JPH0598397A - Ferrous heat resistant alloy excellent in high temperature corrosion resistance - Google Patents
Ferrous heat resistant alloy excellent in high temperature corrosion resistanceInfo
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- JPH0598397A JPH0598397A JP28048191A JP28048191A JPH0598397A JP H0598397 A JPH0598397 A JP H0598397A JP 28048191 A JP28048191 A JP 28048191A JP 28048191 A JP28048191 A JP 28048191A JP H0598397 A JPH0598397 A JP H0598397A
- Authority
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- Prior art keywords
- corrosion resistance
- resistant alloy
- less
- high temperature
- alloy
- Prior art date
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Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】この発明は、燃料電池の改質器部
品、各種工業炉部品、例えば熱処理炉のトレー、マッフ
ルなど、高温耐食性を要求される部品を製造するための
Ｆｅ基耐熱合金に関するものである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to Fe-based heat-resistant alloys for producing reformer parts for fuel cells, various industrial furnace parts, such as heat treatment furnace trays and muffles, which are required to have high-temperature corrosion resistance. It is a thing.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】従来、燃料電池の改質器部品、熱処理炉
の炉内部品を製造するには、重量％で（以下、成分組成
に関する％は重量％を示す）、 Ｃｒ：２１．０〜２５．０％、 Ｆｅ：７．０〜２０．０％、 Ｍｎ：１．５％以下、 Ａｌ：１．０〜１．７％以下、 Ｃ：０．１０％以下、 Ｃｕ：１．０％以下、 Ｓｉ：０．５％以下、 Ｓ：０．０１５％以下、 を含有し、残りがＮｉおよび不可避不純物からなるＮｉ
基耐熱合金が用いられている。2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, in order to manufacture a reformer part for a fuel cell and an in-furnace part for a heat treatment furnace, Cr: 21.0% by weight (hereinafter,% relating to the component composition indicates weight%). 25.0%, Fe: 7.0 to 20.0%, Mn: 1.5% or less, Al: 1.0 to 1.7% or less, C: 0.10% or less, Cu: 1.0% Hereinafter, Ni: Si: 0.5% or less, S: 0.015% or less, and the balance Ni consisting of Ni and unavoidable impurities
A base heat resistant alloy is used.
【０００３】このＮｉ基耐熱合金は、高温耐食性に優れ
ており、広く使用されているが、Ｎｉを５８％以上も多
量に含有しているところから高価であり、そのために、
近年、上記Ｎｉ基耐熱合金に代えて、 Ｎｉ：３０．０〜３５．０％、 Ｃｒ：１９．０〜２３．０％、 Ａｌ：０．１５〜０．６０％、 Ｔｉ：０．１５〜０．６０％、 Ｓｉ：１．０％以下、 Ｃｕ：０．７５％以下、 Ｃ：０．０５〜０．１０％以下、 Ｓ：０．０１５％以下、 を含有し、残りがＦｅおよび不可避不純物からなる安価
なＦｅ基耐熱合金が用いられるようになってきた。This Ni-base heat-resistant alloy has excellent high-temperature corrosion resistance and is widely used, but it is expensive because it contains a large amount of Ni in an amount of 58% or more.
In recent years, in place of the Ni-based heat-resistant alloy, Ni: 30.0 to 35.0%, Cr: 19.0 to 23.0%, Al: 0.15 to 0.60%, Ti: 0.15 to 0.60%, Si: 1.0% or less, Cu: 0.75% or less, C: 0.05 to 0.10% or less, S: 0.015% or less, and the balance is Fe and unavoidable. Inexpensive Fe-based heat-resistant alloys made of impurities have come to be used.
【０００４】[0004]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかし、上記従来のＦ
ｅ基耐熱合金は高温耐食材料としての特性が十分でない
ところから、特に高温耐食性に対する信頼性を必要とす
る個所の材料としては使用することができなかった。However, the above-mentioned conventional F
Since the e-base heat-resistant alloy has insufficient properties as a high-temperature corrosion resistance material, it cannot be used as a material at a location requiring reliability especially for high-temperature corrosion resistance.
