剤を充填することが、浸透のみによっ
て可能か、穴開け作業が必要かどうかをまず判断する。
この判断は床に荷重をかけたり打診したりしてなされ、
床材の隙間と床鳴りの原因となっている空隙が連結して
いる場合に、接着剤の浸透のみによる補修作業を行い、
連結していない場合には穴開け作業を伴う補修作業を行
う。(1) Floor squeal repair method In the floor squeal repair method, it is possible to find out the floor squeal point and fill the adhesive from the structure of the floor squeal point only by permeation or whether it is necessary to make a hole. First, judge.
This judgment is made by applying a load to the floor or percussing,
When the gap between the floor materials and the gap that causes the floor squeal are connected, repair work is performed only by permeating the adhesive,
If they are not connected, repair work including drilling work will be performed.
【０００８】（１−１）浸透のみの補修方法 これは床鳴り箇所に近い床材の隙間からα−シアノアク
リレート系接着剤を浸透させ、床鳴りの原因となる空隙
を充填して床材を固定させる補修方法である。この時、
床材の隙間の大きさによって、使用すべきα−シアノア
クリレート系接着剤の粘度を変化させるのが良く、例え
ば、床材接合部分の隙間が0.５mm未満である場合には、
粘度が３００cps 以下のものが好ましく、0.５mm以上２
mm以下の隙間がある場合には３００〜１０００cps のα
−シアノアクリレート系接着剤を使用するのが好まし
い。さらに２mm以上５mm以下の空隙の時、１０００〜３
０００cps の比較的流動性の低いものが好ましく、５mm
以上の場合にはチキソトロピー性を付与した１０万〜２
０万cps のものが好ましい。これらの粘度は、単にα−
シアノアクリレート系接着剤を隙間内に入れ易いという
点からだけではなく、一般に床材の下地は多数の隙間が
開いているので、固定するべき箇所以外に接着剤が流出
してしまうことを防ぐという点からも考慮される。接着
剤を隙間に注入したら、打診等で床材の固定の確認を行
い、床鳴りがしなくなるまで接着剤を注入し続ける。α
−シアノアクリレート系接着剤は数秒から数分で重合固
化するため、充填作業と確認作業を並行して進めること
ができる。また、シアノアクリレート系接着剤の硬化促
進剤を予め注入しておき、そこにα−シアノアクリレー
ト系接着剤を注入すると、固定範囲を確実に制御するこ
とができ、かつ補修作業を短縮化できるため、本発明に
とりさらに好ましい方法である。(1-1) Repairing method by only permeation This is a method for permeating an α-cyanoacrylate adhesive through a gap in a floor material close to a floor ringing site and filling the voids causing the floor ringing to fix the floor material. It is a repair method to be fixed. At this time,
It is preferable to change the viscosity of the α-cyanoacrylate-based adhesive to be used depending on the size of the floor material gap. For example, if the gap between the floor material joints is less than 0.5 mm,
A viscosity of 300 cps or less is preferable, 0.5 mm or more 2
If there is a gap of mm or less, α of 300 to 1000 cps
-Preference is given to using cyanoacrylate adhesives. Furthermore, when the gap is 2 mm or more and 5 mm or less, 1000 to 3
000 cps with relatively low fluidity is preferred, 5 mm
In the above cases, 100,000 to 2 with thixotropic property is given.
A value of 0,000 cps is preferable. These viscosities are simply α-
Not only because it is easy to put the cyanoacrylate adhesive in the gap, but generally because there are many gaps in the base of the flooring material, it is said that the adhesive will not flow out to the place other than where it should be fixed. It is also considered from the point. After injecting the adhesive into the gap, check the floor material for fixation by percussion etc. and continue injecting the adhesive until the floor no longer rings. α
Since the cyanoacrylate adhesive polymerizes and solidifies in a few seconds to a few minutes, the filling work and the confirmation work can be performed in parallel. In addition, if a curing accelerator for a cyanoacrylate adhesive is injected in advance and the α-cyanoacrylate adhesive is injected therein, the fixing range can be surely controlled, and the repair work can be shortened. Is a more preferable method for the present invention.
