JPH04118100A - Method and device for biologically treating organic sewage - Google Patents
Method and device for biologically treating organic sewageInfo
- Publication number
- JPH04118100A JPH04118100A JP2235891A JP23589190A JPH04118100A JP H04118100 A JPH04118100 A JP H04118100A JP 2235891 A JP2235891 A JP 2235891A JP 23589190 A JP23589190 A JP 23589190A JP H04118100 A JPH04118100 A JP H04118100A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- filter bed
- filter
- bed
- water
- treated water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000031018 biological processes and functions Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000019645 odor Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 3
- RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracen-1-ylmethanolate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C(C[O-])=CC=CC3=CC2=C1 RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003830 anthracite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 2
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010800 human waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010842 industrial wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001546 nitrifying effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
Landscapes
- Biological Treatment Of Waste Water (AREA)
- Filtration Of Liquid (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は、下水、各種産業廃水、浄化槽汚泥、し尿など
の有機性汚水を高度に浄化する新規処理装置に関するも
のである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Field of Industrial Application] The present invention relates to a new treatment device for highly purifying organic wastewater such as sewage, various industrial wastewaters, septic tank sludge, and human waste.
従来の好気性生物濾床装置は、第２図に示すように、槽
２１の水面下に、砂、アンスラサイト、粒状活性炭、シ
ャモットなとの各種粒状固体の充填層（生物濾床２２と
呼ぶ）を設け、該生物濾床２２内下部に空気散気管２３
を配設したものである。前記充填層を構成する濾材は単
一種類か用いられ、複数の種類の濾材は用いられていな
い。As shown in FIG. 2, a conventional aerobic biological filter bed device has a packed bed (called a biological filter bed 22) of various granular solids such as sand, anthracite, granular activated carbon, and chamotte under the water surface of a tank 21. ), and an air diffuser pipe 23 is provided in the lower part of the biological filter bed 22.
is arranged. A single type of filter medium is used to constitute the packed bed, and a plurality of types of filter media are not used.
この好気性生物濾床装置には、沈殿池２４、処理水貯槽
２８、洗浄排水貯槽３０が付設されている。This aerobic biological filter bed device is provided with a sedimentation tank 24, a treated water storage tank 28, and a washing wastewater storage tank 30.
有機性汚水（原水）は、沈殿池２４で沈降し易いＳＳか
沈降分離された後、沈殿越流水か管２５から処理槽２１
の上部に流入し、生物濾床２２を下向流で流通し、粒状
濾材表面の微生物およびブロワ−２６から供給される空
気泡と接触し、ＢＯＤか生物学的に除去されると共に微
細ＳＳも濾過除去され、清澄処理水となって、流出管２
７を経て処理水貯槽２８に流入する。After organic wastewater (raw water) is separated by sedimentation from SS that is easy to settle in the settling tank 24, the settled overflow water is sent from the pipe 25 to the treatment tank 21.
flows into the upper part of the filter, flows downward through the biological filter bed 22, comes into contact with microorganisms on the surface of the granular filter medium and air bubbles supplied from the blower 26, and not only BOD but also fine SS is removed biologically. It is filtered out, becomes clear treated water, and flows into the outflow pipe 2.
7 and flows into the treated water storage tank 28.
このような運転を続けるにつれ、生物濾床２２内の捕捉
ＳＳ量の増加に起因して、濾過抵抗が増加し、処理水質
も悪化し始めるので、処理水をポンプ２９によって生物
濾床２２の下部に供給し、生物濾床２２を逆洗する。As such operation continues, the filtration resistance increases due to an increase in the amount of SS trapped in the biological filter bed 22, and the quality of the treated water begins to deteriorate. and backwash the biological filter bed 22.
生物濾床２２の洗浄排水は、槽２Ｉの上部から溢流して
洗浄排水槽３０に流入した後、ポンプ３１により沈殿池
２４に供給され、８８分が沈降分離され、原水と洗浄排
水流量との合計量か再び浸漬濾床２２へ供給される。The washing wastewater from the biological filter bed 22 overflows from the upper part of the tank 2I and flows into the washing wastewater tank 30, and then is supplied to the sedimentation tank 24 by the pump 31, where 88 minutes is sedimented and separated, and the raw water and the washing wastewater flow rate are combined. The total amount is again fed to the submerged filter bed 22.
しかしながら、第２図の従来装置には次のような大きな
欠点かあり、さらに優れた装置及びシステムは切望され
ているのか実情である。However, the conventional device shown in FIG. 2 has the following major drawbacks, and there is a real need for even better devices and systems.
■ 原水ＳＳか多い場合、第２図のように好気性生物濾
床の前段に沈澱池を設け、ＳＳを除去し、生物濾床か許
容できる濃度にまで低下させなけれはならない。■ If the raw water contains a large amount of SS, it is necessary to install a sedimentation tank in front of the aerobic biological filter as shown in Figure 2 to remove the SS and reduce the concentration to a level that can be tolerated by the biological filter.
さもないと、好気性生物濾床の濾床部で速やかに目詰ま
り（閉塞）か進行し、生物濾床の運転継続か不可能にな
る。濾床の洗浄頻度も激増する。Otherwise, the filter bed portion of the aerobic biological filter bed will rapidly become clogged (occlusion), making it impossible to continue operating the biological filter bed. The frequency of cleaning the filter bed also increases dramatically.