【０００５】上記従来のＮｉ基耐熱合金および従来のＦ
ｅ基耐熱合金の高温腐食状況をみると、図１に示される
ように、表面の黒いスケール層１の下に粒界腐食層２が
発生し、この粒界腐食層２の成長により腐食が内部に進
行しており、上記従来のＦｅ基耐熱合金の粒界腐食層２
の成長速度は上記従来のＮｉ基耐熱合金の粒界腐食層２
の成長速度よりも早く、そのために上記従来のＦｅ基耐
熱合金は従来のＮｉ基耐熱合金よりも高温耐食性が劣っ
ていることもわかってきたのである。The above conventional Ni-base heat-resistant alloy and conventional F
Looking at the high temperature corrosion state of the e-base heat-resistant alloy, as shown in FIG. 1, a grain boundary corrosion layer 2 is generated under the black scale layer 1 on the surface, and the growth of the grain boundary corrosion layer 2 causes corrosion inside. And the intergranular corrosion layer 2 of the conventional Fe-based heat-resistant alloy
The growth rate of the intergranular corrosion layer 2 of the conventional Ni-based heat-resistant alloy is
It has also been found that the conventional Fe-based heat-resistant alloy is inferior in high-temperature corrosion resistance to the conventional Ni-based heat-resistant alloy because of its higher growth rate.
【０００６】[0006]
【課題を解決するための手段】そこで、本発明者等は、
粒界腐食層の成長を抑制し従来よりも高温耐食性に優れ
た安価なＦｅ基耐熱合金を製造すべく研究を行った結
果、上記従来のＦｅ基耐熱合金のＡｌ含有量を２．５〜
３．５％に増加し、さらにイットリウム（以下、Ｙと記
す）を０．００５〜０．０５％添加することにより、粒
界腐食層２の成長を極端に少なくすることができ、極め
て優れた高温耐食性を付与することができるという知見
を得たのである。Therefore, the present inventors have
As a result of conducting research to produce an inexpensive Fe-based heat-resistant alloy that is excellent in high-temperature corrosion resistance and suppresses the growth of the intergranular corrosion layer, the Al content of the conventional Fe-based heat-resistant alloy is 2.5 to
The growth of the intergranular corrosion layer 2 can be extremely reduced by increasing the amount to 3.5%, and further adding 0.005-0.05% yttrium (hereinafter referred to as Y), which is extremely excellent. We have obtained the knowledge that high temperature corrosion resistance can be imparted.
【０００７】この発明は、かかる知見にもとづいてなさ
れたものであって、 Ｎｉ：２５．０〜３５．０％、 Ｃｒ：１９．０〜２５．０％ Ａｌ：２．５〜３．５％、 Ｔｉ：０．１５〜０．６０％、 Ｍｎ：１．５％以下、 Ｓｉ：１．０％以下、 Ｃｕ：０．７５％以下、 Ｃ：０．１０％以下、 Ｓ：０．００５％以下、 を含有し、さらに、 Ｙ：０．００５〜０．０５０％ を含有し、残りがＦｅおよび不可避不純物からなる組成
を有するＦｅ基耐熱合金に特徴を有するものである。The present invention has been made on the basis of such knowledge, and Ni: 25.0 to 35.0%, Cr: 19.0 to 25.0%, Al: 2.5 to 3.5%. , Ti: 0.15 to 0.60%, Mn: 1.5% or less, Si: 1.0% or less, Cu: 0.75% or less, C: 0.10% or less, S: 0.005% The Fe-based heat-resistant alloy is characterized by containing the following, and further containing Y: 0.005 to 0.050% and the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities.
【０００８】つぎに、この発明のＦｅ基耐熱合金の成分
組成を上記の如く限定した理由を説明する。Next, the reason why the composition of the Fe-based heat-resistant alloy of the present invention is limited as described above will be explained.
