JPH0448110A - Fluidized bed circulating device for fluidized bed type incinerator - Google Patents
Fluidized bed circulating device for fluidized bed type incineratorInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0448110A JPH0448110A JP15747090A JP15747090A JPH0448110A JP H0448110 A JPH0448110 A JP H0448110A JP 15747090 A JP15747090 A JP 15747090A JP 15747090 A JP15747090 A JP 15747090A JP H0448110 A JPH0448110 A JP H0448110A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- fluidized bed
- incinerator
- air
- tube
- pipe
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 abstract 5
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008674 spewing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004056 waste incineration Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Gasification And Melting Of Waste (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 〔産業上の利用分野〕 本発明は、流動床式焼却炉の流動層循環装置に関する。[Detailed description of the invention] [Industrial application field] The present invention relates to a fluidized bed circulation device for a fluidized bed incinerator.
廃棄物を焼却処理する方法の一つ゛に、焼却炉の内部に
収納した砂を下部より噴出させた空気により流動させつ
つバーナ等により加熱させ、この加熱された砂の流動層
内にて廃棄物を焼却処理する流動床式焼却炉によるもの
が知られている。この焼却炉を用いた方法は、燃焼効率
が高く且つ液状物から塊状のものまで焼却物の性状にか
かわらず処理が可能で又設置面積も少なくてすむなど多
くの利点を備えている。しかしこの焼却炉では、廃棄物
に含まれた金属部品などの不燃物はそのままでは焼却炉
から排出されず、燃焼に支障をきたす以前にこれを適宜
除去する必要がある。一方不燃物除去のため焼却炉を停
止させると、燃焼再開時に相当量の燃料を費やして廃棄
物の燃焼温度まで流動層を加熱しなければならず、その
ためできるだけ停止させず焼却を開始した後は連続作動
させた方が好ましい。したがって従来は第８図に示すよ
うに、焼却炉５０に排出装置５２を設置し、不燃物５を
廃棄物焼却中に流動層８から除去していた。One of the methods of incinerating waste is to heat the sand stored inside the incinerator using a burner while fluidizing it with air ejected from the bottom of the incinerator. Fluidized bed incinerators are known for incinerating waste. This method using an incinerator has many advantages, such as high combustion efficiency, the ability to treat anything from liquids to lumps regardless of the nature of the incinerated material, and the installation space required. However, in this incinerator, incombustible materials such as metal parts contained in the waste are not discharged from the incinerator as they are, and must be appropriately removed before they interfere with combustion. On the other hand, if the incinerator is stopped to remove noncombustible materials, a considerable amount of fuel must be used to heat the fluidized bed to the combustion temperature of the waste when restarting combustion. It is preferable to operate continuously. Therefore, conventionally, as shown in FIG. 8, a discharge device 52 was installed in the incinerator 50 to remove the incombustibles 5 from the fluidized bed 8 during waste incineration.
しかしながら、従来の排出装置５２は、不燃物５を流動
層８の砂３とともに焼却炉から引き出す引出装置５６．
引き出した流動層８を砂３と不燃物５とに分離する電動
ふるい等の分離装置５８、分離した砂３を焼却炉に戻す
搬送装置６０などからなり設備が大形化して価格の上昇
をもたらし、しかも金属部材などを処理する点から、焼
却炉の大小にかかわらず所定の大きさの規模が必要で、
小さな焼却炉では設備か過剰になる問題点があった。そ
こで、備えられるのはある程度以上の規模を有する焼却
炉に限られ、例えば事業所毎に備えるような比較的規模
の小さい流動床式焼却炉では、清掃の必要がないように
不燃物を含む廃棄物を一切処理しなかったり、あるいは
運転を停止させて流動層から不燃物を分離し、改めて焼
却を開始していた。However, the conventional discharging device 52 has a drawing device 56.
The equipment consists of a separation device 58 such as an electric sieve that separates the drawn fluidized bed 8 into sand 3 and incombustible materials 5, a conveyance device 60 that returns the separated sand 3 to the incinerator, etc., and the equipment becomes larger, leading to an increase in price. Moreover, in order to process metal parts, etc., a certain size is required regardless of the size of the incinerator.
Small incinerators had the problem of having too much equipment. Therefore, only incinerators with a certain size or more can be equipped.For example, relatively small-scale fluidized bed incinerators, such as those installed in each business office, can be used to dispose of waste containing non-combustible materials so that there is no need for cleaning. Either they did not process the materials at all, or they stopped operations, separated noncombustible materials from the fluidized bed, and then restarted incineration.