しかも、沈殿池の沈降分離速度はたかだか３０ｍ／日程
度しか設定できないので、沈殿池の設置スペース、建設
費か大きくなる。Moreover, the sedimentation separation speed of the sedimentation tank can only be set to about 30 m/day at most, which increases the installation space and construction cost of the sedimentation tank.
■ 沈殿池からＳＳのキャリオーバーか流量変動時なと
に不可避的に発生し、好気性生物濾床に流入してしまい
、濾床の目詰まりを早める。■ SS inevitably occurs during carryover from the sedimentation tank or when the flow rate fluctuates, and flows into the aerobic biological filter bed, accelerating the clogging of the filter bed.
■ 沈殿池において、スカムか発生し、硫化水素などの
悪臭も沈澱池水面から発散するので、美観１、作業環境
か劣悪である。■ In the sedimentation tank, scum is generated and bad odors such as hydrogen sulfide are emitted from the water surface of the sedimentation tank, resulting in poor aesthetics and poor working environment.
■ 好気性生物濾床の前段に沈殿池を設ける場合でさえ
も、沈殿池のＳＳ除去率が高くないので、好気性生物濾
床の目詰まり進行が早く、１日に１回の濾床洗浄を行わ
なければならない。従って、処理水の生産効率が悪化す
る。■ Even when a sedimentation tank is installed before the aerobic biological filter bed, the SS removal rate of the sedimentation tank is not high, so the aerobic biological filter bed becomes clogged quickly, making it necessary to clean the filter bed once a day. must be carried out. Therefore, the production efficiency of treated water deteriorates.
本発明の課題は、従来装置の前記欠点を完全に解決し、
下水等の有機性汚水を極めて効果的、合理的に浄化する
ことのできる有機性汚水の生物処理方法および装置を提
供することである。The object of the present invention is to completely solve the above-mentioned drawbacks of conventional devices,
An object of the present invention is to provide a biological treatment method and device for organic wastewater that can extremely effectively and rationally purify organic wastewater such as sewage.
本発明は、下記（１１および（２）記載のものであり、
これにより上記課題を解決できる。The present invention is as described in (11 and (2) below),
This makes it possible to solve the above problem.
（１） 第１の好気性浸漬濾床の下部から有機性汚水
を酸素含有気泡と共に上向流で流通せしめた後、該第１
の浸漬濾床からの流出水を第２の好気性浸漬濾床の下部
から酸素含有気泡と共に上向流で流通せしめ、更に該第
２の濾床からの流出水を濾過装置で濾過処理することを
特徴とする有機性汚水の生物処理方法。(1) After flowing organic wastewater from the lower part of the first aerobic immersion filter bed with oxygen-containing bubbles in an upward flow,
The effluent water from the immersed filter bed is made to flow upwardly from the lower part of the second aerobic immersed filter bed together with oxygen-containing bubbles, and the effluent water from the second filter bed is further filtered by a filtration device. A biological treatment method for organic sewage characterized by:
（２）有機性汚水を酸素含有気泡と共に上向流て流通せ
しめて処理する第１の好気性浸漬濾床、前記第１の濾床
からの流出水を酸素含有気泡と共に上向流で流通せしめ
て処理する第２の好気性浸漬濾床、および前記第２の濾
床からの流出水を濾過処理する濾過装置からなることを
特徴とする有機性汚水の生物処理装置。(2) A first aerobic submerged filter bed for treating organic wastewater by flowing it upwardly together with oxygen-containing bubbles, and making the effluent from the first filter bed flow upwardly together with oxygen-containing bubbles. A biological treatment device for organic sewage, comprising: a second aerobic immersion filter bed for treating water; and a filtration device for filtering water flowing out from the second filter bed.
本発明は、２塔の好気性浸漬濾床、即ち、第１の好気性
浸漬濾床（以下、第１濾床と言う。）と第２の好気性浸
漬濾床（以下、第２濾床と言う。The present invention has two aerobic submerged filter beds, namely, a first aerobic submerged filter bed (hereinafter referred to as the first filter bed) and a second aerobic submerged filter bed (hereinafter referred to as the second filter bed). Say.
）と濾過装置（以下、特に、濾過装置か濾床の場合、第
３濾床と言う。）を直列に組合せたものである。) and a filtration device (hereinafter, particularly in the case of a filtration device or a filter bed, it will be referred to as a third filter bed) in series.
そして、第１濾床および第２濾床を上向流処理装置とし
、第１濾床に導入した有機性汚水を処理したその処理水
、即ち流出水を第２濾床の下部に導入し上向流にて処理
し、その処理水（流出水）を任意の第３濾過装置にて高
度に処理する。Then, the first filter bed and the second filter bed are used as an upward flow treatment device, and the treated water obtained by treating the organic wastewater introduced into the first filter bed, that is, the effluent water, is introduced into the lower part of the second filter bed, and the treated water is introduced into the lower part of the second filter bed. The treatment is carried out in a countercurrent manner, and the treated water (effluent water) is highly treated in an optional third filtration device.
