JPH04331755A - Cement fiber board - Google Patents
Cement fiber boardInfo
- Publication number
- JPH04331755A JPH04331755A JP3128577A JP12857791A JPH04331755A JP H04331755 A JPH04331755 A JP H04331755A JP 3128577 A JP3128577 A JP 3128577A JP 12857791 A JP12857791 A JP 12857791A JP H04331755 A JPH04331755 A JP H04331755A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- cement
- prescribed
- burnt
- vermiculite
- fiber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000011094 fiberboard Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229920002522 Wood fibre Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002025 wood fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000012783 reinforcing fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 19
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000378 calcium silicate Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052918 calcium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004113 Sepiolite Substances 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052624 sepiolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019355 sepiolite Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005909 Kieselgur Substances 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002978 Vinylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012784 inorganic fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- MOUPNEIJQCETIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead chromate Chemical compound [Pb+2].[O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O MOUPNEIJQCETIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 shirasu balloon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010215 titanium dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00586—Roofing materials
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【0001】0001
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は主として屋根材等の建築
用外装材として用いられるセメント繊維板に関するもの
である。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to cement fiber boards used primarily as exterior materials for buildings such as roofing materials.
【0002】0002
【従来の技術】従来、この種のセメント繊維板としては
、補強繊維としてアスベストを使用したものが提供され
ていた。該セメント繊維板は切断性や釘打ち性等の加工
性が良好であるが、アスベストの飛散による環境汚染の
問題がある。そこで現在では補強繊維として木質繊維が
使用されている。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Conventionally, this type of cement fiber board has been provided using asbestos as reinforcing fiber. Although the cement fiberboard has good workability such as cutting and nailing properties, it has the problem of environmental pollution due to asbestos scattering. Therefore, wood fibers are currently used as reinforcing fibers.
【0003】0003
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかしながら、補強繊
維として木質繊維を使用したセメント繊維板において、
特に外装材として比重を1.5前後とした強度の高いも
のを製造した場合、その硬脆性によって切断性、釘打ち
性が極めて悪化すると云う問題点があった。[Problems to be Solved by the Invention] However, in cement fiber boards using wood fibers as reinforcing fibers,
In particular, when a high-strength material with a specific gravity of around 1.5 is manufactured as an exterior material, there is a problem in that its hard brittleness significantly deteriorates cutting and nailing properties.
【0004】0004
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明は上記従来の課題
を解決するための手段として、補強繊維として木質繊維
を混合し、焼成バーミキュライトを0.5〜10重量%
含有し、比重が1.3〜1.7であるセメント繊維板を
提供するものである。[Means for Solving the Problems] The present invention, as a means to solve the above-mentioned conventional problems, mixes wood fibers as reinforcing fibers and adds 0.5 to 10% by weight of calcined vermiculite.
The present invention provides a cement fiberboard having a specific gravity of 1.3 to 1.7.
【0005】本発明を以下に詳細に説明する。本発明の
セメント繊維板には上記したようにセメントに補強繊維
として木質繊維が混合されるのであるが、本発明に用い
られるセメントとしては普通ポルトランドセメント、早
強ポルトランドセメント、高炉ポルトランドセメント等
が一般的に用いられ、また木質繊維としてはメカニカル
パルプ、ケミカルパルプ、砕木パルプ、グランドパルプ
、セミグランドパルプ、亜硫酸パルプ、アルカルパルプ
、硫酸塩パルプ、セミケミカルパルプ、中性硫酸塩セミ
ケミカルパルプ、クラフトセミケミカルパルプ、サラシ
パルプ、未サラシパルプ、カスパルプ等のパルプあるい
は木片等が使用される。The present invention will be explained in detail below. As mentioned above, wood fibers are mixed with cement as reinforcing fibers in the cement fiberboard of the present invention, but common cements used in the present invention include ordinary Portland cement, early-strength Portland cement, and blast-furnace Portland cement. Wood fibers include mechanical pulp, chemical pulp, groundwood pulp, ground pulp, semi-ground pulp, sulfite pulp, alkal pulp, sulfate pulp, semi-chemical pulp, neutral sulfate semi-chemical pulp, and kraft semi- Pulp such as chemical pulp, salinated pulp, non-salinated pulp, cass pulp, wood chips, etc. are used.
