JPH04370066A - Feed for ruminant - Google Patents
Feed for ruminantInfo
- Publication number
- JPH04370066A JPH04370066A JP3245285A JP24528591A JPH04370066A JP H04370066 A JPH04370066 A JP H04370066A JP 3245285 A JP3245285 A JP 3245285A JP 24528591 A JP24528591 A JP 24528591A JP H04370066 A JPH04370066 A JP H04370066A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- feed
- leaf
- ruminants
- leaves
- palatability
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 241000282849 Ruminantia Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 235000019629 palatability Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 16
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 abstract description 13
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241000208689 Eucommia ulmoides Species 0.000 abstract 4
- 235000021050 feed intake Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000035611 feeding Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000014680 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940088710 antibiotic agent Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003031 feeding effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002431 foraging effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UPYKUZBSLRQECL-UKMVMLAPSA-N Lycopene Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1C(=C)CCCC1(C)C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2C(=C)CCCC2(C)C UPYKUZBSLRQECL-UKMVMLAPSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003674 animal food additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001746 carotenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000005473 carotenes Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000019637 foraging behavior Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004466 pelleted feed Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- NCYCYZXNIZJOKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N vitamin A aldehyde Natural products O=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C NCYCYZXNIZJOKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283707 Capra Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282994 Cervidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000195634 Dunaliella Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000208688 Eucommia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000208367 Euonymus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 description 1
- QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N L-alanine Chemical compound C[C@H](N)C(O)=O QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-methionine Chemical compound CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-GBXIJSLDSA-N L-threonine Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)[C@H](N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-GBXIJSLDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-valine Chemical compound CC(C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000269722 Thea sinensis Species 0.000 description 1
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Threonine Natural products CC(O)C(N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004473 Threonine Substances 0.000 description 1
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Valine Natural products CC(C)C(N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000004279 alanine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004634 feeding behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000037406 food intake Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010903 husk Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229930182817 methionine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930014626 natural product Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000014593 oils and fats Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005453 pelletization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004474 valine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019155 vitamin A Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011719 vitamin A Substances 0.000 description 1
Abstract
Description
【０００１】0001
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、杜仲葉を含有する反芻
動物用飼料に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to feed for ruminants containing Morifolia leaves.
【０００２】0002
【従来の技術】牛や羊等の反芻動物の健康の維持・増進
や成長促進のため、あるいはまた、それらの肉、乳等の
生産性ならびに品質の向上を図るために、ビタミン類、
ミネラル、アミノ酸、油脂など天然あるいは合成の栄養
物質の投与や、あるいは病気の予防等の目的で、抗生物
質等の薬剤の投与が行われている。これら種々の物質は
、通常、飼料添加物として飼料中に配合して投与されて
いる。[Prior Art] Vitamins,
Natural or synthetic nutritional substances such as minerals, amino acids, oils and fats are administered, and drugs such as antibiotics are administered for the purpose of preventing diseases. These various substances are usually administered by being mixed into feed as feed additives.
【０００３】しかしながら、一般に、反芻動物は飼料に
対し敏感な嗜好を有し、添加物の種類によっては、その
嗜好が合わないため、これら添加物を配合した飼料を反
芻動物に給餌しても、少量しか食べず、補給したい成分
を必要量給与することは必ずしも容易ではない。このた
め、従来は、嗜好性の芳しくない成分を与える場合は、
飼料中に反芻動物の好む香料や牧草粉末などを加えて、
臭気や味を改良する工夫がなされている。しかしながら
、これらの方法によってもいまだ餌食いにムラが生じて
いるため、簡便でかつ確実に嗜好性が向上し、充分な給
餌効果が得られる飼料が望まれている。[0003] However, in general, ruminants have sensitive preferences for feed, and their preferences may not match depending on the type of additive, so even if feed containing these additives is fed to ruminants, It is not always easy to eat only a small amount and provide the necessary amount of the ingredients you want to replenish. For this reason, conventionally, when giving ingredients with poor palatability,
By adding flavorings and grass powder that ruminants like to the feed,
Efforts have been made to improve the odor and taste. However, even with these methods, uneven feeding still occurs, so there is a need for a simple and reliable feed that improves palatability and provides sufficient feeding effects.
【０００４】0004
【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明の目的は、反芻
動物が好んで採食する、嗜好性を向上させた飼料を提供
することにある。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a feed with improved palatability that is preferred by ruminants.