即ち、本発明では、第１濾床および第２濾床で生物膜を
有する粒状濾材により、微生物による有機性汚水に含有
されるＢＯＤ成分の大部分を生物酸化処理し、かつＳＳ
等の非生物酸化性成分の大部分を粒状濾材による物理的
濾過により除去し、第２濾床からの処理水に残留する微
量のＳＳ等を第３濾過装置にて高度に物理濾過し、高度
処理水を得るものである。That is, in the present invention, most of the BOD components contained in organic wastewater are biooxidized by microorganisms using granular filter media having biofilms in the first filter bed and the second filter bed, and SS
Most of the non-biological oxidizing components such as This is to obtain treated water.
以下、濾過装置として第３濾床を用いた場合を説明する
。Hereinafter, a case where a third filter bed is used as a filtration device will be explained.
本発明は、第１濾床の粒状濾材の充填密度を第２１１１
床の粒状濾材の充填密度より小さくすることが好ましい
。第３濾床は、その充填密度を第２濾床と同じかそれよ
り大きくすることが好ましい。In the present invention, the packing density of the granular filter medium of the first filter bed is set to 2111.
Preferably, it is less than the packing density of the granular filter media in the bed. Preferably, the third filter bed has a packing density equal to or greater than that of the second filter bed.
例えば、第１濾床の粒状濾材（以下、第１濾材と言う。For example, the granular filter medium of the first filter bed (hereinafter referred to as the first filter medium).
）の粒径をｄｌ、第２濾床の粒状濾材（以下、第２濾材
と言う。）の粒径をｄ２、第３濾床の粒状濾材（以下、
第３濾材と言う。）の粒径をｄ３とした場合、ｄ、＞ｄ
２≧ｄ３とすることにより、設定できる。) is the particle size of dl, the particle size of the granular filter medium of the second filter bed (hereinafter referred to as the second filter medium) is d2, and the particle size of the granular filter medium of the third filter bed (hereinafter referred to as the second filter medium) is d2,
This is called the third filter medium. ) is the particle size of d3, then d, > d
It can be set by setting 2≧d3.
即ち第１濾床は、その濾材間の空間を第２濾床および第
３濾床より大きくてきるので汚水のＳＳを第２濾床およ
び第３濾床に比べ充分に捕捉・保持することかできる。In other words, the space between the filter media in the first filter bed is larger than that in the second and third filter beds, so it is possible to capture and retain wastewater SS more effectively than in the second and third filter beds. can.
また、第２濾床は、第１Ｉ床に比へ濾材間の空間を小さ
く、充填密度を高くてきるので第１Ｎ床で除去されなか
ったＳＳ等を濾過・除去すると共に残留ＢＯＤ等を除去
することかできる。また、第３濾床は第２濾床に比へ濾
材間の空間を同じかより小さく、充填密度を高くてきる
ので、第２濾床て除去されなかった微小なＳＳ等を高度
に確実に濾過・除去することかできる。また、ＳＳ捕捉
を第１から第３濾床の３塔により機能針部すると共に絶
対捕捉量か増大するので、洗浄頻度を低減することかで
きると共に汚水のＳＳ成分以外の異臭の原因となるＢＯ
Ｄ等は第１濾床および第２濾床の２段階でかつ上向流に
て除去されるため、第１濾床および第２濾床、ひいては
第３濾床表面には汚水成分は滞留しないため装置系外に
悪臭か放出されることを防止てきる。In addition, the second filter bed has a smaller space between the filter media and a higher packing density than the first I bed, so it filters and removes SS, etc. that were not removed in the first N bed, and also removes residual BOD, etc. I can do it. In addition, the third filter bed has the same or smaller space between the filter media and a higher packing density than the second filter bed, so it can highly reliably remove minute SS, etc. that were not removed by the second filter bed. It can be filtered and removed. In addition, SS capture is carried out by the three towers of the first to third filter beds, and the absolute capture amount increases, making it possible to reduce the frequency of cleaning and removing BO, which causes off-odors other than the SS components of sewage.
Since D, etc. are removed in two stages, the first filter bed and the second filter bed, in an upward flow, no sewage components remain on the surfaces of the first filter bed, the second filter bed, or even the third filter bed. This prevents bad odors from being released outside the equipment system.
この場合、第３濾床における第２濾床の処理水、即ち流
出水の処理法は、濾過処理であれば、特に制限されず、
上向流でも下向流でもよく、また、生物処理でも非生物
処理でもかまわない。In this case, the method of treating the treated water of the second filter bed in the third filter bed, that is, the effluent water, is not particularly limited as long as it is a filtration treatment,
It may be an upward flow or a downward flow, and may be a biological treatment or an abiotic treatment.
また、第３１１．過装置として、濾布、限外濾過膜等を
単独もしくは濾床と組み合わせて使用してもよい。Also, No. 311. As the filtration device, a filter cloth, an ultrafiltration membrane, etc. may be used alone or in combination with a filter bed.