【0006】本発明のセメント繊維板には焼成したバー
ミキュライトが添加されるが、該バーミキュライトは一
般的には加熱により剥離する雲母質鉱物の総称であり、
本発明においては採掘後に土砂と分離、乾燥した後、8
00〜1200℃程度に加熱、焼成した焼成物が使用さ
れる。該焼成物はある程度の間隙を介して重なり合った
多数の層からなるアコーディオン状であり可撓性に富む
。[0006] Calcined vermiculite is added to the cement fiber board of the present invention, and the vermiculite is generally a general term for micaceous minerals that exfoliate when heated.
In the present invention, after mining, after separating from the earth and sand and drying,
A fired product heated and fired at about 00 to 1200°C is used. The fired product is accordion-shaped and has a large number of layers stacked on top of each other with certain gaps between them, and is highly flexible.
【0007】本発明のセメント繊維板には上記成分以外
にセメントのケイ酸カルシウム反応を促進するためにケ
イ酸含有材料が添加されることが望ましい。該ケイ酸含
有材料としてはケイ砂、石粉、シリカ等がある。In addition to the above-mentioned components, the cement fiberboard of the present invention preferably contains a silicic acid-containing material in order to promote the calcium silicate reaction of cement. Examples of the silicic acid-containing material include silica sand, stone powder, and silica.
【0008】本発明のセメント繊維板には更にパーライ
ト、セピオライト、シラスバルーン、フライアッシュ、
ケイソウ土等の無機質、セルロース繊維、ビニロン繊維
、ポリエステル繊維、ガラス繊維、炭素繊維等の木質繊
維以外の有機または無機繊維、カーボンブラック、ベン
ガラ、チタンホワイト、クロムイエロー等の着色材等が
混合されてもよい。The cement fiberboard of the present invention further contains pearlite, sepiolite, shirasu balloon, fly ash,
Inorganic materials such as diatomaceous earth, organic or inorganic fibers other than wood fibers such as cellulose fibers, vinylon fibers, polyester fibers, glass fibers, and carbon fibers, coloring materials such as carbon black, red iron, titanium white, and chrome yellow are mixed. Good too.
【0009】本発明のセメント繊維板を製造するには上
記成分を所定量配合して水を添加した混合物を、抄造、
押出成形等によって所定の形状に成形し養生硬化させる
のであるが、上記混合物において、ケイ酸含有材料を添
加する場合には通常セメント:ケイ酸含有材料が重量比
で30:70〜70:30程度になるようにされる。そ
して木質繊維は通常本発明のセメント繊維板に対して1
0重量%以下、不燃性が要求される場合には5重量%以
下、2重量%以上添加される。[0009] To produce the cement fiberboard of the present invention, a mixture of the above components in predetermined amounts and water is added to the mixture, which is then subjected to paper-making,
It is formed into a predetermined shape by extrusion molding or the like and cured to harden. In the above mixture, when a silicic acid-containing material is added, the weight ratio of cement to silicic acid-containing material is usually about 30:70 to 70:30. be made to become. And the wood fiber is usually 1% for the cement fiberboard of the present invention.
It is added in an amount of 0% by weight or less, 5% by weight or more when nonflammability is required, and 2% by weight or more.
【0010】本発明のセメント繊維板においては、焼成
バーミキュライトは0.5〜10重量%添加される。該
焼成バーミキュライトが0.5重量%以下の場合は製品
の切断性、釘打ち性が充分改良されず、また10重量%
以上では高密度高強度な製品が得られない。In the cement fiberboard of the present invention, calcined vermiculite is added in an amount of 0.5 to 10% by weight. If the content of the fired vermiculite is less than 0.5% by weight, the cuttability and nailing properties of the product will not be sufficiently improved;
Above this, a product with high density and high strength cannot be obtained.
