JPH04209735A - Production of pulp-incorporated inorganic curable composition - Google Patents

Production of pulp-incorporated inorganic curable composition

Info

Publication number
JPH04209735A
JPH04209735A JP33841190A JP33841190A JPH04209735A JP H04209735 A JPH04209735 A JP H04209735A JP 33841190 A JP33841190 A JP 33841190A JP 33841190 A JP33841190 A JP 33841190A JP H04209735 A JPH04209735 A JP H04209735A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
pulp
fiber
inorganic
water
curable composition
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP33841190A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Tatsutoshi Nakano
中野 龍俊
Hiroyuki Takihana
裕之 瀧華
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sekisui Chemical Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Sekisui Chemical Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sekisui Chemical Co Ltd filed Critical Sekisui Chemical Co Ltd
Priority to JP33841190A priority Critical patent/JPH04209735A/en
Publication of JPH04209735A publication Critical patent/JPH04209735A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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  • Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain the title composition capable of giving e.g. construction materials excellent in mechanical strength, processability, etc., by incorporating an inorganic hydraulic material with a specified amount of pulp containing filamentous pulp regulated to a high moisture content through disaggregation in a large quantity of water to improve pulp dispersibility. CONSTITUTION:(A) 100 pts.wt. of an inorganic hydraulic material is incorporated with (B) 1-10 pts.wt., on a dry basis, of pulp containing (1) filamentous pulp >=2mm in fiber length regulated to a moisture content of >=90wt.% through disaggregation in a large quantity of water and, where appropriately, (2) another kind of pulp <=1.5mm in fiber length produced by dry grinding. The system is then incorporated with a thickening agent (e.g. methyl cellulose) followed by mixing with water and then kneading, thus obtaining the objective composition. A pulp-reinforced inorganic cured form can be produced by forming this composition to a desired shape followed by curing.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】[Detailed description of the invention] 【産業上の利用分野】[Industrial application field]

本発明は、所望形状に成形後養生硬化させることにより
パルプ補強無機硬化体を製造することができるパルプ混
入無機硬化性組成物の製造方法に関する。
The present invention relates to a method for producing a pulp-containing inorganic curable composition that can produce a pulp-reinforced inorganic cured body by curing and curing the composition after molding it into a desired shape.

【従来の技術】[Conventional technology]

その内部にイくルプおよび補強繊維が分散されて繊維補
強された無機硬化体が建材等として製品化され一般に広
く上布されている。 従来、この繊維補強無機硬化体は、無機水硬性物質、パ
ルプ、補強繊維および増粘剤等を主成分とする材料を乾
式混合したのち、これに水を加えさらに湿式混合、混練
することによって成形材料としての無機硬化性組成物を
得る。そして、この無機硬化性組成物を押出成形やプレ
ス成形等の抵当な方法により所望形状に成形し、この成
形体を養生硬化させることによって製品化されている。
The inorganic cured product, which is reinforced with fibers by dispersing ice and reinforcing fibers therein, is commercialized as a building material and is generally widely used. Conventionally, this fiber-reinforced inorganic cured product is formed by dry-mixing materials whose main components are inorganic hydraulic substances, pulp, reinforcing fibers, thickeners, etc., and then adding water to the mixture and further wet-mixing and kneading. An inorganic curable composition as a material is obtained. Then, this inorganic curable composition is molded into a desired shape by a conventional method such as extrusion molding or press molding, and the molded product is cured and cured to produce a product.