本発明における第１濾床、第２濾床、第３ｍ過装置の各
々における具体的な有機性汚水のＢＯＤ、ＳＳ等の除去
率は、ＢＯＤに関して、第１濾床にて５０〜７０％、第
２濾床にて８０〜９０％、第３濾過装置にて９０〜９９
％、ＳＳに関して、第１濾床にて６０〜７０％、第２濾
床にて８０〜９５％、第３濾過装置にて９５〜９９％の
各範囲に設定するとよい。In the present invention, the specific removal rates of BOD, SS, etc. of organic wastewater in each of the first filter bed, second filter bed, and third m filtration device are 50 to 70% in the first filter bed with respect to BOD, 80-90% in the second filter bed, 90-99% in the third filtration device
% and SS are preferably set in the following ranges: 60 to 70% in the first filter bed, 80 to 95% in the second filter bed, and 95 to 99% in the third filtration device.
本発明の第１濾材の平均粒径は、４〜２０ｍｍ、好まし
くは、５〜１０ｍｍの範囲てあり、第２濾材の平均粒径
は、２〜４ｍｍ、好ましくは、２゜５〜３．５ｍｍの範
囲であり、第３濾材の平均粒径は１〜４ｍｍ、好ましく
は、２〜３ｍｍの範囲である。また、第１濾材の比重は
、２．６以下の範囲、第２濾材の比重は、１．５〜２゜
６の範囲、第３濾材の比重は１．５〜２．６の範囲か好
ましく、更に好ましくは、（第１濾材の粒径）〉（第２
濾材の粒径）≧（第３ｆｌｌ材の粒径）かつ（第１濾材
の比重）＜（第２ｐ！材の比重）≦（第３濾材の比重）
の関係を満足するように選択されることか上述の観点か
ら望ましい。The average particle size of the first filter medium of the present invention is in the range of 4 to 20 mm, preferably 5 to 10 mm, and the average particle size of the second filter medium is in the range of 2 to 4 mm, preferably 2°5 to 3.5 mm. The average particle diameter of the third filter medium is in the range of 1 to 4 mm, preferably 2 to 3 mm. Further, the specific gravity of the first filter medium is preferably in the range of 2.6 or less, the specific gravity of the second filter medium is in the range of 1.5 to 2.6, and the specific gravity of the third filter medium is preferably in the range of 1.5 to 2.6. , More preferably, (particle size of the first filter medium)>(second filter medium)
Particle size of filter medium) ≧ (particle size of third fll material) and (specific gravity of first filter medium) < (specific gravity of second p! material) ≦ (specific gravity of third filter medium)
From the above point of view, it is desirable that the
また、第１濾材〜第３ｔＩｌ材の素材としては、生物膜
か形成可能で適度な強度、耐腐食性等を備えていれば特
に制限はなく、公知の無機材料、例えば、セラミックス
、石炭、岩石等の鉱物、および有機材料、例えば、プラ
スチック等の各種樹脂等が使用できる。The material for the first to third filter materials is not particularly limited as long as it can form a biofilm and has appropriate strength, corrosion resistance, etc., and known inorganic materials such as ceramics, coal, rock, etc. Minerals such as, and organic materials such as various resins such as plastics can be used.
第１濾材の好ましい例としては、比表面積の大きな多孔
質体か挙げられ、シャモット、軽量骨材、即ち、ネオラ
イト（商品名；抗火石を焼成したもの）等か挙げられ、
第２濾材および第３濾材の好ましい例として、砂、粒状
活性炭、アンスラサイトか挙げられる。Preferred examples of the first filter medium include porous materials with a large specific surface area, such as chamotte, lightweight aggregates, ie, neolite (trade name: calcined firestone), etc.
Preferable examples of the second filter medium and the third filter medium include sand, granular activated carbon, and anthracite.
本発明に用いられる該生物膜形成微生物としては、特に
、制限はないが、例示すれば、ＢＯＤ酸化菌、硝化菌、
脱窒素菌、酵母等を挙げることかできる。The biofilm-forming microorganisms used in the present invention are not particularly limited, but examples include BOD oxidizing bacteria, nitrifying bacteria,
Examples include denitrifying bacteria and yeast.
本発明の装置は、第１濾床と第２濾床あるいは更に所望
により第３濾床を好気条件に維持する公知の手段を用い
ることかでき、例えば、各濾床の下部に酸素含有ガスを
供給する散気装置を設けることか挙げられる。あるいは
、被処理水を本装置に導入する前に被処理水に酸素を溶
解させる等の手段を利用することがてきるｇ
また、本発明は、第１〜第３濾床の３濾床以外に他の機
能を有する任意の処理空間を設けることかできる。例え
ば、第１濾床の下部に汚水の沈降性ＳＳを沈殿・保持す
るための空間を第１濾床と一体的に設けることかできる
。この場合、汚水を該空間に導入する前に凝集剤を添加
することもてきる。The apparatus of the present invention may employ known means for maintaining the first filter bed, the second filter bed, or even the third filter bed, if desired, in aerobic conditions; for example, an oxygen-containing gas is added to the bottom of each filter bed. An example of this is to install an air diffuser that supplies air. Alternatively, it is possible to use a method such as dissolving oxygen in the water to be treated before introducing the water into the apparatus. Any processing space with other functions can be provided. For example, a space for settling and retaining the sedimentary SS of sewage can be provided below the first filter bed integrally with the first filter bed. In this case, a flocculant can also be added before the wastewater is introduced into the space.
