JPH04321053A - Electrophotographic sensitive body - Google Patents
Electrophotographic sensitive bodyInfo
- Publication number
- JPH04321053A JPH04321053A JP11561691A JP11561691A JPH04321053A JP H04321053 A JPH04321053 A JP H04321053A JP 11561691 A JP11561691 A JP 11561691A JP 11561691 A JP11561691 A JP 11561691A JP H04321053 A JPH04321053 A JP H04321053A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- group
- layer
- charge transport
- charge
- transport layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 108091008695 photoreceptors Proteins 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 9-anthryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001340 2-chloroethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(Cl)C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000954 2-hydroxyethyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])O[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004663 dialkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 139
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 34
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 34
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 22
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 21
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 16
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920003227 poly(N-vinyl carbazole) Polymers 0.000 description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 4
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004419 Panlite Substances 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Dichloroethane Chemical compound CC(Cl)Cl SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940079865 intestinal antiinfectives imidazole derivative Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 2
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002050 silicone resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001651 triphenylamine derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- VERMWGQSKPXSPZ-BUHFOSPRSA-N 1-[(e)-2-phenylethenyl]anthracene Chemical compound C=1C=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C2C=1\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 VERMWGQSKPXSPZ-BUHFOSPRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VHQGURIJMFPBKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,7-trinitrofluoren-9-one Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C2C3=CC=C([N+](=O)[O-])C=C3C(=O)C2=C1 VHQGURIJMFPBKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYSRRFNXTXNWCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-phenylethenyl)furan-2,5-dione Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C(C=CC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 PYSRRFNXTXNWCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(oxolan-2-yl)propanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC1CCCO1 WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MQIUGAXCHLFZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Di-n-octyl phthalate Natural products CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCCCCCC MQIUGAXCHLFZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001856 Ethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl cellulose Chemical compound CCOCC1OC(OC)C(OCC)C(OCC)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC)C(CO)O1 ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000000177 Indigofera tinctoria Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000020 Nitrocellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010034972 Photosensitivity reaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001328 Polyvinylidene chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NRCMAYZCPIVABH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinacridone Chemical compound N1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=C1C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3NC1=C2 NRCMAYZCPIVABH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000147 Styrene maleic anhydride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FJWGYAHXMCUOOM-QHOUIDNNSA-N [(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-2-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5,6-trinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dinitrooxy-6-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-4-yl] nitrate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H]1O[N+]([O-])=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@@H](CO[N+]([O-])=O)O1)O[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+](=O)[O-])[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO[N+]([O-])=O)O[C@@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H]1O[N+]([O-])=O FJWGYAHXMCUOOM-QHOUIDNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QLNFINLXAKOTJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N [As].[Se] Chemical compound [As].[Se] QLNFINLXAKOTJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000180 alkyd Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- BJQHLKABXJIVAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC BJQHLKABXJIVAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052980 cadmium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001249 ethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019325 ethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195712 glutamate Natural products 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001922 gold oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007857 hydrazones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940097275 indigo Drugs 0.000 description 1
- COHYTHOBJLSHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N indigo powder Natural products N1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C1=C1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2N1 COHYTHOBJLSHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JLNITRNCYMNJCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dibenzyl-4-propylaniline Chemical compound C1=CC(CCC)=CC=C1N(CC=1C=CC=CC=1)CC1=CC=CC=C1 JLNITRNCYMNJCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001220 nitrocellulos Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012860 organic pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004866 oxadiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007978 oxazole derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 1
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006287 phenoxy resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013034 phenoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036211 photosensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003216 poly(methylphenylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002285 poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001230 polyarylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920001470 polyketone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002102 polyvinyl toluene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005033 polyvinylidene chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- RCYFOPUXRMOLQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrene-1-carbaldehyde Chemical compound C1=C2C(C=O)=CC=C(C=C3)C2=C2C3=CC=CC2=C1 RCYFOPUXRMOLQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000005504 styryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002803 thermoplastic polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- ANRHNWWPFJCPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M thionine Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N)=CC2=[S+]C3=CC(N)=CC=C3N=C21 ANRHNWWPFJCPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001018 xanthene dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】0001
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は電子写真感光体に関し、
詳しくは電荷発生層及び電荷輸送層を有する積層型電子
写真感光体に関する。[Industrial Application Field] The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor.
More specifically, the present invention relates to a laminated electrophotographic photoreceptor having a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer.
【０００２】0002
【従来の技術】近年、電子写真複写機に使用される感光
体として、低価格、生産性及び無公害等の利点を有する
有機系の感光材料を用いたものが普及しはじめている。
有機系の電子写真感光体には、ポリビニルカルバゾール
（ＰＶＫ）に代表される光導電性樹脂、ＰＶＫ−ＴＮＦ
（２，４，７−トリニトロフルオレノン）に代表される
電荷移動錯体型、フタロシアニン−バインダーに代表さ
れる顔料分散型、電荷発生物質と電荷輸送物質とを組合
せて用いる機能分離型の感光体などが注目されている。
このような機能分離型の高感度感光体をカールソンプロ
セスに適用した場合帯電電位が低い、電荷保持性が悪い
（暗減衰が大きい）、また前露光疲労により帯電電位の
立ち上がりが十分でなく、また、繰返し使用によってこ
れら帯電性の劣化と共に残留電位の上昇及び光感度の低
下を招くという欠点を有している。また、繰返し使用に
より静電的に疲労すると同時に現像器、クリーナー等と
の接触により摩耗し、低寿命であるとの問題もある。2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, organic photosensitive materials, which have advantages such as low cost, productivity, and non-pollution, have become popular as photoreceptors used in electrophotographic copying machines. Organic electrophotographic photoreceptors include photoconductive resins such as polyvinylcarbazole (PVK), and PVK-TNF.
(2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone), a pigment-dispersed type such as phthalocyanine binder, and a functionally separated type photoreceptor that uses a combination of a charge-generating substance and a charge-transporting substance, etc. is attracting attention. When such a functionally separated high-sensitivity photoreceptor is applied to the Carlson process, the charging potential is low, the charge retention is poor (high dark decay), and the charging potential does not rise sufficiently due to pre-exposure fatigue. , they have the disadvantage that repeated use causes deterioration of their charging properties, as well as an increase in residual potential and a decrease in photosensitivity. Further, there is also the problem that they become electrostatically fatigued due to repeated use and wear due to contact with developing devices, cleaners, etc., resulting in a short life span.