【0011】本発明のセメント繊維板を製造するには、
湿式抄造の場合には上記混合物に通常水を添加して8〜
10重量%のスラリーとし、該スラリーを抄造機にかけ
て所定の厚みのシートに抄造し、所望なれば該シートを
所定の枚数重合した上で所定寸法に切断し、所定の形状
にプレス成形した後自然養生するか、あるいはオートク
レーブ中で加熱加圧養生する。[0011] To produce the cement fiberboard of the present invention,
In the case of wet papermaking, water is usually added to the above mixture and
A 10% by weight slurry is made, the slurry is made into a sheet of a predetermined thickness using a paper-making machine, and if desired, a predetermined number of sheets are polymerized, cut into a predetermined size, and press-formed into a predetermined shape. Curing or heat and pressure curing in an autoclave.
【0012】また押出成形の場合には上記混合物に水を
通常45〜70重量%程度混合した混練物を押出成形機
からシート状に押出し、以下抄造の場合と同様にしてプ
レス成形、養生を行う。In the case of extrusion molding, a kneaded mixture of the above mixture and water, usually about 45 to 70% by weight, is extruded from an extrusion molding machine into a sheet form, followed by press molding and curing in the same manner as in the case of paper making. .
【0013】本発明は上記製造法に限定されるものでは
なく、上記製造法の他、鋳型法、乾式抄造法等が適用さ
れてもよいことは勿論である。[0013] The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned manufacturing method, and it goes without saying that other methods such as a molding method, a dry paper-making method, etc. may also be applied.
【0014】[0014]
【作用】本発明においては、セメント繊維板に焼成バー
ミキュライトが添加される。該焼成バーミキュライトは
ある程度の間隙を介して重なり合った多数の層からなる
アコーディオン状であり可撓性があるから、層間にスラ
リーが侵入して硬化する結果高密度のセメント繊維板で
あっても、該焼成バーミキュライトの添加によって硬脆
性が改良される。しかし該焼成バーミキュライトの添加
量が0.5重量%以下の場合は上記改良効果が充分でな
く、また10重量%以上の場合には高密度の製品が得ら
れない。[Operation] In the present invention, calcined vermiculite is added to the cement fiberboard. The fired vermiculite is flexible and has an accordion-like structure consisting of many overlapping layers with certain gaps between them, so slurry penetrates between the layers and hardens, resulting in high-density cement fiberboard. Hard brittleness is improved by adding calcined vermiculite. However, if the amount of calcined vermiculite added is less than 0.5% by weight, the above-mentioned improvement effect is not sufficient, and if it is more than 10% by weight, a high-density product cannot be obtained.
【0015】[0015]
【実施例】下記成分を混合する。
セメントーケイ砂混合物* 85.5重量%セビ
オライト 4.5
〃メカニカルパルプ
7.0 〃焼成バーミキュライト
2.0 〃カーボンブラック
1.0 〃*:普通ポルトランドセメント:
ケイ砂=45:55重量比の混合物
上記混合物に水を添加して8〜10重量%のスラリーと
なし、該スラリーを抄造機によって抄造し、得られたシ
ートを150枚重合した後屋根材形状にカットしプレス
成形を行なう。上記成形物は80℃、7時間の予備硬化
工程を経て180℃、10気圧のオートクレーブ養生を
9時間行う。このようにして得られた屋根材の物性試験
の結果を表1に示す。[Example] The following ingredients are mixed. Cement-silica sand mixture* 85.5% by weight Seviolite 4.5
〃Mechanical pulp
7.0 Calcined vermiculite
2.0 Carbon black
1.0 〃*: Ordinary Portland cement:
Silica sand = mixture with a weight ratio of 45:55 Water was added to the above mixture to make a slurry of 8 to 10% by weight, the slurry was made into a paper using a paper making machine, and 150 sheets obtained were polymerized and then shaped into a roofing material. Cut and press mold. The molded product undergoes a preliminary curing process at 80° C. for 7 hours, and then is autoclaved at 180° C. and 10 atm for 9 hours. Table 1 shows the results of physical property tests of the roofing material thus obtained.