本発明において有機性汚水は、第１濾床下部の流入口か
ら導入されるが、その導入手段は、特に限定されず、直
接導入しても導入前に一端汚水貯留槽に貯留してから導
入してもよい。In the present invention, organic sewage is introduced from the inlet at the bottom of the first filter bed, but the introduction means is not particularly limited. You may.
本発明における該３個の濾床を洗浄するための方法は、
特に制限なく任意の方法が用いられる。The method for cleaning the three filter beds in the present invention is as follows:
Any method can be used without particular limitation.
例えば、散気装置から空気を各濾床に供給し、かつ処理
水又は原水を通水させ該洗浄水を各濾床上部から該汚水
貯留槽へ送ること等か挙げられる。For example, air is supplied from an aeration device to each filter bed, treated water or raw water is passed through, and the washing water is sent from the upper part of each filter bed to the wastewater storage tank.
本発明における第１濾床と第２濾床と第３濾床の容積比
は、処理原水の水質にもよるが、ＳＳか１００〜３００
■／Ｉ！、ＢＯＤか１００〜２００■／ｌの範囲の時、
第１濾床 第２濾床：第３濾床＝１：０．５〜１：０．
５〜ｌ、より好ましくは、１：１：０．５の範囲に設定
するとよい。In the present invention, the volume ratio of the first filter bed, second filter bed, and third filter bed is SS or 100 to 300, depending on the quality of the treated raw water.
■／I! , when BOD is in the range of 100 to 200 ■/l,
1st filter bed 2nd filter bed: 3rd filter bed = 1:0.5 to 1:0.
It is good to set it in the range of 5 to 1, more preferably 1:1:0.5.
また、上記水質の場合、ＢＯＤＩＯ■／ｌ以下およびＳ
Ｓで１０■／Ｉ！Ｗ下の処理水を得るための濾過速度は
、２００〜３００ｍ／日に設定することができ、本発明
の第１濾床もしくは第２濾床の何れか一つのみに相当す
る濾床からなる従来の上向流処理装置に比較し、１０−
１５倍の濾過速度を達成てきる。In addition, in the case of the above water quality, BODIO ■/l or less and S
10■/I in S! The filtration speed for obtaining treated water under W can be set to 200 to 300 m/day, and consists of a filter bed corresponding to only one of the first filter bed or the second filter bed of the present invention. Compared to conventional upflow processing equipment, 10-
Achieves 15 times faster filtration speed.
この場合、本発明装置では洗浄までに要する継続濾過時
間は、第１濾床については約４８時間、第２濾床、第３
濾床については約６０時間であるが、該従来装置では、
約１２時間であり、本発明は従来装置に比べ約４〜５倍
の継続濾過時間を達成できる。In this case, in the device of the present invention, the continuous filtration time required before cleaning is approximately 48 hours for the first filter bed, approximately 48 hours for the second filter bed, and approximately 48 hours for the second filter bed and the third filter bed.
For the filter bed, it is about 60 hours, but in the conventional device,
This is about 12 hours, and the present invention can achieve a continuous filtration time that is about 4 to 5 times longer than conventional devices.
本発明の具体的実施態様例を第１図を参照して本発明の
構成、作用を具体的に説明する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The structure and operation of a specific embodiment of the present invention will be specifically explained with reference to FIG.
第１図の各部を説明する。Each part of FIG. 1 will be explained.
ｌは第１濾床、２は第２６を床であり、これらは水中に
浸漬された固定層となっている好気性生物濾床である。1 is the first filter bed, 2 is the 26th bed, and these are aerobic biological filter beds that are fixed beds immersed in water.
３は濾過装置として濾床を採用した第３濾床である。４
は有機性汚水の流入部、５は沈降性ＳＳの沈殿部であり
、該流入部面に従来の沈殿池を除くことかできる。６は
排泥管、７は空気供給管である。3 is a third filter bed that employs a filter bed as a filtration device. 4
5 is an inflow part for organic sewage, and 5 is a settling part for sedimentary SS, and a conventional settling tank can be removed from the face of the inflow part. 6 is a mud removal pipe, and 7 is an air supply pipe.
８は１次処理水流出部、９は空気供給管、ｌＯは２次処
理水流出部である。１１は空気供給管であり、第３濾床
を好気性生物濾床として使用する場合に稼働させるが、
通常の濾過処理のみの場合は稼働を停止させる。更に、
１２は３次処理水流出部、１３は処理水貯留槽であり、
第１濾床１、第２濾床２、第３濾床３の洗浄に使用され
る。8 is a primary treated water outlet, 9 is an air supply pipe, and lO is a secondary treated water outlet. 11 is an air supply pipe, which is operated when the third filter bed is used as an aerobic biological filter bed;
If only normal filtration processing is required, the operation will be stopped. Furthermore,
12 is a tertiary treated water outflow part, 13 is a treated water storage tank,
It is used for cleaning the first filter bed 1, the second filter bed 2, and the third filter bed 3.
１５は洗浄用水供給ポンプであり、濾床ｌ〜３の洗浄時
に洗浄用水１４か各濾床の下部に供給される。また、１
６．１７．１８は洗浄排水の排出管である。Reference numeral 15 denotes a washing water supply pump, which supplies washing water 14 to the lower part of each filter bed when washing the filter beds 1 to 3. Also, 1
6.17.18 is a discharge pipe for washing waste water.