【０００３】0003
【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明は繰り返し使用
による帯電性の劣化、特に帯電と露光の繰り返しによる
帯電性の劣化が少なく、高耐久性で高感度であり、かつ
耐摩耗性に優れた電子写真感光体を提供することを目的
とする。[Problems to be Solved by the Invention] The present invention has low deterioration in chargeability due to repeated use, especially due to repeated charging and exposure, is highly durable, has high sensitivity, and has excellent abrasion resistance. The purpose is to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor.
【０００４】0004
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明者らは電荷輸送層
を２層に分け、各層に特別な化合物を含有させた積層型
電子写真感光体が上記目的に対し有効であることを見出
し本発明を完成するに至った。[Means for Solving the Problems] The present inventors have discovered that a laminated electrophotographic photoreceptor in which the charge transport layer is divided into two layers and each layer contains a special compound is effective for the above purpose. The invention was completed.
【０００５】すなわち、請求項１の発明によれば、導電
性支持体上に電荷発生層及び電荷輸送層を有する積層型
電子写真感光体において、電荷輸送層が２層からなり、
電荷発生層に隣接する側の電荷輸送層に下記化１で示さ
れる電荷輸送材料を含有させ、他方の電荷輸送層に下記
化２又は化３で示される電荷輸送材料を含有させたこと
を特徴とする電子写真感光体が提供される。That is, according to the invention of claim 1, in a laminated electrophotographic photoreceptor having a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer on a conductive support, the charge transport layer is composed of two layers,
The charge transport layer adjacent to the charge generation layer contains a charge transport material represented by the following chemical formula 1, and the other charge transport layer contains a charge transport material represented by the following chemical formula 2 or chemical formula 3. An electrophotographic photoreceptor is provided.
【化１】[Chemical formula 1]
【化２】[Case 2]
【化３】[C3]
【０００６】また、請求項２及び３の発明によれば、導
電性支持体上に、電荷発生層と電荷輸送層を順次設けた
積層型電子写真感光体において、電荷輸送層が上層（第
２層）、下層（第１層）の２層からなり、上層に下記一
般式化４で示される電荷輸送材料を含有させ、更に好ま
しくは下層に下記一般式化５で示される電荷輸送材料を
含有させたことを特徴とする電子写真感光体が提供され
る。According to the second and third aspects of the invention, in the laminated electrophotographic photoreceptor in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are sequentially provided on a conductive support, the charge transport layer is an upper layer (second layer). layer) and a lower layer (first layer), the upper layer contains a charge transporting material represented by the following general formula 4, and more preferably the lower layer contains a charge transporting material represented by the following general formula 5. An electrophotographic photoreceptor is provided.
【化４】
（式中、Ｒ１はメチル基、エチル基、２−ヒドロキシエ
チル基、２−クロルエチル基、又はベンジル基等の置換
又は無置換のアルキル基、あるいは置換又は無置換のフ
ェニル基を表わし、Ｒ２はメチル基、エチル基、ベンジ
ル基又は置換又は無置換のフェニル基を表わし、Ａｒ１
は置換又は無置換のフェニル基又は、ナフチル基を表わ
し、Ｒ３は水素、ハロゲン、炭素１〜４のアルキル基、
炭素１〜４のアルコキシル基、ジアルキルアミノ基又は
ニトロ基を表わす。）[Formula 4] (wherein, R1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a 2-hydroxyethyl group, a 2-chloroethyl group, or a benzyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group) , R2 represents a methyl group, an ethyl group, a benzyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and Ar1
represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group or naphthyl group, R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
It represents a C1-C4 alkoxyl group, dialkylamino group or nitro group. )
【化５】
（式中、Ａは下記化６で示される基、９−アントリル基
またはＮ−アルキルカルバゾリル基を、Ｒは低級アルキ
ル基、低級アルコキシ基またはハロゲン原子を示し、Ｒ
１及びＲ２は低級アルキル基、ベンジル基、または無置
換あるいは低級アルキル基、低級アルコキシ基もしくは
ハロゲン置換のフェニル基を示し、ｍは０または１の整
数、ｎは０または１の整数を示す。）[Formula 5] (wherein A represents a group represented by the following chemical formula 6, a 9-anthryl group or an N-alkylcarbazolyl group, R represents a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group or a halogen atom, and R
1 and R2 represent a lower alkyl group, a benzyl group, an unsubstituted or lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, or a halogen-substituted phenyl group, m represents an integer of 0 or 1, and n represents an integer of 0 or 1. )
【化６】[C6]
【０００７】一般に感光体が繰り返し使用されると、特
に光による疲労により、帯電の立ち上がりが遅れてくる
という現象が知られている。これは電荷発生材料が光に
より何らかの変化を起こすと思われるが、本発明者らの
検討によれば、電荷輸送材料の種類によっても、この疲
労の程度は大きく左右される事が知見された。そこで、
本発明らは、種々の電荷輸送材料を組み合せた少なくと
も２層から電荷輸送層について検討を更に進めたところ
、感度や残留電位にやや難点のある前記一般式化１で示
される電荷輸送材料を含有した電荷輸送層を電荷発生層
に隣接して設けると共にその上にさらに感度や残留電位
が良好であるが帯電性に問題がある前記化２又は化３で
示される電荷輸送材料を含む電荷輸送層からなる積層構
成の電荷輸送層が帯電性、感度、残留電位の点で優れた
感光体を与えることを見出した（請求項１の発明）。It is generally known that when a photoreceptor is used repeatedly, the rise of charging becomes delayed, especially due to fatigue caused by light. This is thought to be due to some change in the charge-generating material due to light, but according to studies by the present inventors, it has been found that the degree of fatigue is greatly influenced by the type of charge-transporting material. Therefore,
The present inventors further investigated the charge transport layer by combining at least two layers of various charge transport materials, and found that a charge transport layer containing a charge transport material represented by the above general formula 1, which has some drawbacks in sensitivity and residual potential. A charge transport layer is provided adjacent to the charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer containing a charge transport material represented by chemical formula 2 or chemical formula 3 above, which has good sensitivity and residual potential but has a problem in chargeability. It has been found that a charge transport layer having a laminated structure consisting of the following can provide a photoreceptor that is excellent in chargeability, sensitivity, and residual potential (invention of claim 1).