【０００９】（１−２）穴開け作業を伴う補修方法 これは床鳴り箇所の真上にドリル等で穴を開け、α−シ
アノアクリレート系接着剤を注入し、空隙を充填し床材
を固定させる補修方法である。この場合には床材と下地
の空隙が目視できるから、この空隙の大きさによってα
−シアノアクリレート系接着剤の粘度を調整するのが好
ましく、例えば、床材と下地の空隙が0.５mm未満である
場合には、粘度が３００cps 以下のものが好ましく、0.
５mm以上２mm以下の空隙がある場合には３００〜１００
０ｃｐｓのα−シアノアクリレート系接着剤を使用する
のが好ましい。さらに２mm以上５mm以下の空隙の時、１
０００〜３０００cps の比較的流動性の低いものが好ま
しく、５mm以上の場合にはチキソトロピー性を付与した
１０万〜２０万cps のものが好ましい。これらの粘度
は、接着剤が空隙に入りやすく、接着固定の不必要な箇
所への流出を防ぐという働きから定められるものであ
る。接着剤の注入は穴の回りを打診する等して、固定状
態を確認しながら行い、床鳴りが無くなるまで接着剤の
注入作業を続ける。床鳴りが無くなったところで、注入
口が目立たないように仕上げを行って作業を完了する。(1-2) Repairing method involving drilling work: This is to drill a hole directly above the floor ringing site with a drill or the like, inject an α-cyanoacrylate adhesive, fill the voids and fix the floor material. This is a repair method. In this case, the space between the floor and the base can be seen, so
-It is preferable to adjust the viscosity of the cyanoacrylate-based adhesive. For example, when the gap between the floor material and the base is less than 0.5 mm, the viscosity is preferably 300 cps or less, and
300 to 100 when there is a gap of 5 mm or more and 2 mm or less
It is preferable to use 0 cps α-cyanoacrylate adhesive. Furthermore, when the gap is 2 mm or more and 5 mm or less, 1
Those having a relatively low fluidity of 000 to 3000 cps are preferable, and those of 5 mm or more are preferably those having a thixotropic property of 100,000 to 200,000 cps. These viscosities are determined by the function of allowing the adhesive to easily enter the voids and preventing the adhesive from flowing out to a place where adhesive fixing is unnecessary. The adhesive is injected while checking the fixed state by tapping around the hole, etc., and the adhesive injection work is continued until the floor noise disappears. When there is no noise from the floor, finish the work by making the inlet inconspicuous.
【００１０】（２）きしみの補修方法 きしみも、きしみを発生させる空隙をα−シアノアクリ
レート系接着剤で充填し、部材間を固定する補修作業に
よって防止し得るが、柱や壁では接着剤が垂れて部材の
外観を損ねやすいので、以下の様にして十分に固定範囲
を制御することが好ましい。まず、シアノアクリレート
系接着剤の硬化促進剤を、予め空隙部に注入しておき、
そこにα−シアノアクリレート系接着剤を注入する。α
−シアノアクリレート系接着剤としては、部材間の空隙
が0.５mm未満である場合には、粘度が３００cps 以下の
ものを用いるのが好ましく、0.５mm以上２mm以下の空隙
がある場合には３００〜１０００cps のα−シアノアク
リレート系接着剤を使用するのが好ましい。さらに２mm
以上５mm以下の空隙の時、１０００〜３０００cps の比
較的流動性の低いものが好ましく、５mm以上の場合には
チキソトロピー性を付与した１０万〜２０万cps のもの
が好ましい。部材を打診する等して、固定状態を確認し
ながら注入を続け、きしみが無くなったところで作業を
完了する。(2) Method of repairing squeak The squeak can also be prevented by filling the voids that cause squeak with an α-cyanoacrylate adhesive and fixing the members to each other. It is easy to sag and impair the appearance of the member. Therefore, it is preferable to sufficiently control the fixing range as follows. First, a curing accelerator for a cyanoacrylate-based adhesive is pre-injected into the void,
An α-cyanoacrylate adhesive is injected there. α
As the cyanoacrylate adhesive, it is preferable to use one having a viscosity of 300 cps or less when the gap between the members is less than 0.5 mm, and 300 when there is a void of 0.5 mm or more and 2 mm or less. It is preferable to use .about.1000 cps of .alpha.-cyanoacrylate adhesive. 2mm more
When the gap is 5 mm or less, a relatively low fluidity of 1000 to 3000 cps is preferable, and when it is 5 mm or more, a thixotropic property of 100,000 to 200,000 cps is preferable. Continue to inject while checking the fixed state, such as by percussing the member, and complete the work when the squeak is gone.