次に本発明の作用原理を説明する。Next, the principle of operation of the present invention will be explained.
下水等の有機性汚水か流入部４から管路にて第ｔＳ床ｌ
の下部に流入し、汚水中の沈降性ＳＳか沈殿分離された
後、第１床１に上向流で進入してゆく。同時に空気泡（
酸素含有ガス気泡であればよい）か上昇流となって第１
６床１に進入していく。Organic sewage such as sewage is transferred from the inflow section 4 to the tS floor 1.
The wastewater flows into the lower part of the wastewater, and after the sedimentary SS in the wastewater is separated by sedimentation, it enters the first bed 1 in an upward flow. At the same time air bubbles (
Oxygen-containing gas bubbles are sufficient) or the first
6th floor, 1st floor.
第１濾床ｌの粒状濾材の表面には生物膜か付着発生して
おり、汚水中のＢＯＤか生物学的に分解除去される。同
時に汚水中の微細ＳＳ、コロイドが濾過除去される。本
発明では第１濾材をかなり大きなもの（４〜２０ｍｍ程
度か好適）とし、意図的に汚水中のＳＳとＢＯＤの一部
のみを除去するようにし、残留ＳＳ、 ＢＯＤは後続す
る第２濾床に上向流で供給することか重要である。A biological film is attached to the surface of the granular filter medium of the first filter bed 1, and the BOD in the wastewater is biologically decomposed and removed. At the same time, fine SS and colloids in the wastewater are filtered and removed. In the present invention, the first filter medium is made quite large (preferably about 4 to 20 mm) to intentionally remove only a part of SS and BOD in the wastewater, and the remaining SS and BOD are removed from the subsequent second filter bed. It is important to supply the gas with an upward flow.
次に第１濾床で処理された処理水（以下、１次処理水と
言う）は、１次処理水流出部８から管路にて第２ａ床２
に空気供給管９からの空気泡と共に上向流で流入し、１
次処理水中に残留せしめたＳＳ、 ＢＯＤの大部分（９
０％程度）を生物学的作用および濾過作用によって除去
する。Next, the treated water treated in the first filter bed (hereinafter referred to as primary treated water) is transferred from the primary treated water outlet 8 to the second a bed 2.
1 flows in an upward flow together with air bubbles from the air supply pipe 9.
Most of the SS and BOD left in the subsequent treatment water (9
0%) is removed by biological and filtration actions.
第２濾床２における重要ポイントは、第１濾材の平均粒
径よりも小さな粒径の第２濾材を選定すること、および
下向流でなく上向流で通水することである。The important points in the second filter bed 2 are to select a second filter medium with a particle size smaller than the average particle size of the first filter medium, and to pass water in an upward flow rather than a downward flow.
本発明者の実験的検討によれば、第２ｍ材の粒径は平均
２〜４ｍｍが好適であった。According to the inventor's experimental studies, the particle size of the second m material was preferably 2 to 4 mm on average.
このことにより、１次処理水中に残留するＢＯＤ、ＳＳ
を効果的に除去し、かつＳＳの濾床内捕捉容量を著しく
大きくすることか可能となる。もしも、第１濾床および
第２濾床を下向流で操作し、第１濾材の粒径く第２濾材
の粒径とすると、濾過継続可能時間が本発明よりも著し
く短くなってしまう（数分の１に減少）ことか実験の結
果確かめられた。This reduces the amount of BOD and SS remaining in the primary treated water.
It becomes possible to effectively remove SS and significantly increase the SS capture capacity in the filter bed. If the first filter bed and the second filter bed were operated in a downward flow and the particle size of the first filter medium was smaller than that of the second filter medium, the continuous filtration time would be significantly shorter than in the present invention ( This was confirmed through experiments.
さて、第２濾床から流出する処理水（以下、２次処理水
と言う。）は、ＢＯＤ 、 ＳＳともに２０〜３Ｏ■／
ｌに減少している。Now, the treated water flowing out from the second filter bed (hereinafter referred to as secondary treated water) has a BOD and SS of 20 to 3 O/
It has decreased to l.
２次処理水は、流出部ＩＯから第３濾床３に上向流（図
示の場合）または下向流で供給され、仕上げ処理（ポリ
ッシング）される。第３濾材の粒径は第２や材の粒径と
同等あるいは以下か好ましい。The secondary treated water is supplied from the outlet IO to the third filter bed 3 in an upward flow (as shown) or in a downward flow, and is subjected to finishing treatment (polishing). The particle size of the third filter medium is preferably equal to or smaller than the particle size of the second filter medium.
第３濾床の下部から空気供給管を使用して空気を供給し
ながら濾過処理し、生物濾過を行う場合、空気供給量は
第２濾床への空気供給量より少量に設定することか重要
で、このことにより、第３濾床からのＳＳのリーク量を
非常に少なくすることかできる。When performing biological filtration by supplying air using an air supply pipe from the bottom of the third filter bed, it is important to set the air supply amount to a smaller amount than the air supply amount to the second filter bed. With this, the amount of SS leaking from the third filter bed can be extremely reduced.