【発明が解決しようとする課題】[Problem to be solved by the invention]

ところで、従来の製造工程において無機硬化性組成物中
に分散されるパルプは、一般に乾式で、たとえば、ハン
マーミルなどの装置を用いて解繊されている。これは、
乾式解繊されたパルプは−般に分散が容易なためである
が、このパルプを使用した場合でも一部に解繊されてい
ないもが含まれたり、解繊されたパルプが玉状になって
組成物中に塊として残ることがある。 したがって、強度上有効な長繊維パルプは、特に上記方
法では分散が困難であり、それを使用して成形して得た
製品は、表面荒れがひどいとともに、長繊維パルプの持
つ強度への作用を十分に発揮させることができず、現状
としては長繊維パルプが殆ど用いられていない。 本発明は、このような事情に鑑みて、強度上有効な長繊
維パルプの分散が良好で、強度、加工性、表面平滑性に
優れた繊維補強無機硬化体を得ることができるパルプ混
入無機硬化性組成物を製造する方法を提供することを目
的としている。
By the way, pulp dispersed in an inorganic curable composition in a conventional manufacturing process is generally dry-fibrillated using a device such as a hammer mill. this is,
This is because dry defibrated pulp is generally easy to disperse, but even when this pulp is used, it may contain some undefibrated pulp or the defibrated pulp may become ball-shaped. may remain as lumps in the composition. Therefore, it is difficult to disperse long-fiber pulp, which is effective in terms of strength, especially by the above method, and the products obtained by molding it have severe surface roughness, and the long-fiber pulp has no effect on strength. It has not been possible to fully demonstrate this effect, and at present, long-fiber pulp is hardly used. In view of these circumstances, the present invention has been developed to provide a pulp-mixed inorganic cured product that can obtain a fiber-reinforced inorganic cured product that has good dispersion of long fiber pulp that is effective for strength and has excellent strength, workability, and surface smoothness. The object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a sexual composition.

【課題を解決するための手段】[Means to solve the problem]

このような目的を達成するために、本発明は、無機水硬
性物質、パルプ、増粘剤を含む材料を、水と混合、混練
してなるとともに、所望形状に成形後養生硬化させるこ
とによりパルプ補強無機硬化体を製造することができる
パルプ混入無機硬化性組成物を得るにあたり、多量の水
の中で離解し90%以上の含水率に調整I7た繊維長2
岨以上の長繊維パルプおよび乾式粉砕した繊維長1.5
mm以下のパルプのうち少なくとも前記長繊維パルプが
含まれるパルプを、無機水硬性物質100重量部に対し
て乾燥状態の重量に換算して1〜10重量部の割合で添
加して混合、混練を行うことを特徴とするパルプ混入無
機硬化性組成物の製造方法を要旨としている。
In order to achieve such an object, the present invention is made by mixing and kneading a material containing an inorganic hydraulic substance, pulp, and a thickener with water, and forming pulp into a desired shape by curing and hardening. In order to obtain a pulp-containing inorganic curable composition capable of producing a reinforced inorganic cured body, the fiber length 2 was disintegrated in a large amount of water and adjusted to a water content of 90% or more.
Long-fiber pulp with a fiber length of 1.5 or more and dry-milled fiber length of 1.5 or more
Pulp containing at least the above-mentioned long fiber pulp among the pulps having a diameter of 1 mm or less is added at a ratio of 1 to 10 parts by weight in terms of dry weight per 100 parts by weight of the inorganic hydraulic substance, and mixed and kneaded. The gist of this article is a method for producing a pulp-containing inorganic curable composition.

【作  用】[For production]

乾式粉砕した繊維長2mm以上の長繊維パルプは、パル
プ同士が絡まってしまうため、はぐすのが非常に困難で
ある。そこで、この発明においては、長繊維パルプを多
量の水の中で離解させて単繊維化し均一にほぐしたのち
、その含水率を90%以上に調整し、所望量の長繊維パ
ルプを無機水硬性物質に加えて混合、混練している。 すなわち、含水率を90%以」二にしてなるため、比較
的低い混合力でも長繊維パルプが容易にほぐれるように
なっている。 また、長繊維パルプの添加のみでは、所望の加工性を得
ることができない場合には、乾式粉砕パルプをともに添
加することで、加工性を向上させることができる。
Dry-pulverized long-fiber pulp with a fiber length of 2 mm or more is very difficult to remove because the pulps become entangled with each other. Therefore, in this invention, the long fiber pulp is disintegrated in a large amount of water to form single fibers and loosened uniformly, and then the moisture content is adjusted to 90% or more, and the desired amount of the long fiber pulp is In addition to substances, they are mixed and kneaded. That is, since the water content is set to 90% or more, the long fiber pulp can be easily loosened even with a relatively low mixing force. In addition, if the desired processability cannot be obtained only by adding long-fiber pulp, processability can be improved by adding dry-pulverized pulp together.