又、焼却炉に取り付ける部品な不燃物選別除去装置とし
ては、実開昭５７−１０８５２７号公報などが開示され
ている。この考案にかかる装置７０を第９図に示す。こ
れは、流動層８から不燃物５を含んだ流動媒体を引き出
す引出路７２に、炉の上方に上端を連通させた環流用通
路７４を連結させ、この環流用通路７４の下方に気体圧
送装置７６を設け、引出路７２で引き出された流動媒体
を気体圧送装置７６からの空気で吹上げて砂３のみを炉
内に還流させ浮遊しない不燃物５を外部に排出するよう
にしたものである。Further, as a non-combustible material sorting and removal device which is a part to be attached to an incinerator, Japanese Utility Model Application Publication No. 57-108527 and the like are disclosed. A device 70 according to this invention is shown in FIG. A reflux passage 74 whose upper end communicates with the upper part of the furnace is connected to a pull-out passage 72 for drawing out a fluidized medium containing incombustibles 5 from a fluidized bed 8, and a gas pressure feeding device is provided below this reflux passage 74. 76 is provided, and the fluidized medium pulled out through the pull-out passage 72 is blown up by air from the gas pressure feeding device 76, so that only the sand 3 is returned to the furnace, and the non-flammable materials 5 that do not float are discharged to the outside. .
しかし、上記考案のものは、環流用通路７４を流れる高
圧空気の圧力が流動媒体の引出路７２や不燃物の排出ロ
ア８にかかり、そのため高圧空気が引出路７２から焼却
炉内へ逆流したり、排出ロア・８から漏出することがあ
る。これら高圧空気の逆流や漏出を防止し、その上円滑
に焼却炉から流動層８の媒体を引き出し、又適宜に不燃
物５を排出させることは非常に困難であった。However, in the above-mentioned device, the pressure of the high-pressure air flowing through the circulation passage 74 is applied to the fluidized medium extraction passage 72 and the incombustible material discharge lower 8, so that the high-pressure air flows back from the extraction passage 72 into the incinerator. , may leak from the discharge lower 8. It is very difficult to prevent the backflow or leakage of high-pressure air, smoothly draw out the medium of the fluidized bed 8 from the incinerator, and discharge the incombustibles 5 appropriately.
本発明は、上記課題を解決するため次のように構成した
。すなわち、流動床上に流動層媒体を備え当該流動層媒
体内にて廃棄物を焼却する流動床式焼却炉において、流
動層媒体を焼却炉から引き出す引出管を焼却炉下部に、
空気圧送装置から延びる送気管を焼却炉上部に連結し、
前記引出管に少なくとも外気を導入できる不燃物の排出
口を設け、且つ前記引出管と前記送気管の間に当該送気
管によって負圧が生じ引出管から送気管に向かう空気流
を生じさせる吸引管を設け、流動層媒体を前記引出管よ
り浮遊させ前記吸引管を通して焼却炉内に環流させる一
方不燃物は浮遊させず前記排出口より排出させることと
して流動床式焼却炉を構成した。In order to solve the above problems, the present invention is configured as follows. That is, in a fluidized bed incinerator that includes a fluidized bed medium on a fluidized bed and incinerates waste in the fluidized bed medium, a drawer pipe for drawing out the fluidized bed medium from the incinerator is installed at the bottom of the incinerator.
Connect the air pipe extending from the air pressure feeding device to the upper part of the incinerator,
A suction pipe in which the draw-out pipe is provided with a non-combustible material discharge port through which at least outside air can be introduced, and a negative pressure is generated by the air pipe between the draw-out pipe and the air pipe to generate an air flow from the draw-out pipe toward the air pipe. A fluidized bed incinerator was constructed in which the fluidized bed medium was suspended from the draw-out pipe and recirculated into the incinerator through the suction pipe, while non-combustible materials were discharged from the discharge port without being suspended.