【００１１】「実施例」以下実施例と比較例を挙げて本
発明を具体的に説明する。"Examples" The present invention will be specifically described with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples.
【００１２】実施例１ 厚さ１５mm×幅１００mm×長さ５００mmの桧板をコの字
釘で幅方向に３枚つなげて１枚の板にし、これを板１と
する。これとは別に同じ桧板をコの字釘で幅方向に７枚
１枚の板にし、これを板２とする。２枚の板１と１枚の
板２を図１及び図２で示される様に組み合わせ試験板と
し、２枚の板１の間の隙間ａを「水平方向の隙間」と
し、スペーサーにより作られた板１と板２の間の隙間ｂ
を「垂直方向の隙間」とした。水平方向の隙間を0.５m
m、垂直方向の隙間を0.５mmとした試験板を作成し、水
平方向の隙間に、市販のα−シアノアクリレート系接着
剤（アロンアルフア＃２０１：東亜合成化学工業株式会
社製）を２０ｇ注入し、所定時間が経過したところで５
０ｋｇの重りを乗せ、きしみ音が無くなった時（きしみ
停止時間）を測定し、その結果を表１に示した。Example 1 Three boards having a thickness of 15 mm, a width of 100 mm and a length of 500 mm are connected in the width direction by using U-shaped nails to form one board, which is referred to as a board 1. Separately from this, use the same siding board with U-shaped nails to make 7 boards one by one in the width direction, and call this board 2. Two plates 1 and one plate 2 are combined test plates as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, and a gap a between the two plates 1 is defined as a “horizontal gap”. The gap b between the plate 1 and the plate 2
Was defined as the "vertical gap". A horizontal gap of 0.5 m
A test plate having m and a vertical gap of 0.5 mm was prepared, and 20 g of a commercially available α-cyanoacrylate adhesive (Aron Alpha # 201: manufactured by Toagosei Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) was injected into the horizontal gap. , 5 when the predetermined time has passed
A weight of 0 kg was placed and the time when the squeaking noise disappeared (squeaking stop time) was measured, and the results are shown in Table 1.
【００１３】実施例２ 水平方向の隙間と垂直方向の隙間を５mmとした以外は実
施例１と同様に試験を行い、その結果を表１に示した。Example 2 A test was conducted in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the gap in the horizontal direction and the gap in the vertical direction were 5 mm, and the results are shown in Table 1.
【００１４】実施例３ 市販のα−シアノアクリレート系接着剤用硬化促進剤
（ａａセッター：東亜合成化学工業株式会社製）を、試
験板の水平方向の隙間から注入し、５分経過後に実施例
１で用いたα−シアノアクリレート系接着剤を注入し
て、実施例２と同様にきしみ音停止時間を測定した。そ
の結果を表１に示した。Example 3 A commercially available curing accelerator for an α-cyanoacrylate adhesive (aa setter: manufactured by Toagosei Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was injected through a gap in the horizontal direction of a test plate, and after 5 minutes, an example was obtained. The α-cyanoacrylate adhesive used in Example 1 was injected, and the squeaking sound stop time was measured in the same manner as in Example 2. The results are shown in Table 1.
【００１５】実施例４〜９ 表１記載のα−シアノアクリレート系接着剤（東亜合成
化学工業株式会社製）及びα−シアノアクリレート系接
着剤用硬化促進剤（ａａセッター：東亜合成化学工業株
式会社製）を用い、実施例２と同様にきしみ音停止時間
を測定した。その結果を表１に示した。Examples 4 to 9 [alpha] -cyanoacrylate adhesives (manufactured by Toa Gosei Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) and curing accelerators for a-cyanoacrylate adhesives (aa setter: Toa Gosei Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) Squeak noise stop time was measured as in Example 2. The results are shown in Table 1.