【０００９】(a) Ｎｉ Ｎｉは、Ｆｅマトリックスに固溶してオーステナイト基
地を安定化させ、高温耐食性を向上させる元素である
が、その含有量が２５．０％未満では所望の効果が得ら
れず、一方、３５．０％を越えて含有しても合金価格を
引き上げるだけで、それ以上の高温耐食性向上効果が少
ない。(A) Ni Ni is an element that forms a solid solution in the Fe matrix to stabilize the austenite matrix and improve the high temperature corrosion resistance. However, if its content is less than 25.0%, the desired effect is obtained. On the other hand, even if the content exceeds 35.0%, only by raising the alloy price, there is little further improvement effect on high temperature corrosion resistance.
【００１０】したがって、Ｎｉ含有量は２５．０〜３
５．０％に定めた。Therefore, the Ni content is 25.0 to 3
It was set to 5.0%.
【００１１】(b) Ｃｒ Ｃｒは、高温耐食性を向上させ、さらにクロムカーバイ
ド等の金属間化合物により高温強度を向上させる元素で
あるが、その含有量が１９．０％未満では高温耐酸化性
の効果が減るので好ましくなく、一方、２５．０％を越
えて含有しても熱間加工性が低下するので好ましくな
い。(B) Cr Cr is an element which improves the high temperature corrosion resistance and further improves the high temperature strength by the intermetallic compound such as chromium carbide. If the content thereof is less than 19.0%, the high temperature oxidation resistance is high. The effect is reduced, which is not preferable. On the other hand, when the content exceeds 25.0%, the hot workability is deteriorated, which is not preferable.
【００１２】したがって、Ｃｒ含有量は１９．０〜２
５．０％に定めた。Therefore, the Cr content is 19.0-2.
It was set to 5.0%.
【００１３】(c) Ａｌ Ａｌは、Ｙと共に添加して高温耐食性を向上させる元素
であるが、その含有量が２．５％未満では所望の効果が
得られず、一方、３．５％を越えて含有すると熱間加工
性が低下するので好ましくない。(C) Al Al is an element that is added together with Y to improve the high temperature corrosion resistance, but if the content is less than 2.5%, the desired effect cannot be obtained, while on the other hand, 3.5% is added. If it is contained in excess, the hot workability is deteriorated, which is not preferable.
【００１４】したがって、Ａｌの含有量は２．５〜３．
５％に定めた。Therefore, the Al content is 2.5 to 3.
It was set to 5%.
【００１５】(d) Ｔｉ Ｔｉは、高温強度を向上させる元素であるが、その含有
量が０．１５％未満では効果が少ないので好ましくな
く、一方、０．６０％を越えて含有すると熱間加工性が
劣化するので好ましくない。(D) Ti Ti is an element that improves the high temperature strength, but if its content is less than 0.15%, it is not preferable because it is less effective, while if it exceeds 0.60%, it is hot. It is not preferable because the workability deteriorates.
【００１６】したがって、Ｔｉ含有量は０．１５〜０．
６０％に定めた。Therefore, the Ti content is 0.15 to 0.
It was set at 60%.
【００１７】(e) Ｍｎ Ｍｎは、通常、脱硫剤として添加される成分であるが、
その含有量が１．５％を越えると耐食性を劣化させるの
で好ましくない。(E) Mn Mn is a component usually added as a desulfurizing agent,
If its content exceeds 1.5%, the corrosion resistance is deteriorated, which is not preferable.
【００１８】したがって、Ｍｎ含有量は１．５％以下に
定めた。Therefore, the Mn content is set to 1.5% or less.
【００１９】(f) Ｓｉ Ｓｉは、脱酸剤として有効な成分であるが、その含有量
が１．０％を越えると熱間加工性および溶接性が悪くな
るので好ましくない。(F) Si Si is an effective component as a deoxidizing agent, but if its content exceeds 1.0%, hot workability and weldability deteriorate, which is not preferable.
【００２０】したがって、Ｓｉ含有量は１．０％以下に
定めた。Therefore, the Si content is set to 1.0% or less.
【００２１】(g) Ｃｕ Ｃｕは、微量添加すると耐食性に極めて有効な元素であ
るが、０．７５％を越えて含有するとかえって高温耐食
性を低下せしめるので好ましくない。(G) Cu Cu is an element which is extremely effective in corrosion resistance when added in a trace amount, but it is not preferable because it contains more than 0.75% because it lowers the high temperature corrosion resistance.