【０００５】[0005]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明者らは上記課題を
解決するため、鋭意研究を行った結果、反芻動物が意外
にも杜仲の葉を好むという新規知見に基づき、杜仲葉を
配合した飼料は嗜好性が向上し、反芻動物への給餌効率
を増大せしめ得ることを見出し本発明を完成するに至っ
た。[Means for Solving the Problems] In order to solve the above problems, the present inventors conducted extensive research and found that ruminants surprisingly prefer Mori leaves, and based on this new finding, they formulated Mori leaves into the composition. The present invention was completed based on the discovery that the palatability of feed can be improved and the efficiency of feeding to ruminants can be increased.
【０００６】かかる知見に基づく本発明は、杜仲葉を含
有することを特徴とする、反芻動物用飼料である。杜仲
（Ｅｕｃｏｍｍｌａ ｕｌｍｏｌｄｅｓ ｏｌｉｖ
ｏ）は、漢方薬あるいは杜仲茶として知られている、中
国原産の落葉喬木である。The present invention, based on this knowledge, is a feed for ruminants characterized by containing Morifolia leaves. Eucommla ulmoldes oliv
o) is a deciduous tree native to China, known as Chinese medicine or Duzhong tea.
【０００７】本発明において、飼料中に含有させる杜仲
葉は、かかる杜仲の生葉、乾燥葉、あるいはこれらを焙
煎したもの、さらには杜仲葉抽出物又はその乾燥物であ
ってもよいが、とりわけ焙煎したものは、芳香が生じる
ため好ましい。焙煎は葉の乾燥状態にもよるが、常法に
従い、例えば約９０℃〜１５０℃で１０分〜１時間焙煎
すればよい。また、杜仲葉の形態にも特に制限はないが
、取扱の便利さ、経済性等から、粉末状のものが好まし
い。更に、粉末状杜仲葉単独又は他の添加物とともに、
常法に従いクランブル、ペレット状に成型したものであ
ってもよい。[0007] In the present invention, the Euonymus mori leaf to be contained in the feed may be fresh leaves, dried leaves, or roasted products of the Eucommia vermilion, or extracts of Morifolia leaf or dried products thereof, but especially Roasted ones are preferable because they produce aroma. Roasting may be carried out according to a conventional method, for example, at about 90° C. to 150° C. for 10 minutes to 1 hour, depending on the drying state of the leaves. Further, there is no particular restriction on the form of Mori leaves, but from the viewpoint of convenience in handling, economical efficiency, etc., powdered ones are preferable. Furthermore, powdered Mori leaves alone or with other additives,
It may be formed into crumbles or pellets according to conventional methods.
【０００８】杜仲葉を含有せしめる反芻動物用の飼料と
しては、たとえば牛、羊、山羊、シカ等の反芻動物に供
する飼料であれば特に限定はなく、市販の飼料等を用い
ることができる。また、飼料中には、各種ビタミン類（
例えばビタミンＡ、Ｂ１、Ｂ２、Ｂ６、Ｃ、Ｄ２、Ｄ３
、Ｅ等）、ミネラル（例えば、スレオニン鉄、マグネシ
ウム）、アミノ酸（例えば、グリシン、アラニン、バリ
ン、メチオニン）、脂質あるいは油脂類（例えば、β−
カロチン、脂肪酸カルシウム）あるいは抗生物質等の薬
剤など反芻動物の種類、状態などに応じ、各種の添加物
が配合されていてもよい。[0008] The feed for ruminants containing Morifolia leaves is not particularly limited as long as it is fed to ruminants such as cows, sheep, goats, deer, etc., and commercially available feeds can be used. In addition, various vitamins (
For example, vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, C, D2, D3
, E, etc.), minerals (e.g. iron threonine, magnesium), amino acids (e.g. glycine, alanine, valine, methionine), lipids or fats (e.g. β-
Depending on the type and condition of the ruminant, various additives such as carotene, fatty acid calcium) or drugs such as antibiotics may be added.
【０００９】本発明において、杜仲葉の含有量は、飼料
の種類、他の添加物の有無などにより変動するが、概ね
飼料全量の約０．５％（ｗ／ｗ）以上、好ましくは１〜
１０％（ｗ／ｗ）程度含有させれば充分給餌効果を高め
ることができる。飼料中に杜仲葉を含有させる時期、方
法にも特に制限はなく、例えば、飼料を調製する際、杜
仲葉を単独で、あるいは他の添加物とともに添加しても
よく、また、市販の配合飼料を動物に給餌する際に添加
してもよい。上記の如くして得られる本発明の飼料は、
粉末状であっても、またクランブル、ペレット状に成形
してあってもよい。[0009] In the present invention, the content of Duchu leaves varies depending on the type of feed and the presence or absence of other additives, but is generally about 0.5% (w/w) or more of the total amount of feed, preferably 1 to 1%.