【０００８】また、有機電子写真感光体は、クリーナー
等との接触により、静電的に疲労すると同時に、現像器
クリーナー等との接触により、摩耗し、その寿命が定ま
る。従来、感光体に耐摩耗性を持たせるために、バイン
ダー樹脂の種類、主材料とバインダー樹脂の比率バイン
ダー樹脂の分子量、添加剤を用いる等の技術が提案され
ているが、今は十分な性能には至っていない。本発明者
らは、電荷発生層、電荷輸送層を順次積層して成る積層
型電子写真感光体の電荷輸送層を順次積層して成る積層
型電子写真感光体の電荷輸送層中の電荷輸送材料の種類
によっても摩耗性が異なる事を見出した。そして特に一
般式化４で示されるヒドラゾン化合物を上層の電荷輸送
層に含有させた場合、耐摩耗性に優れた感光体を得られ
ることを知見した。一般式（化４）の化合物は公知であ
るが、この材料を単に電荷輸送層に用いた感光体は、や
や感度が不十分で、かつ残留電位が生じやすい傾向を持
つ。そこで、本発明ではより電気特性に優れた電荷輸送
材料を含有する下層好ましくは一般式化５で示される化
合物を含む下層と、一般式化４の化合物を含有する上層
の２層から成る電荷送輸送層を設けることにより、耐摩
耗性及び電気特性共に優れた電子写真感光体を得るに至
った（請求項２の発明）。Furthermore, the organic electrophotographic photoreceptor is electrostatically fatigued by contact with cleaners and the like, and at the same time is worn out by contact with developer cleaners and the like, which determines its lifespan. In the past, techniques such as the type of binder resin, the ratio of the main material to the binder resin, the molecular weight of the binder resin, and the use of additives have been proposed in order to impart wear resistance to the photoreceptor, but at present, sufficient performance has not been achieved. This has not yet been achieved. The present inventors have discovered a charge transport material in a charge transport layer of a multilayer electrophotographic photoreceptor in which a charge transport layer is sequentially laminated. It was also found that the abrasion resistance differs depending on the type of material. In particular, it has been found that when the upper charge transport layer contains a hydrazone compound represented by the general formula 4, a photoreceptor with excellent wear resistance can be obtained. Although the compound of the general formula (Formula 4) is known, a photoreceptor using this material simply for a charge transport layer tends to have somewhat insufficient sensitivity and a tendency to generate residual potential. Therefore, in the present invention, the charge transporting material is composed of two layers: a lower layer containing a charge transporting material with better electrical properties, preferably a lower layer containing the compound represented by the general formula 5, and an upper layer containing the compound represented by the general formula 4. By providing the transport layer, an electrophotographic photoreceptor excellent in both abrasion resistance and electrical properties has been obtained (invention according to claim 2).
【０００９】次に、本発明を詳細に説明する。本発明の
電子写真感光体は図１に示されるように、導電性支持体
１上に電荷発生層３及び電荷輸送層（第１層）４、電荷
輸送層（第２層）５を順次設けたマイナス帯電型のもの
、図２に示されるように電荷発生層と電荷輸送層の積層
順序を逆にしたプラス帯電型のもののほか、図３あるい
は図４に示されるような下引層２やオーバーコート層６
を設けたもの等が挙げられる。Next, the present invention will be explained in detail. As shown in FIG. 1, the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention has a charge generation layer 3, a charge transport layer (first layer) 4, and a charge transport layer (second layer) 5 on a conductive support 1 in this order. In addition to the negatively charged type shown in Figure 2, the positively charged type in which the stacking order of the charge generation layer and charge transport layer is reversed, there are also undercoat layers 2 and 2 as shown in Figure 3 or 4. Overcoat layer 6
Examples include those with .
【００１０】導電性支持体としては、体積抵抗１０１０
Ωｃｍ以下の導電性を示すもの例えば、アルミニウム、
ニッケル、クロム、銅、金などの金属、酸化スズ、酸化
インジウムなどの金属酸化物を、蒸着又はスパッタリン
グによりフィルム状もしくは円筒状のプラスチック、紙
等に被覆したもの、前記の金属又は導電性カーボンをフ
ィルム状もしくは円筒状のプラスチック中に分散含有さ
せたもの、あるいはアルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、
ニッケル、ステンレス等の板及びそれらをＤ．Ｉ．，Ｉ
．Ｉ．，押出し、引抜き等の工法で素管化後、切削、超
仕上げ、研摩等で表面処理した管等を使用することがで
きる。[0010] The conductive support has a volume resistance of 1010
Things that exhibit conductivity of Ωcm or less, such as aluminum,
Metals such as nickel, chromium, copper, and gold, and metal oxides such as tin oxide and indium oxide are coated on film-like or cylindrical plastics, paper, etc. by vapor deposition or sputtering, and the above-mentioned metals or conductive carbon are coated with Dispersed in film or cylindrical plastic, or aluminum, aluminum alloy,
Plates of nickel, stainless steel, etc. and their D. I. ,I
．． I. It is possible to use pipes that have been made into blank pipes by methods such as , extrusion, and drawing, and then surface-treated by cutting, superfinishing, polishing, etc.
【００１１】導電性支持体と感光層の間には、必要に応
じて下引層を設けてもよい。下引層は、接着強度の向上
や電荷ブロッキングの機能を果たす。下引層に用いられ
る樹脂としては、硝酸セルロース系樹脂、ナイロン系樹
脂、マレイン酸系樹脂、ポリビニルアルコール樹脂等が
ある。下引層は、これらの樹脂単独でもよいし、酸化ス
ズや酸化インジウム等の低抵抗化合物を分散させてもよ
い。膜厚は１μｍ以下が望ましい。成膜法としては、樹
脂を溶剤に溶解して、浸漬塗工法、スプレー塗工法、ビ
ードコート法等を用いればよい。[0011] A subbing layer may be provided between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer, if necessary. The subbing layer functions to improve adhesive strength and block charges. Examples of the resin used for the undercoat layer include cellulose nitrate resin, nylon resin, maleic acid resin, and polyvinyl alcohol resin. The undercoat layer may be made of these resins alone or may have a low resistance compound such as tin oxide or indium oxide dispersed therein. The film thickness is preferably 1 μm or less. As a film forming method, the resin may be dissolved in a solvent and a dip coating method, a spray coating method, a bead coating method, etc. may be used.