【００２２】したがって、Ｃｕ含有量は０．７５％以下
に定めた。Therefore, the Cu content is set to 0.75% or less.
【００２３】(h) Ｃ Ｃは、０．１０％を越えて含有するとＮｉ6 Ｃ、Ｃｒ6
Ｃなどの炭化物が著しく増加し、合金の延性および靭性
を害するので好ましくない。(H) When C exceeds 0.10%, Ni 6 C and Cr 6 are contained.
Carbides such as C remarkably increase, and the ductility and toughness of the alloy are impaired, which is not preferable.
【００２４】したがって、Ｃ含有量は０．１０％以下に
定めた。Therefore, the C content is set to 0.10% or less.
【００２５】(i) Ｓ Ｓは不可避的に混入してくる元素であり、合金中に多量
に存在すると粒界偏析により熱間加工性を低下させ、耐
食性も劣化させるところから、Ｓ：０．００５％以下に
定めた。(I) S S is an element that is inevitably mixed in, and if a large amount is present in the alloy, it deteriorates the hot workability due to grain boundary segregation and also deteriorates the corrosion resistance. It was set to 005% or less.
【００２６】(j) Ｙ Ｙは、Ａｌ：２．５〜３．５％と共に含有し、粒界腐食
の進行を防止する元素であるが、その含有量が０．００
５％未満ででは所望の効果が得られず、一方、０．００
５％を越えて含有すると、熱間加工性および溶接性が劣
化するので好ましくない。(J) Y Y is an element which is contained together with Al: 2.5 to 3.5% to prevent the progress of intergranular corrosion, but its content is 0.00
If it is less than 5%, the desired effect cannot be obtained, while 0.00
If the content exceeds 5%, hot workability and weldability deteriorate, which is not preferable.
【００２７】したがって、Ｙの含有量は０．００５〜
０．０５％に定めた。Therefore, the Y content is 0.005 to
It was set to 0.05%.
【００２８】[0028]
【実施例】つぎに、この発明を実施例にもとづいて具体
的に説明する。EXAMPLES Next, the present invention will be specifically described based on Examples.
【００２９】表１〜表４に示される成分組成の本発明Ｆ
ｅ基耐熱合金（以下、本発明合金という）１〜３０、比
較Ｆｅ基耐熱合金（以下、比較合金という）１〜９、従
来Ｎｉ基耐熱合金１（以下従来合金１という）および従
来Ｆｅ基耐熱合金２（以下、従来合金２という）を溶解
・鋳造してインゴットを作製し、このインゴットを分塊
鍛造したのち圧延し、厚さ：２mmの圧延板を作製した。
この圧延板をたて：２０mm、横：３０mmの寸法に切断
し、試験片を作製した。Invention F of the component composition shown in Tables 1 to 4
e-base heat-resistant alloy (hereinafter referred to as the present invention alloy) 1 to 30, comparative Fe-base heat-resistant alloy (hereinafter referred to as the comparative alloy) 1 to 9, conventional Ni-based heat-resistant alloy 1 (hereinafter referred to as conventional alloy 1) and conventional Fe-based heat-resistant Alloy 2 (hereinafter referred to as conventional alloy 2) was melted and cast to prepare an ingot, which was ingot-forged and then rolled to prepare a rolled plate having a thickness of 2 mm.
This rolled plate was cut into a length of 20 mm and a width of 30 mm to prepare a test piece.
【００３０】上記試験片を電気炉に装入し、大気雰囲気
中、温度：１１５０℃、３０分間保持したのち空冷する
工程を一工程とし、この工程を２０回繰返すことにより
高温耐食試験を行った。A step of placing the above test piece in an electric furnace, keeping it in the air at a temperature of 1150 ° C. for 30 minutes, and then cooling it in air was defined as one step, and this step was repeated 20 times to perform a high temperature corrosion resistance test. ..