送気管内の空気流により吸引管内に負圧が生じ、それに
よる上向きの空気流か流動層媒体を吸い上げて吸引管を
通して焼却炉に環流させる。一方金属などの不燃物はこ
の空気流では浮遊せず排出口より落下し排出され流動層
から不燃物を除去できる。流動層媒体の移動が負圧によ
る吸い上げであることから、引出管および排出管に吸引
管の圧力がかからず、高圧空気が焼却炉に向けて逆流し
たり排出管より噴き出すことがなく、支障なく流動層媒
体を引き出すことができ、また漏出防止の気密手段等を
設けず排出口を開放し容易に不燃物を排出できる。The air flow in the air tube creates a negative pressure in the suction tube, and the resulting upward air flow sucks up the fluidized bed media and causes it to flow back through the suction tube to the incinerator. On the other hand, non-combustible materials such as metals are not suspended in this air flow, but fall through the outlet and are discharged, allowing the non-combustible materials to be removed from the fluidized bed. Since the fluidized bed medium is moved by suction using negative pressure, the pressure of the suction pipe is not applied to the extraction pipe and the discharge pipe, and high-pressure air does not flow back toward the incinerator or blow out from the discharge pipe, which prevents problems. The fluidized bed medium can be drawn out without any leakage prevention, and the incombustible materials can be easily discharged by opening the discharge port without providing an airtight means to prevent leakage.
以下、本発明の一実施例について図を用いて説明する。 An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
第１図に、焼却炉２を示す。図において焼却炉２は、周
囲が断熱材の炉壁４で囲まれ、多数の通気孔を備えた散
気板６を内部に有し、砂３からなる流動層８がこの散気
板６の上部に滞積させである。散気板６の下側には空気
圧送機（図示せず。）から延びる空気管７が接続し、焼
却炉２の側方には廃棄物投入口９、および流動層８の砂
３を加熱させる昇温バーナ１０が設置しである。散気板
６の側方には引出管１２が接続してあり、その先端は、
上下方向に配置された吸引管１８に接続している。この
引出管１２には、羽根車１６とこの羽根車１６を回転さ
せる回転機構（図示せず。）からなる調整装置１４が設
けてあり、羽根車１６が所望量適宜に回転することによ
り流動層８の通過量を調整する。吸引管１８の下端は外
気に開放された排出口２０となっており、上端は送気管
２２を介して焼却炉２の上部側壁に連結している。送気
管２２の内部には、空気圧送機２６に接続した空気噴出
管２４が備えてあり、空気噴出管２４から焼却炉２内に
空気を送り込むとともに空気噴出管２４の周囲の空気を
引き込み吸引管１８内を負圧にする。この送気管２２に
よる負圧力は、前記排出口２０より外気を引き入れ、引
出管１２からの流動層８の砂３のみを浮上させて流動層
８内に含まれる不燃物５を浮上させない空気流を引出管
１２内に生じさせる。FIG. 1 shows an incinerator 2. In the figure, an incinerator 2 is surrounded by a furnace wall 4 made of a heat insulating material, and has a diffuser plate 6 provided with a large number of ventilation holes inside. Let it accumulate at the top. An air pipe 7 extending from an air pressure feeder (not shown) is connected to the lower side of the aeration plate 6, and a waste inlet 9 and a waste inlet 9 in the fluidized bed 8 are connected to the side of the incinerator 2. A heating burner 10 is installed to increase the temperature. A pull-out pipe 12 is connected to the side of the air diffuser plate 6, and its tip is
It is connected to a suction tube 18 arranged in the vertical direction. This extraction pipe 12 is provided with an adjustment device 14 consisting of an impeller 16 and a rotation mechanism (not shown) for rotating the impeller 16, and the impeller 16 is rotated by a desired amount to create a fluidized bed. Adjust the amount of passage in step 8. The lower end of the suction pipe 18 is a discharge port 20 open to the outside air, and the upper end is connected to the upper side wall of the incinerator 2 via an air supply pipe 22. The inside of the air supply pipe 22 is equipped with an air jet pipe 24 connected to an air pressure feeder 26, which sends air from the air jet pipe 24 into the incinerator 2, and draws air around the air jet pipe 24 into a suction pipe. Make the inside of 18 negative pressure. This negative pressure from the air supply pipe 22 draws in outside air from the discharge port 20, and creates an air flow that floats only the sand 3 in the fluidized bed 8 from the extraction pipe 12, but does not float the incombustibles 5 contained in the fluidized bed 8. It is caused to occur inside the extraction pipe 12.
本実施例の焼却炉２によれば、投入口９より廃棄物か投
入されると流動層８の砂３内で可燃物は加熱燃焼される
一方、不燃物５は流動層８内に混入し順次引出管１２よ
り砂３とともに引き出される。そして、吸引管１８との
接続部で流動層８の砂３のみが第２図に示すように上方
に吸い上げられて焼却炉２内に戻り、不燃物５は吸い上
げられず自重により落下して排出口２ｏより排出される
。According to the incinerator 2 of this embodiment, when waste is input from the input port 9, the combustibles are heated and burned in the sand 3 of the fluidized bed 8, while the incombustibles 5 are mixed into the fluidized bed 8. The sand 3 is sequentially drawn out from the drawing pipe 12 together with the sand 3. At the connection with the suction pipe 18, only the sand 3 in the fluidized bed 8 is sucked up upward and returned to the incinerator 2, as shown in FIG. It is discharged from the outlet 2o.