【００１２】電荷発生層は電荷発生物質を主材料とした
層で必要に応じてバインダー樹脂を用いてもよい。電荷
発生材料としてはフタロシアニン系顔料、インジゴ系顔
料、ペリレン系顔料、アゾ系顔料、キナクリドン系顔料
、スクアリック塩顔料、多環キノン系顔料、シアニン系
色素、スチリル系色素、キサンテン系染料等の有機系顔
料及び染料や、酸化亜鉛、硫化カドミウム、セレン、セ
レン−テルル、セレン−ヒ素等の無機材料を使用するこ
とができる。電荷発生層に用いるバインダー樹脂として
は、ポリアミド、ポリウレタン、ポリエステル、エポキ
シ樹脂、ポリケトン、ポリカーボネート、シリコーン樹
脂、アクリル樹脂、ポリビニルブチラール、ポリビニル
ホルマール、ポリスチレン、ポリ−Ｎ−ビニルカルバゾ
ール等が用いられる。The charge generation layer is a layer mainly composed of a charge generation substance, and a binder resin may be used as required. Charge-generating materials include organic pigments such as phthalocyanine pigments, indigo pigments, perylene pigments, azo pigments, quinacridone pigments, squalic salt pigments, polycyclic quinone pigments, cyanine pigments, styryl pigments, and xanthene dyes. Pigments and dyes and inorganic materials such as zinc oxide, cadmium sulfide, selenium, selenium-tellurium, selenium-arsenic, etc. can be used. As the binder resin used in the charge generation layer, polyamide, polyurethane, polyester, epoxy resin, polyketone, polycarbonate, silicone resin, acrylic resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polystyrene, poly-N-vinylcarbazole, etc. are used.
【００１３】バインダー樹脂は電荷発生物質１００重量
部に対して０〜１００重量部が適当であり、好ましくは
０〜５０重量部である。電荷発生層は、電荷発生物質と
を必要ならばバインダー樹脂と共にテトラヒドロフラン
、シクロヘキサノン、ジオキサン、ジクロルエタン等の
溶媒を用いて、ボールミル、アトライター、サンドミル
等により分散し、分散液を適度に希釈して塗布すること
により形成することができる。塗布は下引層を塗布する
のと同様な方法で行なうことができる。The binder resin is suitably used in an amount of 0 to 100 parts by weight, preferably 0 to 50 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the charge generating substance. The charge generation layer is prepared by dispersing a charge generation substance together with a binder resin if necessary using a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanone, dioxane, dichloroethane, etc. using a ball mill, attritor, sand mill, etc., diluting the dispersion liquid appropriately, and applying it. It can be formed by The coating can be carried out in the same manner as for coating the undercoat layer.
【００１４】電荷発生層の膜厚は０．０１〜５μｍ程度
が適当であり、好ましくは０．１〜２μｍである。The thickness of the charge generation layer is suitably about 0.01 to 5 μm, preferably 0.1 to 2 μm.
【００１５】次に電荷輸送層について説明する。請求項
１の発明に係る電荷輸送層は電荷発生層に隣接する側の
電荷輸送層（第１層）に前記化１で示される化合物を含
有させ、他の側の電荷輸送層（第２層）には前記化２は
化３で示される化合物を含有させる。Next, the charge transport layer will be explained. In the charge transport layer according to the invention of claim 1, the charge transport layer (first layer) on the side adjacent to the charge generation layer contains the compound represented by the above formula 1, and the charge transport layer (second layer) on the other side contains the compound represented by the chemical formula 1. ) contains the compound represented by Chemical Formula 3 above.
【００１６】第１層の電荷輸送層に含有させる化１で示
される電荷輸送材料と後記するバインダー樹脂の使用割
合は１／１０〜１０／１好ましくは６／２〜１２／１０
である。また、その膜厚は０．１〜１０μｍ好ましくは
１〜３μｍである。The ratio of the charge transporting material represented by formula 1 and the binder resin described below to be contained in the first charge transporting layer is 1/10 to 10/1, preferably 6/2 to 12/10.
It is. Moreover, the film thickness is 0.1 to 10 μm, preferably 1 to 3 μm.
【００１７】第２層の電荷輸送層（上層）に含有させる
化２又は化３で示される電荷輸送材料と後記するバイン
ダー樹脂との使用割合は１／１０〜１０／１好ましくは
６／１０〜１２／１０である。また、その膜厚は５〜１
００μｍ好ましくは１０〜３０μｍである。The ratio of the charge transport material represented by chemical formula 2 or chemical formula 3 to be contained in the second charge transport layer (upper layer) and the binder resin described below is 1/10 to 10/1, preferably 6/10 to 1/10. It is 12/10. In addition, the film thickness is 5 to 1
00 μm, preferably 10 to 30 μm.
【００１８】請求項１の電荷輸送層に用いられるバイン
ダー樹脂としては、ポリスチレン、スチレン−アクリロ
ニトリル共重合体、スチレン−ブタジエン共重合体、ス
チレン−無水マレイン酸共重合体、ポリエステル、ポリ
塩化ビニル、塩化ビニル−酢酸ビニル共重合体、ポリ酢
酸ビニル、ポリ塩化ビニリデン、ポリアリレート樹脂、
フエノキシ樹脂、ポリカーボネート、酢酸セルロース樹
脂、エチルセルロース樹脂、ポリビニルブチラール、ポ
リビニルホルマール、ポリビニルトルエン、ポリ−Ｎ−
ビニルカルバゾール、アクリル樹脂、シリコーン樹脂、
エポキシ樹脂、メラミン樹脂、ウレタン樹脂、フェノー
ル樹脂、アルキッド樹脂等の熱可塑性または熱硬化性樹
脂が挙げられる。Binder resins used in the charge transport layer of claim 1 include polystyrene, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, polyester, polyvinyl chloride, and chloride. Vinyl-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylidene chloride, polyarylate resin,
Phenoxy resin, polycarbonate, cellulose acetate resin, ethyl cellulose resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyltoluene, poly-N-
vinyl carbazole, acrylic resin, silicone resin,
Examples include thermoplastic or thermosetting resins such as epoxy resins, melamine resins, urethane resins, phenol resins, and alkyd resins.
【００１９】電荷輸送層を設けるには、前記電荷輸送材
料及びバインダー樹脂等の成分材料を適当な溶剤に溶解
し、下引層と同様な方法で支持体に塗布すれば良い。溶
剤としては、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサン、トルエ
ン、モノクロルベンゼン、ジクロルエタン、塩化メチレ
ンなどが用いられる。To provide the charge transport layer, the charge transport material and components such as binder resin may be dissolved in a suitable solvent and applied to the support in the same manner as for the subbing layer. As the solvent, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, toluene, monochlorobenzene, dichloroethane, methylene chloride, etc. are used.
【００２０】つぎに、請求項２の発明に係る電荷輸送層
について述べる。請求項２の電荷輸送層の上層（電荷発
生層と隣接しない層、以下単に上層の電荷輸送層という
）には、前記したように一般式化４で示されるヒドラゾ
ン系化合物を用いる。以下、これらの化合物の具体例を
表１に示す。Next, the charge transport layer according to the second aspect of the invention will be described. As described above, the hydrazone compound represented by the general formula 4 is used for the upper layer of the charge transport layer (layer not adjacent to the charge generation layer, hereinafter simply referred to as the upper charge transport layer) of the charge transport layer. Specific examples of these compounds are shown in Table 1 below.