【００３１】かかる高温耐食試験を行った試験片をエポ
キシ樹脂に埋込み、固定し、中央を切断し、その切断面
を研摩して金属顕微鏡により観察し、上記図１に示され
るスケール層１の厚さおよび粒界腐食層２の厚さの合計
を腐食量（mm）として測定し、その測定した腐食量の値
を表１〜表４に示した。The test piece subjected to such a high temperature corrosion resistance test was embedded in an epoxy resin, fixed, cut at the center, and the cut surface was polished and observed with a metallurgical microscope. The thickness of the scale layer 1 shown in FIG. And the total thickness of the intergranular corrosion layer 2 were measured as the amount of corrosion (mm), and the values of the measured amounts of corrosion are shown in Tables 1 to 4.
【００３２】[0032]
【表１】 [Table 1]
【００３３】[0033]
【表２】 [Table 2]
【００３４】[0034]
【表３】 [Table 3]
【００３５】[0035]
【表４】 表１〜表４に示される結果から、本発明合金１〜３０
は、従来合金１および２に比べて腐食量が極めて少ない
ところから、高温耐食性に優れていることがわかる。さ
らに、成分組成がこの発明の条件から外れた比較合金１
〜９（この発明の条件から外れた成分組成に＊印を付し
て示した）も腐食量は増加し、高温耐食性が低下するこ
とがわかる。[Table 4] From the results shown in Tables 1 to 4, the alloys of the present invention 1 to 30
It can be seen that is excellent in high temperature corrosion resistance because the corrosion amount is extremely smaller than that of the conventional alloys 1 and 2. Further, Comparative Alloy 1 whose composition was out of the conditions of the present invention
It can be seen that the corrosion amount is increased and the high temperature corrosion resistance is also deteriorated even when the composition is out of the conditions of the present invention (indicated by a mark *).
【００３６】なお、本発明合金が従来合金に比べていか
に高温耐食性に優れたものであるかを一層明瞭に示すた
めに、表１の本発明合金３、表４の従来合金１および従
来合金２の高温耐食試験後の試験片の断面金属顕微鏡組
織写真（Ｘ４００）を撮り、その写真をそれぞれ図２〜
図４に掲示した。In order to more clearly show whether the alloy of the present invention is superior to the conventional alloy in corrosion resistance at high temperature, the alloy of the present invention 3 in Table 1, the conventional alloy 1 and the conventional alloy 2 in Table 4 are shown. The cross-section metallographic micrograph (X400) of the test piece after the high temperature corrosion resistance test was taken, and the photographs are shown in FIG.
Posted in FIG.
【００３７】図２〜図４の試験片断面の金属顕微鏡組織
写真から明らかなように、従来合金１（従来Ｎｉ基耐熱
合金）には粒界腐食層が見られ、従来合金２（従来Ｆｅ
基耐熱合金）には一層大きな粒界腐食層が見られるに対
し、本発明合金には粒界腐食層がほとんど見られず、極
めて優れた高温耐食性を示すことがわかる。As is clear from the metallographic micrographs of the cross sections of the test pieces in FIGS. 2 to 4, the conventional alloy 1 (conventional Ni-base heat-resistant alloy) showed a grain boundary corrosion layer, and the conventional alloy 2 (conventional Fe).
It can be seen that a larger intergranular corrosion layer is found in the (base heat-resistant alloy), whereas the intergranular corrosion layer is hardly seen in the alloy of the present invention, which shows extremely high temperature corrosion resistance.
【００３８】[0038]
【発明の効果】安価で極めて高温耐食性の優れたＦｅ基
耐熱合金を提供することができるので、燃料電池の改質
器部品、熱処理炉などの高温工業炉部品のコストを下げ
ることができ、産業上すぐれた効果を奏するものであ
る。Industrial Applicability Since it is possible to provide an Fe-based heat-resistant alloy that is inexpensive and has excellent corrosion resistance at extremely high temperatures, it is possible to reduce the cost of high-temperature industrial furnace parts such as fuel cell reformer parts and heat treatment furnaces. It has excellent effects.