したがって、吸引管１８に空気圧がかがらないので、引
出管１２がら空気が焼却炉２内へ逆流したり、排出口２
０がら空気が漏出することがなく、流動層８の引出や不
燃物５の排出が円滑に行える。Therefore, air pressure is not applied to the suction pipe 18, so air does not flow back into the incinerator 2 through the extraction pipe 12 or
There is no air leakage, and the fluidized bed 8 can be drawn out and the incombustible materials 5 can be smoothly discharged.
更に、排出口２０は気密手段等を必要としないので、構
造を非常に簡単にできる。Furthermore, since the discharge port 20 does not require any airtight means or the like, the structure can be made very simple.
尚、吸引管１８と送気管２２との接続は上に述べたもの
でなく、例えば第３図に示すように空気圧送機２６から
延びる送気管２２の直線部分に吸引管１８をほぼ１字状
に接続させて吸引管１２に負圧を生じさせてもよい。又
、排出口２ｏを外気導入口と兼ねるのではなくこれらを
個別に設けてもよい。更に、調整装置１４は、上記のも
のに限らず次のようなものでもよい。例えば第４図に示
すように、引出管１２の上部を円弧状に形成し羽根車１
６の回転軸を引出管１２の中央より上方に移動させても
よい。第５図は、引出管１２の内部に回動自在な板材１
７を設けたもので、板材１７の回動角度を変化させて流
動層８の流通量を変更させる。第６図は、傾斜した引出
管１２の先端を水平にし、流動層８の溜まりを作り徐々
に吸引管１８に送り出すようにしたものである。更に第
７図に示すようにスクリュー１９を引出管１２内に設け
、スクリュー１９を回転させて流動層８を引き出すよう
にしてもよい。又、引出管１２は円筒形に限らず角筒で
あってもよい。Note that the connection between the suction pipe 18 and the air supply pipe 22 is not as described above; for example, as shown in FIG. The suction tube 12 may be connected to the suction tube 12 to generate negative pressure. Further, instead of the exhaust port 2o also serving as an outside air introduction port, these may be provided separately. Furthermore, the adjustment device 14 is not limited to the above-mentioned one, but may be the following one. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, the upper part of the extraction pipe 12 is formed into an arc shape,
6 may be moved above the center of the extraction tube 12. FIG. 5 shows a rotatable plate 1 inside the draw-out pipe 12.
7 is provided, and the flow rate of the fluidized bed 8 is changed by changing the rotation angle of the plate material 17. In FIG. 6, the tip of the inclined extraction pipe 12 is made horizontal to form a pool of the fluidized bed 8, which is gradually sent to the suction pipe 18. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 7, a screw 19 may be provided in the draw-out pipe 12, and the fluidized bed 8 may be drawn out by rotating the screw 19. Further, the drawer pipe 12 is not limited to a cylindrical shape, but may be a rectangular tube.
本発明の循環装置によれば、吸引管内に負圧を生じさせ
、この負圧による吸い上げ力で流動層媒体の浮遊を行な
わせて砂と不燃物を分離した上不燃物を排出することと
したので、焼却炉に通じる引出管や不燃物の排出口に圧
力がかからず、空気が逆流して焼却炉に吹き込んだり、
排出口がら噴出することかなく、流動層媒体を簡易な装
置で容易に且つ確実に引き出すことができ、更に不燃物
の排出口は開閉機構など気密手段を必要とせず、簡易な
ものとすることができ、外気の導入口とも兼ねて開放し
ておくことができる。According to the circulation device of the present invention, a negative pressure is generated in the suction pipe, and the suction force generated by this negative pressure causes the fluidized bed medium to float, separating sand and non-combustible materials, and then discharging the non-combustible materials. As a result, no pressure is applied to the extraction pipe leading to the incinerator or the outlet for incombustible materials, and air flows backwards and blows into the incinerator.
The fluidized bed medium can be easily and reliably drawn out with a simple device without spewing out from the discharge port, and the discharge port for incombustibles does not require airtight means such as an opening/closing mechanism and is simple. It can also be left open to serve as an inlet for outside air.