【００１６】比較例１〜３ 表１記載のエポキシ系接着剤（ボンドフロアメンダー：
コニシ株式会社製）、セルロース系接着剤（セメダイン
Ｃ工作用：セメダイン株式会社製）および酢酸ビニル樹
脂エマルジョン系接着剤（ボンド木工用速乾：コニシ株
式会社製）を用いた際のそれぞれのきしみ音停止時間を
実施例２と同様の条件で測定し、結果を表１に示した。Comparative Examples 1 to 3 Epoxy adhesives listed in Table 1 (bond floor mender:
Each of the squeaking noises when using Konishi Co., Ltd.), cellulose adhesive (for Cemedine C work: Cemedine Co., Ltd.) and vinyl acetate resin emulsion adhesive (bond woodworking quick drying: Konishi Co., Ltd.) The stop time was measured under the same conditions as in Example 2, and the results are shown in Table 1.
【００１７】[0017]
【表１】 └─┴─┴────────┴───────┴───
┴───┴────┘[Table 1] └─┴─┴────────┴───────┴───
┴───┴────┘
【００１８】[0018]
【発明の効果】本発明は以上のように接着剤の調製の時
間が全く無く、接着剤の注入と各部材の固定状態の確認
が同時にでき、従って短時間で床鳴りやきしみの補修が
できるという優れた効果を奏するものである。さらにα
−シアノアクリレート系接着剤の硬化促進剤を併用すれ
ば、容易に固定範囲を制御し、外観を損なわずにきしみ
の補修作業を行うことができるため、経験の少ない作業
者でも簡単に作業を行うことができるため、本発明の方
法を用いることで得られる利益には計り知れないもので
ある。As described above, according to the present invention, the time for preparing the adhesive is completely eliminated, and the injection of the adhesive and the confirmation of the fixing state of each member can be performed at the same time. Therefore, the floor squeal and squeak can be repaired in a short time. That is an excellent effect. Further α
-By using a curing accelerator for cyanoacrylate adhesive, the fixing range can be easily controlled and squeak repair work can be performed without spoiling the appearance, so even inexperienced workers can easily perform work. Therefore, the benefits obtained by using the method of the present invention are immeasurable.
【図１】実施例で用いた試験板の組み立て工程を示す図
である。FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an assembly process of a test plate used in an example.
【図２】実施例で用いた試験板を示す図である。FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a test plate used in Examples.
１ ３枚の桧板をコの字釘で幅方向につなげた板。 ２ ７枚の桧板をコの字釘で幅方向につなげた板。 ３ 釘。 ４ コの字釘。 ５ スペーサー。 ａ ２枚の板１で作られた水平方向の隙間。 ｂ 板１と板２で作られた垂直方向の隙間。 13 A board in which three cypress boards are connected in the width direction with U-shaped nails. 2 7 boards that are connected in the width direction with U-shaped nails. 3 nails. 4 U-shaped nail. 5 Spacer. a Horizontal gap made of two plates 1. b Vertical gap created by plate 1 and plate 2.
フロントページの続き (72)発明者 奥山 登志夫 愛知県名古屋市港区船見町１番地の１ 東 亞合成化学工業株式会社名古屋総合研究所 内Front Page Continuation (72) Inventor Toshio Okuyama 1 1 Funami-cho, Minato-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi Toagosei Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Nagoya Research Institute
Claims (1)
ト系接着剤を充填して、空隙の存在により発生するきし
み又は床鳴りを抑えることを特徴とするきしみ又は床鳴
りの防止方法。1. A method for preventing squeaking or floor squeaking, which comprises filling an opening of a building with an α-cyanoacrylate adhesive to suppress squeaking or floor squeaking caused by the presence of the void.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4349898A JPH06173471A (en) | 1992-12-02 | 1992-12-02 | Floor squeaking preventing method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4349898A JPH06173471A (en) | 1992-12-02 | 1992-12-02 | Floor squeaking preventing method |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH06173471A true JPH06173471A (en) | 1994-06-21 |
Family
ID=18406859
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4349898A Pending JPH06173471A (en) | 1992-12-02 | 1992-12-02 | Floor squeaking preventing method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH06173471A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5128777A (en) * | 1988-11-18 | 1992-07-07 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Image reading apparatus |
-
1992
- 1992-12-02 JP JP4349898A patent/JPH06173471A/en active Pending
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5128777A (en) * | 1988-11-18 | 1992-07-07 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Image reading apparatus |
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