【実 施 例】【Example】

以下に、本発明を、その実施例を参照しつつ詳しく説明
する。 長繊維パルプとしては、針葉樹、広葉樹、故紙、合成パ
ルプ等、特に限定されないが、−数的に繊維長が長く強
度上最も期待できることから針葉樹が好ましい。また、
このパルプの晒しの有無および叩解の有無は、特に限定
されず、必要に応じて適宜調整しても何ら問題がない。 長繊維パルプの含水率が90%未満であると、パルプが
十分に分散できず、塊となる。一方、混合速度を上げた
り、混合時間を長くして分散させるようにすると、パル
プが混合により傷んでしまい、結果として長繊維を混入
することによる硬化体の強度の向上がみられない。 乾式粉砕された短繊維パルプの繊維長が1.5 mmを
超えると、繊維がほぐれにくくなり、繊維の塊ができる
ため製品表面が悪くなる。 なお、本発明でいう繊維長は、殆どのパルプが概ねその
長さであることでたりる。 また、無機水硬性物質100重量部に対してのパルプの
添加量が1重量部未満であるとパルプ添加の効果がない
。一方、10重量部を越すと塊ができて分散が十分にで
きな(なる。 なお、パルプを無機水硬性物質に添加して混合するあた
り、パルプに適量の増粘剤および水を添加して予め混合
し、この混合物を無機水硬性物質に添加することが好ま
しい。 パルプと適量の増粘剤および水を混合して適度な粘性状
態にしおくことで、無機水硬性物質との混合時にせん断
が効果的に働き、よりパルプの分散性が高まる。また、
この方法をとることにより押出成形やプレス成形におい
て使用が一般的なアイリッヒミキサーやスーパーミキサ
ー等を用い、水と上述の調整物のみを混合した場合に生
じるパルプおよび補強繊維の飛び散りを防止することが
できる。 増粘剤としては、特に限定されないが、通常押出成形で
使用されるメチルセルロースなどを使用することができ
る。メチルセルロース等の増粘剤を用いれば、この増粘
剤が成形の際の成形助剤としても作用する。 無機水硬性物質とは、水と反応して硬化する物質のこと
であって、特に限定されないが、たとえば、ポルトラン
ドセメント、スラグセメント、アルミナセメント、石膏
などが挙げられる。 また、無機水硬性物質とパルプを混合する際にたとえば
、同時に、メチルセルロースなどの増粘剤や成形助剤、
パーライトなどの無機軽量化材、スチレンビーズのよう
な有機軽量骨材、珪砂、フライアッシュなどの骨材、ビ
ニロン、ポリプロピレン、アクリルなどの有機繊維、ウ
オラストナイト、アスベスト、チタン酸カリウム、ガラ
ス繊維などの無機繊維やその他の充填材等のその他の配
合物も、必要に応じて適宜添加できる。 混合、混線により得られた無機硬化性組成物は、特に限
定されないが、通常、押出成形やプレス成形によって所
望の形状に成形され、公知の方法、たとえば、蒸気養生
、オートクレーブ養生、水中養生、自然養生などによっ
て養生硬化されて無機硬化体となる。 なお、得られた無機硬化体は、主として建材として使用
できる。 (実施例1) 普通ポルトランドセメント100重量部、フライアッシ
ュ50重量部、メチルセルロース2重量部をアイリッヒ
ミキサーに入れ、500 rpmで3分間混合したのち
、含水率91%に調整した平均繊維長3mmのNUKP
 (針葉樹未さらしクラフトパルプ)の湿式解繊界27
.78重量部(パルプの乾燥重量に換算して2.5重量
部)および水2.72重量部(配合水換算28重量部)
をこの混合物に加え300 rpmで3分間混合した。 混合後の状態のおいてこの混合物にはパルプの塊が殆ど
見られなかった。 つぎに、この混合物を混練機で混練した後、真空押出成
形機(スクリュー径100闘φ)を用いて成形し成形体
を得た。 この成形体を60℃で12時間蒸気養生して繊維補強無
機硬化体を得た。 (実施例2) 実施例1と同様の湿式解繊界の2(乾燥)重量部を配合
比とし、平均繊維長1aunの乾式粉砕短繊維パルプを
1重量部の配合比で別に添加した以外は実施例1と同様
にして繊維補強無機硬化体を得た。 (実施例3) 湿式解繊界として叩解処理したNUKP (濾水度40
°SR)を用いた以外は実施例2と同様にして繊維補強
無機硬化体を得た。 (実施例4) 混合物にさらに3重量部のスチレンビーズを加えた以外
は、実施例2と同様にして繊維補強無機硬化体を得た。 (実施例5) 混合物にさらに2重量部のアクリル繊維を加えた以外は
、実施例2と同様にして繊維補強無機硬化体を得た。 (比較例1) 湿式解繊界を0.5(乾燥)重量部、水を26重量部の
配合比とした以外は実施例1と同様にして繊維補強無機
硬化体を得た。 (比較例2) 短繊維パルプを12(乾燥)重量部、水を34重量部の
配合比とした以外は実施例2と同様にして繊維補強無機
硬化体を得た。 (比較例3) 湿式解繊界の含水率を80%とした以外は実施例2と同
様にして繊維補強無機硬化体を得た。 (比較例4) 混合時の回転速度を1100Orpとした以外は比較例
3と同様にして繊維補強無機硬化体を得た。 (比較例5) 湿式解繊界として平均繊維長1.5Mのものを用いた以
外は実施例2と同様にして繊維補強無機硬化体を得た。 (比較例6) 乾式粉砕したパルプとして平均繊維長2mmのものを用
いた以外は実施例2と同様にして繊維補強無機硬化体を
得た。 上記実施例1〜5および比較例1〜6で得られた繊維補
強無機硬化体を3週間放置し、それぞれについて3週間
後の曲げ強度、切断面の状態およびその切断面に現れた
パルプ塊の数を調べ、その結果を各組成の配合割合と共
に第1表に示した。 第1表にみるように、実施例1〜5において得られた繊
維補強無機硬化体は、パルプの分散もよく、加工性に優
れ、強度も強いものであった。 一方、比較例1〜6は、いずれも加工性、強度、パルプ
の分散性が悪いなどの欠点を有していた。
The present invention will be explained in detail below with reference to examples thereof. The long-fiber pulp is not particularly limited to softwood, hardwood, waste paper, synthetic pulp, etc., but softwood is preferred because it has numerically longer fiber length and is most promising for strength. Also,