【表１−（１）】[Table 1-(1)]
【表１−（２）】[Table 1-(2)]
【表１−（３）】[Table 1-(3)]
【表１−（４）】[Table 1-(4)]
【００２１】電荷輸送層の下層に用いられる電荷輸送材
料としては前記一般式化４で示されるα−フェニルスチ
ベン、ポリ−Ｎ−ビニルカルバゾールおよぞその誘導体
、ポリ−γ−カルバゾリルエチルグルタメートおよびそ
の誘導体、ピレン−ホルムアルデヒド縮合物およびその
誘導体、ポリビニルピレン、ポリビニルフェナントレン
、オキサゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、イミ
ダゾール誘導体、トリフェニルアミン誘導体、イミダゾ
ール誘導体、トリフェニルアミン誘導体、９−（ｐ−ジ
エチルアミノスチリル）アントラセン、１，１−ビス−
（４−ジベンジルアミノフェニル）プロパン、スチリル
アントラセン、スチリルピラゾリン、フェニルヒドラゾ
ン類等の電子供与性物質が挙げられるが、効果の発現性
からみて前記一般式化４で示されるα−フェニルスチル
ベンの使用が特に好ましい。Charge transport materials used in the lower layer of the charge transport layer include α-phenylstiben, poly-N-vinylcarbazole and derivatives thereof, and poly-γ-carbazolylethyl represented by the general formula 4. Glutamate and its derivatives, pyrene-formaldehyde condensate and its derivatives, polyvinylpyrene, polyvinylphenanthrene, oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, triphenylamine derivatives, imidazole derivatives, triphenylamine derivatives, 9-(p-diethylamino styryl) anthracene, 1,1-bis-
Electron-donating substances such as (4-dibenzylaminophenyl)propane, styryl anthracene, styryl pyrazoline, and phenylhydrazones may be mentioned; The use is particularly preferred.
【００２２】上層の電荷輸送層には一般式化４で示され
るヒドラゾンのほかに、上記の電荷輸送材料を混合して
もよい。上層及び下層の電荷輸送層に用いられるバイン
ダー樹脂としては、請求項１の発明で用いたと同様のバ
インダー樹脂が使用できる。In addition to the hydrazone represented by the general formula 4, the charge transport material described above may be mixed in the upper charge transport layer. As the binder resin used for the upper and lower charge transport layers, the same binder resin as used in the invention of claim 1 can be used.
【００２３】上層の電荷輸送層の厚さは２０μｍ以下、
好適には、５μｍ以下、下層の電荷輸送層の厚さは５〜
１００μｍ、好適には１０〜３０μｍが良い。[0023] The thickness of the upper charge transport layer is 20 μm or less,
Preferably, the thickness of the lower charge transport layer is 5 μm or less, and the thickness of the lower charge transport layer is 5 μm or less.
The thickness is preferably 100 μm, preferably 10 to 30 μm.
【００２４】また、上層の電荷輸送層に含有させる一般
式化４で示される電荷輸送材料とバインダー樹脂の使用
割合は３／１０〜１５／１０好ましくは５／１０〜１０
／１０であり、下層の電荷輸送層に含有させる電荷輸送
材料とバインダー樹脂の使用割合は５／１０〜１００／
１０好ましくは８／１０〜１５／１０である。The ratio of the charge transport material represented by the general formula 4 and the binder resin contained in the upper charge transport layer is 3/10 to 15/10, preferably 5/10 to 10.
/10, and the ratio of the charge transport material and binder resin contained in the lower charge transport layer is 5/10 to 100/10.
10 preferably 8/10 to 15/10.
【００２５】電荷輸送材料の含有率が多い方が電気特性
は良くなるが、摩耗性が悪くなるので下層は出来る限り
電荷輸送材料を多くし、また上層は摩耗し易いので、電
気特性が許す限り、なるだけ樹脂の含有率を増大させて
おくのが望ましい。請求項２の電荷輸送層も請求項１の
電荷輸送層と同様な方法により形成することができる。
また、本発明において電荷輸送層中に可塑剤やレベリン
グ剤を添加してもよい。可塑剤としては、ジブチルフタ
レート、ジオクチルフタレートなど一般の樹脂の可塑剤
として使用されているものがそのまま使用でき、その使
用量は、バインダー樹脂に対して０〜３０重量％程度が
適当である。レベリング剤としては、ジメチルシリコー
ンオイル、メチルフェニルシリコーンオイルなどのシリ
コーンオイル類が使用され、その使用量はバインダーに
対して、０〜１重量％程度が適当である。[0025] The higher the content of the charge transporting material, the better the electrical properties, but the worse the abrasion resistance, so the lower layer should contain as much charge transporting material as possible, and the upper layer is easily abraded, so the electrical properties should be as much as possible. It is desirable to increase the resin content as much as possible. The charge transport layer according to the second aspect can also be formed by the same method as the charge transport layer according to the first aspect. Further, in the present invention, a plasticizer or a leveling agent may be added to the charge transport layer. As the plasticizer, those used as plasticizers for general resins, such as dibutyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate, can be used as they are, and the appropriate amount to be used is about 0 to 30% by weight based on the binder resin. As the leveling agent, silicone oils such as dimethyl silicone oil and methylphenyl silicone oil are used, and the appropriate amount thereof is about 0 to 1% by weight based on the binder.
【００２６】[0026]
【実施例】以下、実施例により本発明を更に詳細に説明
する。
実施例１
アルコール可溶性ナイロン（東レ製、アミラン
ＣＭ８０００） ４重量部 メタノール
５６重
量部 ブタノール
４０重量部から成る液を厚さ１ｍｍ
、長さ３４０ｍｍ、８０φのＡｌドラムに塗工速度４ｍ
ｍ／ｓｅｃで浸漬塗工し、１１０℃、１０分乾燥を行な
い、０．３μｍの下引層を設けた。次に
顔料１（化７）
４０重量部 メチルエチルケトン
４５０重量部から成る液を１５
ｃｍポットとＹＴＺボールで５日間ミリングし、ブチラ
ール樹脂（ＵＣＣ製ＸＹＨＬ）／シクロヘキサノン溶液
で、ＸＹＨＬ／顔料１＝１／１０、固型分濃度１．６ｗ
％になるように希釈した。[Examples] The present invention will be explained in more detail with reference to Examples below. Example 1 Alcohol-soluble nylon (manufactured by Toray Industries, Amilan CM8000) 4 parts by weight Methanol
56 parts by weight Butanol
40 parts by weight of liquid to a thickness of 1 mm
, Coating speed 4m on a 340mm long, 80φ Al drum
Dip coating was carried out at m/sec and drying was performed at 110° C. for 10 minutes to form a 0.3 μm subbing layer. Next, pigment 1 (Chemical 7)
40 parts by weight methyl ethyl ketone
15 parts of a liquid consisting of 450 parts by weight
Milled for 5 days using a cm pot and a YTZ ball, using a butyral resin (XYHL manufactured by UCC) / cyclohexanone solution, XYHL / pigment 1 = 1/10, solid content concentration 1.6w
It was diluted to %.