If the content is about 10% (w/w), the feeding effect can be sufficiently enhanced. There are no particular restrictions on when or how to add Duchu leaves to the feed. For example, when preparing feed, Duchu leaves may be added alone or with other additives, or commercially available mixed feeds may be added. may be added when feeding the animal. The feed of the present invention obtained as described above is
It may be in powder form, crumbled or pelleted.
【００１０】0010
実施例１
市販の焙煎杜仲葉を粉砕して得た杜仲葉粉末５０ｇ、β
−カロチン２％含有天然物（乾燥粉末化した藍藻類ドナ
リエラ）１００ｇ及び小麦粉２００ｇにルーサンミール
６５０ｇを加えて混合することにより、粉末状の乳牛用
飼料１Ｋｇを得る。Example 1 50 g of Mori powder obtained by crushing commercially available roasted Mori powder, β
- 650 g of Ruthen meal is added to 100 g of a natural product containing 2% carotene (dry powdered blue-green alga Dunaliella) and 200 g of wheat flour and mixed to obtain 1 kg of powdered feed for dairy cows.
【００１１】実施例２
実施例１で得た飼料を、ペレット製造機を用いて常法に
より圧縮し、粒状に成型した乳牛用ペレット状飼料を得
る。Example 2 The feed obtained in Example 1 was compressed in a conventional manner using a pelletizing machine to obtain pelleted feed for dairy cows.
【００１２】実施例３
実施例２で得たペレット飼料を常法によりクランブラー
で粉砕して乳牛用クランブル飼料を得る。Example 3 The pelleted feed obtained in Example 2 was crushed in a crumbler in a conventional manner to obtain crumbled feed for dairy cows.
【００１３】実験例１
＜実験方法＞１７頭の乳牛に、杜仲葉粉末、ルーサンミ
ール、ビール酵母および小麦粉を自由に摂食しうるよう
にし、各飼料について、最初に採食した乳牛の頭数を調
べた。なお、杜仲葉粉末は焙煎した粉末を用いた。Experimental Example 1 <Experimental Method> Seventeen dairy cows were given free access to Duchu leaf powder, Roussin meal, brewer's yeast, and wheat flour, and the number of dairy cows that initially ate each feed was determined. Ta. Note that roasted Mori leaf powder was used.
【００１４】＜結果＞結果を下記第１表に示す。この結
果、１７頭中９頭（約５３％）が最初に杜仲葉を採食し
ており、杜仲葉が牛に好んで摂取されること、すなわち
嗜好性が高いことがわかる。<Results> The results are shown in Table 1 below. As a result, 9 out of 17 cows (approximately 53%) first ate Moritake leaves, indicating that Moritake leaves are preferred by cattle, that is, they have high palatability.
【００１５】[0015]
【表１】[Table 1]
【００１６】実験例２
＜実験方法＞本来嗜好性の良くないビール酵母に、焙煎
した杜仲葉粉末を５％添加し、５頭の牛に採食させて嗜
好性試験を行った。評価は次の５段階で行った。Experimental Example 2 <Experimental Method> A palatability test was conducted by adding 5% of roasted Duchu leaf powder to brewer's yeast, which originally has poor palatability, and feeding it to five cows. Evaluation was performed on the following five levels.
【００１７】評価基準 ５：採食が非常に良好 ４：採食が良好 ３：少しだけ採食 ２：ほとんど採食しない １：全く採食しないEvaluation criteria 5: Very good feeding 4: Good foraging 3: Foraging a little bit 2: Rarely eats food 1: Not eating at all
【００１８】＜結果＞結果を下記第２表に示す。ビール
酵母のみの場合の評価（平均値）は３であるのに対し、
焙煎した杜仲葉の添加により評価は４．８に増大してい
ることから、飼料の嗜好性が向上することがわかった。<Results> The results are shown in Table 2 below. The evaluation (average value) for only brewer's yeast was 3, whereas
The evaluation increased to 4.8 with the addition of roasted Mori leaves, indicating that the palatability of the feed improved.