【0016】[0016]
【表1】
比較例:実施例において、焼成バーミキュライトに代え
てセピオライトを4.5重量%から6.5重量%に増加
した。
曲げ強度:テストピース,20×20cm,スパン15
cmにて2回テストする。
切断性: 470×606×6mmの屋根材試料を押
切り式切断機により押切りした。
○:押切り機の刃に沿って直線状に良好に切断される。
×:押切り機の刃に沿わずジクザグ状に切断されるか、
切断時に別方向の割れが生じる。
釘打ち性:470×606×6mmの屋根材試料に径3
mmの釘を打ち込んだ。
○:釘打込み部分の周囲にひびわれを生じない。
×:釘打込み部分の周囲にひびわれを生ずる。[Table 1] Comparative Example: In the Example, the amount of sepiolite was increased from 4.5% by weight to 6.5% by weight instead of calcined vermiculite. Bending strength: test piece, 20 x 20 cm, span 15
Test twice in cm. Cutting property: A roofing material sample measuring 470 x 606 x 6 mm was cut by a push cutter. ○: Cuts well in a straight line along the blade of the press cutter. ×: Cuts in a zigzag shape without following the blade of the press cutter, or
Cracks occur in different directions when cutting. Nailability: 470 x 606 x 6 mm roofing material sample with diameter 3
I drove in a mm nail. ○: No cracks occur around the nail driven part. ×: Cracks occur around the nail driven part.
【0017】[0017]
【発明の効果】したがって本発明においては、高密度高
強度でかつ切断性、釘打ち性等の加工性が良好なセメン
ト繊維板が得られる。Therefore, according to the present invention, a cement fiberboard having high density and high strength and good workability such as cutting and nailing properties can be obtained.
Claims (1)
ーミキュライトを0.5〜10重量%含有し、比重が1
.3〜1.7であることを特徴とするセメント繊維板Claim 1: Wood fibers are mixed as reinforcing fibers, containing 0.5 to 10% by weight of calcined vermiculite, and having a specific gravity of 1.
.. Cement fiberboard characterized by having a ratio of 3 to 1.7
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP3128577A JPH04331755A (en) | 1991-04-30 | 1991-04-30 | Cement fiber board |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP3128577A JPH04331755A (en) | 1991-04-30 | 1991-04-30 | Cement fiber board |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH04331755A true JPH04331755A (en) | 1992-11-19 |
Family
ID=14988195
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP3128577A Pending JPH04331755A (en) | 1991-04-30 | 1991-04-30 | Cement fiber board |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPH04331755A (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2002166406A (en) * | 2000-12-01 | 2002-06-11 | Nichiha Corp | Method for manufacturing woody cement board |
CN112521039A (en) * | 2020-12-22 | 2021-03-19 | 东南大学 | Method for modifying sawdust |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS55121941A (en) * | 1979-03-06 | 1980-09-19 | Showa Denko Kk | Manufacture of concrete product |
JPS55136164A (en) * | 1979-04-04 | 1980-10-23 | Showa Denko Kk | Manufacture of fiber reinforced cement product |
-
1991
- 1991-04-30 JP JP3128577A patent/JPH04331755A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS55121941A (en) * | 1979-03-06 | 1980-09-19 | Showa Denko Kk | Manufacture of concrete product |
JPS55136164A (en) * | 1979-04-04 | 1980-10-23 | Showa Denko Kk | Manufacture of fiber reinforced cement product |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2002166406A (en) * | 2000-12-01 | 2002-06-11 | Nichiha Corp | Method for manufacturing woody cement board |
CN112521039A (en) * | 2020-12-22 | 2021-03-19 | 东南大学 | Method for modifying sawdust |
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