【化７】
このようにして得られた液を下引層の上に、塗工速度４
．０ｍｍ／ｓｅｃで浸漬塗工し、１１０℃、１０分乾燥
し、０．２μｍの電荷発生層を設けた。[Chemical 7] The solution obtained in this way was applied on the undercoat layer at a coating speed of 4
．． Dip coating was carried out at 0 mm/sec and dried at 110° C. for 10 minutes to form a charge generation layer of 0.2 μm.
【００２７】さらにこの上に
電荷輸送材料Ｎｏ．１（化８）
９重量部 ポリカーボネートＺタイプ
１０重量部 （粘度平均分子量Ｍ
ｎ：５万，帝人化成製） シリコーンオイル（Ｋ
Ｆ５０信越シリコーン製） ０．０
２重量部 塩化メチレン
１６０重量部Furthermore, on top of this, charge transport material No. 1 (chemical formula 8)
9 parts by weight Polycarbonate Z type
10 parts by weight (viscosity average molecular weight M
n: 50,000, manufactured by Teijin Chemicals) Silicone oil (K
F50 Shin-Etsu Silicone) 0.0
2 parts by weight methylene chloride
160 parts by weight
【化８】
から成る液を塗工速度４ｍｍ／ｓｅｃで浸漬塗工し、１
３０℃で１５分間加熱乾燥して２μｍの電荷輸送層第１
層を形成した。A solution consisting of [Chemical formula 8] was applied by dip coating at a coating speed of 4 mm/sec, and 1
Heat and dry at 30°C for 15 minutes to form the first charge transport layer of 2 μm.
formed a layer.
【００２８】さらにこの上に
電荷輸送材料Ｎｏ．２（化９）
９重量部 ポリカーボネートＺタイプ
１０重量部 （粘度平均分子量Ｍ
ｎ：５万，帝人化成製） シリコーンオイル（Ｋ
Ｆ５０信越シリコーン製） ０．０
２重量部 塩化メチレン
１１０重量部から成る液を塗工速度４
ｍｍ／ｓｅｃで浸漬塗工し、１３０℃で１５分間加熱乾
燥して２０μｍの電荷輸送層第２層を形成し、本発明の
感光体を作成した。Furthermore, on top of this, charge transport material No. 2 (chemical formula 9)
9 parts by weight Polycarbonate Z type
10 parts by weight (viscosity average molecular weight M
n: 50,000, manufactured by Teijin Chemicals) Silicone oil (K
F50 Shin-Etsu Silicone) 0.0
2 parts by weight methylene chloride
A liquid consisting of 110 parts by weight was applied at a coating speed of 4.
A photoreceptor of the present invention was prepared by dip coating at a rate of mm/sec and heating and drying at 130° C. for 15 minutes to form a second charge transport layer having a thickness of 20 μm.
【化９】[Chemical formula 9]
【００２９】実施例２
実施例１において、電荷発生層に用いた顔料１を下記の
顔料２（化１０）に代えたほかは実施例１と同様にして
感光体を作成した。Example 2 A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that Pigment 1 used in the charge generation layer was replaced with Pigment 2 (chemical formula 10) below.
【化１０】[Chemical formula 10]
【００３０】実施例３
実施例１の電荷輸送層第１層のバインダー樹脂をポリカ
ーボネートＡタイプ（帝人化成製パンライトＣ１４００
）に代えたほかは、実施例１と同様にして感光体を作成
した。Example 3 The binder resin for the first charge transport layer in Example 1 was polycarbonate A type (Teijin Kasei Panlite C1400).
) A photoreceptor was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that
【００３１】比較例１
実施例１の電荷輸送層第１層の塗工液の固形分濃度を１
５ｗｔ％に変えて電荷発生層上に２２μｍの塗膜を形成
し、これを電荷輸送層としたほかは、実施例１と同様に
して感光体を作成した。Comparative Example 1 The solid content concentration of the coating liquid for the first layer of the charge transport layer of Example 1 was
A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a 22 μm coating film was formed on the charge generation layer instead of 5 wt % and used as a charge transport layer.
【００３２】比較例２
実施例１の電荷輸送層第２層の塗工液の固形分濃度を１
５ｗｔ％に変えて電荷発生層上に２２μｍの塗膜を形成
し、これを電荷輸送層としたほかは、実施例１と同様に
して感光体を作成した。Comparative Example 2 The solid content concentration of the coating liquid for the second charge transport layer of Example 1 was reduced to 1.
A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a 22 μm coating film was formed on the charge generation layer instead of 5 wt % and used as a charge transport layer.
【００３３】実施例４
実施例１において、電荷輸送層第２層に用いた電荷輸送
用材料を下記化１１で示される化合物に代えたほかは実
施例１と同様にして感光体を作成した。Example 4 A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the charge transport material used in the second charge transport layer was replaced with a compound represented by the following chemical formula 11.
【化１１】[Chemical formula 11]
【００３４】実施例５
実施例４において、電荷発生層に用いた顔料１を実施例
２で使用した顔料２に代えた以外は実施例４と同様にし
て感光体を作成した。Example 5 A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4, except that Pigment 1 used in the charge generation layer was replaced with Pigment 2 used in Example 2.
【００３５】実施例６
実施例４の電荷輸送層第１層のバインダー樹脂をポリカ
ーボネートＡタイプ（帝人化成製 パンライトＣ１４
００）に代えたほかは、実施例１と同様にして感光体を
作成した。Example 6 The binder resin for the first layer of the charge transport layer in Example 4 was polycarbonate A type (Teijin Kasei Panlite C14).
A photoreceptor was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 00) was used.
【００３６】比較例３
実施例４の電荷輸送層第２層の塗工液の固形分濃度を１
５ｗｔ％に変えて電荷発生層上に２２μｍの塗膜を形成
し、これを電荷輸送層としたほかは、実施例４と同様に
して感光体を作成した。Comparative Example 3 The solid content concentration of the coating liquid for the second charge transport layer of Example 4 was reduced to 1.