【００１９】[0019]
【表２】[Table 2]
【００２０】実験例３
＜実験方法＞抗生物質や飼料添加剤の基剤として用いら
れている、牛の嗜好性のあまり良くないもみがら粉末に
、焙煎した杜仲葉粉末を１〜５％配合した各飼料を、そ
れぞれ乳牛５頭に採食させて嗜好性試験を行った。評価
は次の４段階で行った。Experimental Example 3 <Experimental method> 1 to 5% of roasted Duchu leaf powder was added to rice husk powder, which is used as a base for antibiotics and feed additives and is not very palatable to cows. A palatability test was conducted by feeding each of the feeds to five dairy cows. Evaluation was performed in the following four stages.
【００２１】評価基準 ４：採食良好 ３：やや採食良好 ２：少しだけ採食 １：全く採食しない[0021] Evaluation criteria 4: Good feeding 3: Slightly good feeding 2: Foraging a little bit 1: Not eating at all
【００２２】＜結果＞結果を下記第３表に示す。杜仲葉
粉末を１〜５％添加することにより、嗜好性が充分改善
されることが明らかである。<Results> The results are shown in Table 3 below. It is clear that palatability is sufficiently improved by adding 1 to 5% of Duchu leaf powder.
【００２３】[0023]
【表３】[Table 3]
【００２４】実験例４
＜実験方法＞実施例２で得た飼料を乳牛６頭に３０分毎
に繰り返し３回採食させて嗜好性試験を行った。評価基
準は実験例３と同一とした。また、対照飼料は杜仲葉を
無添加とした。Experimental Example 4 <Experimental Method> A palatability test was conducted by feeding the feed obtained in Example 2 to six dairy cows three times every 30 minutes. The evaluation criteria were the same as in Experimental Example 3. In addition, the control feed did not contain any Duchu leaves added.
【００２５】＜結果＞結果を下記第４表に示す。本発明
の飼料を摂取させた場合には、第１回、第２回、第３回
共に良好な採食行動を示す。これに対し、対照飼料を摂
取させた場合には、本発明の飼料を摂取させた場合に較
べて、第１回目からの採食行動も弱く、飼料の摂取を反
復させることにより採食行動は更に低下した。このこと
から、本発明の飼料は、嗜好性が極めて高く、かつその
嗜好性は持続することがわかる。<Results> The results are shown in Table 4 below. When the feed of the present invention is fed, the animals show good feeding behavior in the first, second, and third feedings. On the other hand, when the control feed was ingested, compared to when the feed of the present invention was ingested, the foraging behavior was weaker from the first time, and by repeating the ingestion of the feed, the foraging behavior was reduced. It declined further. This shows that the feed of the present invention has extremely high palatability, and that palatability lasts.
【００２６】[0026]
【表４】[Table 4]
【００２７】[0027]
【発明の効果】本発明の杜仲葉を含有する飼料は、反芻
動物の嗜好性を簡便かつ確実に改善・向上させることが
できるため、嗜好性の芳しくない添加物などが配合され
た飼料であっても、その給餌効果を充分高めうる効果を
有する。このため、補給したい栄養分や薬剤等を必要量
摂取させることができ、反芻動物の健康の維持・増進や
、その肉・乳等の生産性・品質の向上等の効果を発揮す
る。[Effects of the Invention] The feed containing Morifolia leaves of the present invention can easily and reliably improve and improve the palatability of ruminants, so it can be used in feeds containing additives that have poor palatability. However, it has the effect of sufficiently increasing the feeding effect. Therefore, it is possible to ingest the necessary amount of nutrients, drugs, etc. to be supplied, and this has the effect of maintaining and improving the health of ruminants and improving the productivity and quality of their meat, milk, etc.
Claims (2)
芻動物用飼料。[Claim 1] A feed for ruminants, characterized by containing Morifolia.
芻動物用飼料。2. The feed for ruminants according to claim 1, wherein the ruminant is a cow.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP3245285A JPH04370066A (en) | 1991-06-18 | 1991-06-18 | Feed for ruminant |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP3245285A JPH04370066A (en) | 1991-06-18 | 1991-06-18 | Feed for ruminant |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH04370066A true JPH04370066A (en) | 1992-12-22 |
Family
ID=17131395
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP3245285A Pending JPH04370066A (en) | 1991-06-18 | 1991-06-18 | Feed for ruminant |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH04370066A (en) |
-
1991
- 1991-06-18 JP JP3245285A patent/JPH04370066A/en active Pending
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