第１図は、本発明にかがる流動床式焼却炉を示す断面図
、
第２図は、吸引管を示す断面図、
第３図は、他の実施例を示す断面図、
第４図ないし第７図は、調整装置の他の例を示す断面図
、
第８図及び第９図は、従来例を示す断面図である。
２・・・焼却炉、３・・・砂、４・・・炉壁、５・・・
不燃物、６・・散気板、７・・空気管、８、流動層、９
・・・廃棄物投入口、１ｏ・・・昇温バーナ、１２・・
・引出管、１４・・・調整装置、１６・・・羽根車、１
８・・・吸引管、２０・・・排出口、２２・・・送気管
、２４・・・空気噴出管、２６・・・空気圧送機、第
図
第３
図
第２図
第４図
第５
図
第６図
第７図
第８
図Fig. 1 is a sectional view showing a fluidized bed incinerator according to the present invention, Fig. 2 is a sectional view showing a suction pipe, Fig. 3 is a sectional view showing another embodiment, and Fig. 4. 7 to 7 are cross-sectional views showing other examples of the adjusting device, and FIGS. 8 and 9 are cross-sectional views showing conventional examples. 2... Incinerator, 3... Sand, 4... Furnace wall, 5...
Noncombustible material, 6. Diffusion plate, 7. Air pipe, 8. Fluidized bed, 9
...Waste inlet, 1o...Heating burner, 12...
・Outlet pipe, 14... Adjustment device, 16... Impeller, 1
8... Suction pipe, 20... Discharge port, 22... Air supply pipe, 24... Air ejection pipe, 26... Air pressure feeder, Fig. 3 Fig. 2 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8
Claims (1)
動床式焼却炉において、流動層媒体を焼却炉から引き出
す引出管を焼却炉下部に、空気圧送装置から延びる送気
管を焼却炉上部に連結し、前記引出管に少なくとも外気
を導入できる不燃物の排出口を設け、且つ前記引出管と
前記送気管の間に当該送気管によって負圧が生じ引出管
から送気管に向かう空気流を生じさせる吸引管を設け、
前記引出管より流動層媒体のみを浮遊させ前記吸引管を
通して焼却炉内に環流させることを特徴とする流動床式
焼却炉の流動層循環装置。In a fluidized bed incinerator that incinerates waste in a fluidized bed medium provided above the fluidized bed, a draw-out pipe for drawing out the fluidized bed medium from the incinerator is located at the bottom of the incinerator, and an air supply pipe extending from the air pressure feeding device is located at the top of the incinerator. a non-combustible material discharge port through which at least outside air can be introduced into the draw-out pipe, and a negative pressure is generated between the draw-out pipe and the air pipe by the air pipe, causing an air flow from the draw-out pipe toward the air pipe. Provide a suction tube to generate
A fluidized bed circulation device for a fluidized bed incinerator, characterized in that only the fluidized bed medium is suspended from the withdrawal pipe and circulated into the incinerator through the suction pipe.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP15747090A JP2728308B2 (en) | 1990-06-18 | 1990-06-18 | Fluidized bed circulator for fluidized bed incinerator |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP15747090A JP2728308B2 (en) | 1990-06-18 | 1990-06-18 | Fluidized bed circulator for fluidized bed incinerator |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0448110A true JPH0448110A (en) | 1992-02-18 |
| JP2728308B2 JP2728308B2 (en) | 1998-03-18 |
Family
ID=15650380
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP15747090A Expired - Lifetime JP2728308B2 (en) | 1990-06-18 | 1990-06-18 | Fluidized bed circulator for fluidized bed incinerator |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2728308B2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR970066278A (en) * | 1996-03-29 | 1997-10-13 | 이대원 | Fluidized Bed Incinerator Improved Exhaust Structure of Layer Material |
| CN111649347A (en) * | 2020-06-19 | 2020-09-11 | 陕西科技大学 | Environment-friendly automatic slag discharging device for decoupling coal-fired hot-blast stove |
-
1990
- 1990-06-18 JP JP15747090A patent/JP2728308B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR970066278A (en) * | 1996-03-29 | 1997-10-13 | 이대원 | Fluidized Bed Incinerator Improved Exhaust Structure of Layer Material |
| CN111649347A (en) * | 2020-06-19 | 2020-09-11 | 陕西科技大学 | Environment-friendly automatic slag discharging device for decoupling coal-fired hot-blast stove |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2728308B2 (en) | 1998-03-18 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 19971104 |