A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4, except that a 22 μm coating film was formed on the charge generation layer instead of 5 wt % and used as a charge transport layer.
【００３７】以上のようにして作成した感光体をリコー
製複写機ＦＴ４８２０に塔載し、露光後黒部電位Ｖｄ、
露光後地肌部電位Ｖｌ、残留電位（クエンチング後の電
位）Ｖｒを測定し、さらに画像出しを５万枚行なった後
、同様の測定を行なった。その結果を表２に示す。The photoreceptor prepared as described above was mounted on a Ricoh copying machine FT4820, and after exposure, the black area potential Vd,
After exposure, the background potential Vl and residual potential (potential after quenching) Vr were measured, and after 50,000 sheets of images were printed, similar measurements were made. The results are shown in Table 2.
【００３８】[0038]
【表２】[Table 2]
【００３９】実施例７
実施例１と同様な操作によりＡｌドラム上に下引層及び
電荷発生層を順次設けた。さらにこの上に 電荷
輸送材料Ｎｏ．３（化１３）
１２重量部
ポリカーボネートＺタイプ
１
０重量部 （粘度平均分子量Ｍｎ：５万，帝人化
成製） シリコーンオイル（ＫＦ５０信越シリコ
ーン製） ０．０２重量部
塩化メチレン
１２０重量部から成る液を塗工速度４ｍｍ／ｓｅｃで浸
漬塗工し、１３０℃で１５分間加熱乾燥して１７μｍの
電荷輸送層第１層（下層）を形成した。Example 7 A subbing layer and a charge generation layer were sequentially provided on an Al drum by the same operation as in Example 1. Furthermore, on top of this, charge transport material No. 3 (chemical formula 13)
12 parts by weight
Polycarbonate Z type
1
0 parts by weight (viscosity average molecular weight Mn: 50,000, manufactured by Teijin Chemicals) Silicone oil (KF50 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Silicone) 0.02 parts by weight
methylene chloride
A liquid containing 120 parts by weight was applied by dip coating at a coating speed of 4 mm/sec, and was dried by heating at 130° C. for 15 minutes to form a first layer (lower layer) of a charge transport layer having a thickness of 17 μm.
【化１３】[Chemical formula 13]
【００４０】さらにこの上に
電荷輸送材料Ｎｏ．４（化１４）
７重量部 ポリカーボネートＺタイプ
１０重量部 （粘度平均分子量Ｍｎ
：５万，帝人化成製） シリコーンオイル（ＫＦ
５０信越シリコーン製） ０．０２
重量部 塩化メチレン
１１０重量部から成る液を塗工速度４ｍ
ｍ／ｓｅｃで浸漬塗工し、１３０℃で１５分間加熱乾燥
して２０μｍの電荷輸送層第２層（上層）を形成し、本
発明の感光体を形成した。Furthermore, on top of this, charge transport material No. 4 (chemical formula 14)
7 parts by weight Polycarbonate Z type
10 parts by weight (viscosity average molecular weight Mn
: 50,000, manufactured by Teijin Chemicals) Silicone oil (KF
50 Shin-Etsu Silicone) 0.02
Parts by weight Methylene chloride
A liquid consisting of 110 parts by weight was applied at a coating speed of 4 m.
The photoreceptor of the present invention was formed by dip coating at a rate of m/sec and heating and drying at 130° C. for 15 minutes to form a second charge transport layer (upper layer) of 20 μm.
【化１４】[Chemical formula 14]
【００４１】実施例８
実施例７において、電荷輸送層（下層）に用いた電荷輸
送材料Ｎｏ．３を下記の化１５で示される化合物に代え
たほかは実施例７と同様にして感光体を作成した。Example 8 In Example 7, charge transport material No. 1 was used for the charge transport layer (lower layer). A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 7 except that 3 was replaced with a compound represented by the following chemical formula 15.
【化１５】[Chemical formula 15]
【００４２】実施例９
実施例７において、電荷輸送層（下層）に用いた電荷輸
送材料Ｎｏ．３を下記の化１６で示される化合物に代え
たほかは実施例７と同様にして感光体を作成した。Example 9 In Example 7, charge transport material No. 1 was used for the charge transport layer (lower layer). A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 7 except that 3 was replaced with a compound represented by the following chemical formula 16.
【化１６】[Chemical formula 16]
【００４３】実施例１０
実施例７において、電荷輸送層（上層）に用いた電荷輸
送材料Ｎｏ．４を下記の化１７で示される化合物に代え
たほかは実施例７と同様にして感光体を作成した。Example 10 In Example 7, charge transport material No. 1 was used for the charge transport layer (upper layer). A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 7 except that 4 was replaced with a compound represented by the following chemical formula 17.
【化１７】[Chemical formula 17]
【００４４】実施例１１
実施例７の電荷輸送層（上層）のバインダー樹脂をポリ
カーボネートＺタイプ（Ｍｎ＝８００００、帝人化成製
）に代えたほかは実施例１と同様にして感光体を作成し
た。Example 11 A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the binder resin in the charge transport layer (upper layer) in Example 7 was replaced with polycarbonate Z type (Mn=80,000, manufactured by Teijin Chemicals).
【００４５】実施例１２
実施例７の電荷輸送層（下層）のバインダー樹脂をポリ
カーボネートＡタイプ（パンライトＣ１４００、帝人化
成製）に代えたほかは実施例１と同様にして感光体を作
成した。Example 12 A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the binder resin in the charge transport layer (lower layer) in Example 7 was replaced with polycarbonate A type (Panlite C1400, manufactured by Teijin Kasei).
【００４６】比較例４
実施例７の電荷輸送層（下層）の塗工液の濃度と塗工速
度を膜厚が２２μｍになるように代えて、電荷発生層上
に塗工し、単層の電荷輸送層としたほかは実施例７と同
様にして感光体を作成した。Comparative Example 4 The concentration and coating speed of the coating liquid for the charge transport layer (lower layer) of Example 7 were changed so that the film thickness was 22 μm, and the coating was performed on the charge generation layer to form a single layer. A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 7 except that the charge transport layer was used.
【００４７】比較例５
実施例７の電荷輸送層（上層）の塗工液の濃度と塗工速
度を膜厚が２２μｍになるように代えて、電荷発生層上
に塗工し、単層の電荷輸送層としたほかは実施例７と同
様にして感光体を作成した。Comparative Example 5 The concentration and coating speed of the coating liquid for the charge transport layer (upper layer) of Example 7 were changed so that the film thickness was 22 μm, and the coating was applied on the charge generation layer to form a single layer. A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 7 except that the charge transport layer was used.