第３濾床の粒状濾材による２次処理水の濾過処理を第３
濾床に代えて、２次処理水を濾布あるいは膜によって濾
過処理を行っても、粒状濾材による処理と濾布あるいは
膜による処理とを併用してもよい。The filtration treatment of the secondary treatment water using the granular filter media of the third filter bed is carried out in the third filter bed.
Instead of the filter bed, the secondary treated water may be filtered using a filter cloth or a membrane, or the treatment using a granular filter medium and the treatment using a filter cloth or membrane may be used together.
しかして、第３濾床にて２次処理水を処理して得た３次
処理水はＳＳ、 ＢＯＤともに数■／ｌとなって公共用
水域に放流ないし、用水として再利用される。Therefore, the tertiary treated water obtained by treating the secondary treated water in the third filter bed has both SS and BOD of several square meters/l and is discharged into public water bodies or reused as water for use.
本発明における第１濾床〜第３濾床の充填層厚は少な過
ぎては当然充分な効果は発揮てきないが、層厚を高（す
る方向には格別の制限はなく、原水種類、処理速度に応
じ、適宜、実験的に決定すればよい。In the present invention, if the packed layer thickness of the first to third filter beds is too small, the sufficient effect will not be exhibited, but there is no particular restriction on the direction of increasing the layer thickness, and the It may be appropriately determined experimentally depending on the speed.
以下、本発明の具体的実施例を説明するが、本発明はこ
れに限定されるものではない。Hereinafter, specific examples of the present invention will be described, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
実施例
ＢＯＤ １５０■／ｌ、ＳＳ １７０■／ｌの団地下水
を第１図の本発明方法により、連続処理実験を行った。EXAMPLE A continuous treatment experiment was carried out using the method of the present invention as shown in FIG. 1, using underground water of an industrial complex with a BOD of 150 .mu./l and a SS of 170 .mu./l.
原水処理量は５ｒｒｌ”７日である。The amount of raw water treated is 5rrl'' per 7 days.
実験条件を表−１に示す。The experimental conditions are shown in Table-1.
表−１
この結果、第３濾床から流出する３次処理水のＳＳ、
ＢＯＤの平均値は５Ｓ＝１．８■／！、ＢＯＤ＝５゜５
■／１と極めて良好な水質か得られ、濾過継続可能時間
は第１濾床、第２濾床、第３濾床について、各々６０．
６０．６０ｈｒと非常に長時間の濾過継続か可能であっ
た。Table-1 As a result, the SS of the tertiary treated water flowing out from the third filter bed,
The average value of BOD is 5S=1.8■/! , BOD=5゜5
(2) Very good water quality of /1 was obtained, and the continuous filtration time was 60.0% for each of the first, second and third filter beds.
It was possible to continue filtration for a very long time of 60.60 hours.
比較例１
表−１において、流通方向を全て下向流にかえて、その
他は同一条件で実験したところ、第３濾床からの処理水
ＳＳ、 ＢＯＤは前記実施例と同等であったが、濾過継
続可能時間か著しく短くなってしまい、第１（ｌｌ床、
第２ｐ床、第３濾床について、各々１２ｈｒ、ｌ Ｏｈ
ｒ、２０ｈｒに減少し、ヅ用不可であった。Comparative Example 1 In Table 1, when the flow direction was changed to downward flow and the other conditions were the same, the treated water SS and BOD from the third filter bed were the same as in the previous example, but The filtration continuation time was significantly shortened, and the first (ll bed,
For the 2nd p bed and 3rd filter bed, each 12 hr, l Oh
The time was reduced to 20 hours, making it unusable.
比較例２
表−１の本発明例の各濾床設置断面積は原水欠理量５ｒ
１１″／日の場合、第１濾床、第２濾床かいずれも０．
０２５Ｍ、第１＃床か０．０１ｒｒｌ”、合Ｊ４０．０
６ｒｒｒである。従って、第１Ｒ床の断面積を０．０６
ｎ（として、通水速度を８３．３ｍ／日とし第２濾床、
第３濾床を省略して運転した。Comparative Example 2 The cross-sectional area of each filter bed installed in the present invention example shown in Table 1 is raw water deficit amount 5r.
In the case of 11"/day, either the first filter bed or the second filter bed is 0.
025M, 1st #floor 0.01rrl”, combined J40.0
It is 6rrr. Therefore, the cross-sectional area of the 1st R floor is 0.06
n(, the water flow rate is 83.3 m/day, the second filter bed,
The operation was carried out omitting the third filter bed.
空気供給量は表−１の合計量４．５ｒｎ’７日を第１１
１！床に供給した。The total amount of air supplied in Table 1 is 4.5rn'7 days.
1! Supplied on the floor.
この結果、第１濾床からの処理水のＳＳは３８ｍ５／！
、ＢＯＤは３５■／！となり、本発明例よりも著しく悪
化した。また、濾過継続時間は３６ｈｒてあった。As a result, the SS of the treated water from the first filter bed was 38 m5/!
, BOD is 35■/! This was significantly worse than the example of the present invention. Further, the filtration duration was 36 hours.
即ち、比較例２ては本発明例と装置設置面積か同一であ
るにもかかわらず、処理成績は著しく劣っていた。That is, although Comparative Example 2 had the same installation area as the present invention example, the processing results were significantly inferior.