The presence or absence of bleaching and beating of this pulp are not particularly limited, and may be appropriately adjusted as necessary without any problem. When the water content of the long fiber pulp is less than 90%, the pulp cannot be sufficiently dispersed and becomes lumps. On the other hand, if the mixing speed is increased or the mixing time is increased to achieve dispersion, the pulp will be damaged by the mixing, and as a result, the strength of the cured product will not be improved by mixing long fibers. If the fiber length of the dry-pulverized short fiber pulp exceeds 1.5 mm, the fibers become difficult to unravel and agglomerates of fibers are formed, resulting in poor product surface quality. Note that the fiber length as used in the present invention means that most pulps have approximately this length. Furthermore, if the amount of pulp added is less than 1 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the inorganic hydraulic substance, the addition of pulp has no effect. On the other hand, if the amount exceeds 10 parts by weight, lumps will form and dispersion will not be sufficient. When adding the pulp to the inorganic hydraulic substance and mixing it, add an appropriate amount of thickener and water to the pulp. It is preferable to mix the pulp in advance and add this mixture to the inorganic hydraulic material.By mixing the pulp, an appropriate amount of thickener and water to a suitable viscosity state, shearing is reduced when mixing with the inorganic hydraulic material. It works effectively and improves the dispersibility of pulp.Also,
By adopting this method, it is possible to prevent the scattering of pulp and reinforcing fibers that occurs when only water and the above-mentioned preparation are mixed using an Eirich mixer or a super mixer that is commonly used in extrusion molding or press molding. I can do it. The thickener is not particularly limited, but methylcellulose, which is commonly used in extrusion molding, and the like can be used. If a thickener such as methyl cellulose is used, this thickener also acts as a molding aid during molding. The inorganic hydraulic substance is a substance that hardens by reacting with water, and includes, but is not particularly limited to, portland cement, slag cement, alumina cement, gypsum, and the like. In addition, when mixing inorganic hydraulic substances and pulp, for example, at the same time, thickeners such as methyl cellulose and forming aids, etc.
Inorganic lightweight materials such as perlite, organic lightweight aggregates such as styrene beads, aggregates such as silica sand and fly ash, organic fibers such as vinylon, polypropylene, and acrylic, wollastonite, asbestos, potassium titanate, glass fiber, etc. Other compounds such as inorganic fibers and other fillers can also be added as appropriate. The inorganic curable composition obtained by mixing and cross-mixing is usually, but not limited to, formed into a desired shape by extrusion molding or press molding, and then subjected to known methods such as steam curing, autoclave curing, water curing, natural curing, etc. It is cured and hardened by curing to become an inorganic hardened body. Note that the obtained inorganic cured product can be mainly used as a building material. (Example 1) 100 parts by weight of ordinary Portland cement, 50 parts by weight of fly ash, and 2 parts by weight of methylcellulose were placed in an Eirich mixer, mixed at 500 rpm for 3 minutes, and then mixed with an average fiber length of 3 mm adjusted to a moisture content of 91%. NUKP
(Softwood unexposed kraft pulp) wet defibration world 27