【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief description of drawings]
【図１】従来のＮｉ基耐熱合金またはＦｅ基耐熱合金の
高温耐食試験後の腐食状況を示す説明図である。FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing a corrosion state of a conventional Ni-based heat-resistant alloy or Fe-based heat-resistant alloy after a high-temperature corrosion resistance test.
【図２】この発明のＦｅ基耐熱合金の高温耐食試験後の
断面の金属顕微鏡組織写真である。FIG. 2 is a metallographic micrograph of a cross section of the Fe-based heat-resistant alloy of the present invention after a high-temperature corrosion resistance test.
【図３】従来のＮｉ基耐熱合金の高温耐食試験後の断面
の金属顕微鏡組織写真である。FIG. 3 is a metallographic micrograph of a cross section of a conventional Ni-base heat-resistant alloy after a high-temperature corrosion resistance test.
【図４】従来のＦｅ基耐熱合金の高温耐食試験後の断面
の金属顕微鏡組織写真である。FIG. 4 is a metallographic micrograph of a cross section of a conventional Fe-based heat-resistant alloy after a high-temperature corrosion test.
１ スケール層 ２ 粒界腐食層 1 Scale layer 2 Intergranular corrosion layer
Claims (1)
を有することを特徴とする高温耐食性に優れたＦｅ基耐
熱合金。1. By weight%, Ni: 25.0 to 35.0%, Cr: 19.0 to 25.0% Al: 2.5 to 3.5%, Ti: 0.15 to 0.60 %, Mn: 1.5% or less, Si: 1.0% or less, Cu: 0.75% or less, C: 0.10% or less, S: 0.005% or less, and Y: An Fe-based heat-resistant alloy excellent in high-temperature corrosion resistance, characterized in that it contains 0.005 to 0.050% and the balance is Fe and inevitable impurities.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP28048191A JPH0598397A (en) | 1991-10-01 | 1991-10-01 | Ferrous heat resistant alloy excellent in high temperature corrosion resistance |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP28048191A JPH0598397A (en) | 1991-10-01 | 1991-10-01 | Ferrous heat resistant alloy excellent in high temperature corrosion resistance |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0598397A true JPH0598397A (en) | 1993-04-20 |
Family
ID=17625680
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP28048191A Withdrawn JPH0598397A (en) | 1991-10-01 | 1991-10-01 | Ferrous heat resistant alloy excellent in high temperature corrosion resistance |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0598397A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6193173B1 (en) * | 1998-06-15 | 2001-02-27 | L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Burner with an improved injector and process for manufacturing this injector |
| EP2072627A1 (en) * | 2007-12-12 | 2009-06-24 | Haynes International, Inc. | Weldable oxidation resistant nickel-iron-chromium-aluminum alloy |
| US9551051B2 (en) | 2007-12-12 | 2017-01-24 | Haynes International, Inc. | Weldable oxidation resistant nickel-iron-chromium aluminum alloy |
-
1991
- 1991-10-01 JP JP28048191A patent/JPH0598397A/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6193173B1 (en) * | 1998-06-15 | 2001-02-27 | L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Burner with an improved injector and process for manufacturing this injector |
| EP2072627A1 (en) * | 2007-12-12 | 2009-06-24 | Haynes International, Inc. | Weldable oxidation resistant nickel-iron-chromium-aluminum alloy |
| JP2009144245A (en) * | 2007-12-12 | 2009-07-02 | Haynes Internatl Inc | Weldable oxidation resistant nickel-iron-chromium-aluminum alloy |
| AU2008255259B2 (en) * | 2007-12-12 | 2012-11-01 | Haynes International, Inc | Weldable oxidation resistant nickel-iron-chromium-aluminum alloy |
| US8506883B2 (en) | 2007-12-12 | 2013-08-13 | Haynes International, Inc. | Weldable oxidation resistant nickel-iron-chromium-aluminum alloy |
| US9551051B2 (en) | 2007-12-12 | 2017-01-24 | Haynes International, Inc. | Weldable oxidation resistant nickel-iron-chromium aluminum alloy |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A300 | Withdrawal of application because of no request for examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A300 Effective date: 19990107 |