【００４８】以上のようにして作成した感光体をリコー
製複写機ＦＴ４８２０に塔載し、露光後黒部電位Ｖｄ、
露光後地肌部電位Ｖｌ、残留電位（クエンチング後の電
位）Ｖｒを測定し、さらに画像出しを５万枚行なった後
、同様の測定を行なった。また、この時の膜厚の減少量
を測定した。結果を表３に示す。The photoreceptor prepared as described above was mounted on a Ricoh copying machine FT4820, and after exposure, the black area potential Vd,
After exposure, the background potential Vl and residual potential (potential after quenching) Vr were measured, and after 50,000 sheets of images were printed, similar measurements were made. Additionally, the amount of decrease in film thickness at this time was measured. The results are shown in Table 3.
【００４９】[0049]
【表３】
実施例７〜１２の感光体を用いて得られた画像は５万枚
ラン後も良好な画像が得られた。比較例４及び５の感光
体を用いて得られた画像は５万枚後地肌汚れが生じた。[Table 3] Good images were obtained using the photoreceptors of Examples 7 to 12 even after a 50,000-sheet run. Images obtained using the photoreceptors of Comparative Examples 4 and 5 had background stains after 50,000 sheets were printed.
【００５０】[0050]
【発明の効果】本発明の電子写真感光体は、繰り返し使
用による帯電性の劣化、特に帯電と露光の繰り返しによ
る帯電性の劣化が少なく、高耐久性で高感度かつ耐摩耗
性に優れたものである。[Effects of the Invention] The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention shows little deterioration in chargeability due to repeated use, especially due to repeated charging and exposure, and has high durability, high sensitivity, and excellent wear resistance. It is.
【図１】本発明の代表的なマイナス帯電型の電子写真用
感光体の模式断面図である。FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a typical negatively charged electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.
【図２】本発明の代表的なプラス帯電型の電子写真用感
光体の模式断面図である。FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a typical positively charged electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.
【図３】図１に示される電子写真用感光体の別の態様を
示す模式断面図である。3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of the electrophotographic photoreceptor shown in FIG. 1. FIG.
【図４】図２に示される電子写真用感光体の別の態様を
示す模式断面図である。4 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of the electrophotographic photoreceptor shown in FIG. 2. FIG.
Claims (3)
輸送層を有する積層型電子写真感光体において、電荷輸
送層が２層からなり、電荷発生層に隣接する側の電荷輸
送層に下記化１で示される電荷輸送材料を含有させ、他
方の電荷輸送層に下記化２又は化３で示される電荷輸送
材料を含有させたことを特徴とする電子写真感光体。 【化１】 【化２】 【化３】Claim 1: A laminated electrophotographic photoreceptor having a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer on a conductive support, wherein the charge transport layer consists of two layers, and the charge transport layer adjacent to the charge generation layer has the following: 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a charge transporting material represented by the following chemical formula 1, and the other charge transporting layer containing a charge transporting material represented by the following chemical formula 2 or chemical formula 3. [Chemical formula 1] [Chemical formula 2] [Chemical formula 3]
送層を順次設けた積層型電子写真感光体において、電荷
輸送層が上層、下層の２層から成り、上層に下記一般式
化４で示される電荷輸送材料を含有させたことを特徴と
する電子写真感光体。 【化４】 （式中、Ｒ１はメチル基、エチル基、２−ヒドロキシエ
チル基、２−クロルエチル基、又はベンジル基等の置換
又は無置換のアルキル基、あるいは置換又は無置換のフ
ェニル基を表わし、Ｒ２はメチル基、エチル基、ベンジ
ル基又は置換又は無置換のフェニル基を表わし、Ａｒ１
は置換又は無置換のフェニル基又は、ナフチル基を表わ
し、Ｒ３は水素、ハロゲン、炭素１〜４のアルキル基、
炭素１〜４のアルコキシル基、ジアルキルアミノ基又は
ニトロ基を表わす。）2. In a laminated electrophotographic photoreceptor in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are sequentially provided on a conductive support, the charge transport layer consists of two layers, an upper layer and a lower layer, and the upper layer has the following general formula 4. An electrophotographic photoreceptor characterized by containing a charge transporting material represented by: [Formula 4] (wherein, R1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a 2-hydroxyethyl group, a 2-chloroethyl group, or a benzyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group) , R2 represents a methyl group, an ethyl group, a benzyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and Ar1
represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group or naphthyl group, R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
It represents a C1-C4 alkoxyl group, dialkylamino group or nitro group. )
示される電荷輸送材料を含む事を特徴とする請求項２記
載の電子写真感光体。 【化５】 （式中、Ａは下記化６で示される基、９−アントリル基
またはＮ−アルキルカルバゾリル基を、Ｒは低級アルキ
ル基、低級アルコキシ基またはハロゲン原子を示し、Ｒ
１及びＲ２は低級アルキル基、ベンジル基、または無置
換あるいは低級アルキル基、低級アルコキシ基もしくは
ハロゲン置換のフェニル基を示し、ｍは０または１の整
数、ｎは０または１の整数を示す。） 【化６】3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 2, wherein the lower charge transport layer contains a charge transport material represented by the following general formula 5. [Formula 5] (wherein A represents a group represented by the following chemical formula 6, a 9-anthryl group or an N-alkylcarbazolyl group, R represents a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group or a halogen atom, and R
1 and R2 represent a lower alkyl group, a benzyl group, an unsubstituted or lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, or a halogen-substituted phenyl group, m represents an integer of 0 or 1, and n represents an integer of 0 or 1. ) [C6]
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP11561691A JPH04321053A (en) | 1991-04-19 | 1991-04-19 | Electrophotographic sensitive body |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP11561691A JPH04321053A (en) | 1991-04-19 | 1991-04-19 | Electrophotographic sensitive body |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH04321053A true JPH04321053A (en) | 1992-11-11 |
Family
ID=14667065
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP11561691A Pending JPH04321053A (en) | 1991-04-19 | 1991-04-19 | Electrophotographic sensitive body |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH04321053A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7510809B2 (en) * | 2005-03-22 | 2009-03-31 | Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc. | Electrophotographic photoreceptor with two layer charge transfer layer, and apparatus utilizing the same |
-
1991
- 1991-04-19 JP JP11561691A patent/JPH04321053A/en active Pending
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7510809B2 (en) * | 2005-03-22 | 2009-03-31 | Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc. | Electrophotographic photoreceptor with two layer charge transfer layer, and apparatus utilizing the same |
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