.. 78 parts by weight (2.5 parts by weight in terms of pulp dry weight) and 2.72 parts by weight in water (28 parts by weight in terms of blended water)
was added to this mixture and mixed for 3 minutes at 300 rpm. Almost no pulp lumps were observed in this mixture after mixing. Next, this mixture was kneaded using a kneader, and then molded using a vacuum extrusion molding machine (screw diameter: 100 mm) to obtain a molded product. This molded body was steam-cured at 60° C. for 12 hours to obtain a fiber-reinforced inorganic cured body. (Example 2) Same as Example 1 except that 2 (dry) parts by weight of the wet defibration world was used as a blending ratio, and dry crushed short fiber pulp with an average fiber length of 1 aun was separately added at a blending ratio of 1 part by weight. A fiber-reinforced inorganic cured body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1. (Example 3) NUKP (freeness level 40
A fiber-reinforced inorganic cured body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that SR) was used. (Example 4) A fiber-reinforced inorganic cured body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2, except that 3 parts by weight of styrene beads were further added to the mixture. (Example 5) A fiber-reinforced inorganic cured body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2, except that 2 parts by weight of acrylic fibers were further added to the mixture. (Comparative Example 1) A fiber-reinforced inorganic cured product was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the wet defibration field was mixed at 0.5 parts by weight (dry) and the water was mixed at 26 parts by weight. (Comparative Example 2) A fiber-reinforced inorganic cured product was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2, except that the blending ratio was 12 parts by weight (dry) of short fiber pulp and 34 parts by weight of water. (Comparative Example 3) A fiber-reinforced inorganic cured body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the water content of the wet defibration field was 80%. (Comparative Example 4) A fiber-reinforced inorganic cured product was obtained in the same manner as Comparative Example 3 except that the rotational speed during mixing was 1100 Orp. (Comparative Example 5) A fiber-reinforced inorganic cured body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2, except that a wet defibration field having an average fiber length of 1.5M was used. (Comparative Example 6) A fiber-reinforced inorganic cured product was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2, except that dry-pulverized pulp with an average fiber length of 2 mm was used. The fiber-reinforced inorganic cured bodies obtained in Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 were left for 3 weeks, and the bending strength, the state of the cut surface, and the pulp mass appearing on the cut surface were evaluated for each after 3 weeks. The results are shown in Table 1 along with the blending ratio of each composition. As shown in Table 1, the fiber-reinforced inorganic cured bodies obtained in Examples 1 to 5 had good pulp dispersion, excellent workability, and high strength. On the other hand, Comparative Examples 1 to 6 all had drawbacks such as poor processability, strength, and pulp dispersibility.

【発明の効果】【Effect of the invention】

本発明にかかるパルプ混入無機硬化性組成物の製造方法
は、以上のように構成されているので、−数的な押出法
、プレス法において使用されている混合機による低い混
合力で強度上有効な長繊維パルプの分散が良好で、かつ
、その充填量が十分なパルプ混入無機硬化性組成物を得
ることができる。 したがって、この得られたパルプ混入無機硬化性組成物
を用いれば、強度、加工性、製品外観に優れた建材とし
て有効に利用できる繊維補強無機硬化体を得ることがで
きる。
Since the method for producing the pulp-containing inorganic curable composition according to the present invention is configured as described above, - it is effective in terms of strength with a low mixing force using a mixer used in numerical extrusion methods and press methods. It is possible to obtain a pulp-containing inorganic curable composition in which the long fiber pulp is well dispersed and the filling amount thereof is sufficient. Therefore, by using the obtained pulp-containing inorganic curable composition, it is possible to obtain a fiber-reinforced inorganic cured product that can be effectively used as a building material with excellent strength, workability, and product appearance.

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] (1)無機水硬性物質、パルプ、増粘剤を含む材料を、
水と混合、混練してなるとともに、所望形状に成形後養
生硬化させることによりパルプ補強無機硬化体を製造す
ることができるパルプ混入無機硬化性組成物を得るにあ
たり、多量の水の中で離解し90%以上の含水率に調整
した繊維長2mm以上の長繊維パルプおよび乾式粉砕し
た繊維長1.5mm以下のパルプのうち少なくとも前記
長繊維パルプが含まれるパルプを、無機水硬性物質10
0重量部に対して乾燥状態の重量に換算して1〜10重
量部の割合で添加して混合、混練を行うことを特徴とす
るパルプ混入無機硬化性組成物の製造方法。
(1) Materials containing inorganic hydraulic substances, pulp, and thickeners,
In order to obtain a pulp-containing inorganic curable composition that can be mixed with water, kneaded, molded into a desired shape, and then cured and cured, a pulp-containing inorganic curable composition can be produced. Among long-fiber pulp with a fiber length of 2 mm or more adjusted to a moisture content of 90% or more and dry-pulverized pulp with a fiber length of 1.5 mm or less, the pulp containing at least the long-fiber pulp is treated with an inorganic hydraulic substance 10
1. A method for producing a pulp-containing inorganic curable composition, which comprises adding 1 to 10 parts by weight of pulp in terms of dry weight relative to 0 parts by weight, mixing and kneading.
JP33841190A 1990-11-30 1990-11-30 Production of pulp-incorporated inorganic curable composition Pending JPH04209735A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP33841190A JPH04209735A (en) 1990-11-30 1990-11-30 Production of pulp-incorporated inorganic curable composition

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP33841190A JPH04209735A (en) 1990-11-30 1990-11-30 Production of pulp-incorporated inorganic curable composition

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPH04209735A true JPH04209735A (en) 1992-07-31

Family

ID=18317906

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP33841190A Pending JPH04209735A (en) 1990-11-30 1990-11-30 Production of pulp-incorporated inorganic curable composition

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPH04209735A (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2007045688A (en) * 2005-08-12 2007-02-22 Nozawa Corp Composition for extruded cement

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2007045688A (en) * 2005-08-12 2007-02-22 Nozawa Corp Composition for extruded cement

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