以上のように本発明によれば、次のような重要効果を得
ることか可能であり、従来の好気性／ｌＥ物濾床の諸欠
点の全てを解決できる。As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain the following important effects, and all of the drawbacks of conventional aerobic/lE filter beds can be solved.
■ ＳＳか高濃度の原水についても好気性生物濾床の前
段に別個の沈殿池を設ける必要かなく、沈殿池からのＳ
Ｓのキャリオーバー、スカム発生、悪臭発散か全くな（
なる。設置面積も従来装置の１１５〜ｌ／８と大幅に削
減できる。■ Even for raw water with high SS or high concentration, there is no need to install a separate sedimentation tank before the aerobic biological filter bed;
S carryover, scum generation, bad odor emission, etc. (
Become. The installation space can also be significantly reduced to 115 to 8 l/8 compared to conventional equipment.
■ 好気性生物濾床の上部から清澄な処理水か流出する
ので、美観的に優れており、原水中の悪臭成分も生物脱
臭されているので臭気の発散かない。■ Clear treated water flows out from the top of the aerobic biological filter bed, so it is aesthetically pleasing, and malodorous components in the raw water are biologically deodorized, so no odors are emitted.
■ 濾過継続時間を従来装置の２〜３倍長くとれるのて
、濾材の洗浄頻度か少なく、洗浄排水の発生量か減少す
る。維持管理も容易になる。処理水の生産効率か高い。(2) Since the filtration duration can be two to three times longer than conventional devices, the frequency of cleaning the filter medium is reduced and the amount of cleaning wastewater generated is reduced. Maintenance and management will also become easier. The production efficiency of treated water is high.
第１図は、本発明の具体的実施例の一例を説明するため
のフローチャートを示す図、第２図は従来の方法のフロ
ーチャートを示す図である。
符号の説明
Ｉご第１濾床
３：第３濾床
５：沈殿部
７：空気供給管
９、空気供給管
ｌｌ：空気供給管
１３二処理水貯留槽
１５：洗浄用水供給ポンプ
１６．１７．１８：洗浄排水の排出管
第２濾床
有機性汚水の流入部
排泥管
１次処理水流出部
２次処理水流出部
３次処理水流出部
洗浄用水
代理人弁理士（８１０７）佐々木 清除（ほか３名）
第２図
生物濾床
２５管
に ブロワ−
２７：流出管
２８ 処理水貯留
２９、ポンプ
３０＝洗浄排水管
３１：ポンプFIG. 1 is a flowchart for explaining a specific embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a conventional method. Explanation of symbols I First filter bed 3: Third filter bed 5: Sedimentation section 7: Air supply pipe 9, Air supply pipe 11: Air supply pipe 13 2. Treated water storage tank 15: Washing water supply pump 16.17. 18: Washing wastewater discharge pipe 2nd filter bed Organic sewage inlet Sludge pipe Primary treated water outlet Secondary treated water outlet Tertiary treated water outlet Washing water agent Patent attorney (8107) Kiyoshi Sasaki ( and 3 others) Figure 2 Biological filter bed 25 pipe Blower 27: Outflow pipe 28 Treated water storage 29, pump 30 = Washing drain pipe 31: Pump
Claims (4)
素含有気泡と共に上向流で流通せしめた後、該第１の浸
漬濾床からの流出水を第２の好気性浸漬濾床の下部から
酸素含有気泡と共に上向流で流通せしめ、更に該第２の
濾床からの流出水を濾過装置で濾過処理することを特徴
とする有機性汚水の生物処理方法。(1) Organic wastewater is made to flow upwardly from the lower part of the first aerobic submerged filter bed together with oxygen-containing bubbles, and then the effluent from the first submerged filter bed is passed through the second aerobic submerged filter. 1. A biological treatment method for organic sewage, characterized in that the water is allowed to flow upwardly from the bottom of the bed together with oxygen-containing bubbles, and further, the water flowing out from the second filter bed is filtered using a filtration device.
第２の好気性浸漬濾床の粒状濾材の充填密度より小さい
ことを特徴とする請求項１記載の有機性汚水の生物処理
方法。(2) The packing density of the granular filter medium of the first aerobic immersion filter bed is
2. The biological treatment method for organic wastewater according to claim 1, wherein the packing density is smaller than that of the granular filter medium of the second aerobic immersion filter bed.
しめて処理する第１の好気性浸漬濾床、前記第１の濾床
からの流出水を酸素含有気泡と共に上向流で流通せしめ
て処理する第２の好気性浸漬濾床、および前記第２の濾
床からの流出水を濾過処理する濾過装置からなることを
特徴とする有機性汚水の生物処理装置。(3) a first aerobic submerged filter bed for treating organic sewage by flowing it in an upward flow together with oxygen-containing bubbles; a first aerobic submerged filter bed in which the effluent from the first filter bed is caused to flow in an upward flow together with oxygen-containing bubbles; A biological treatment device for organic sewage, comprising: a second aerobic immersion filter bed for treating water; and a filtration device for filtering water flowing out from the second filter bed.
第２の好気性浸漬濾床の粒状濾材の充填密度より小さい
ことを特徴とする請求項３記載の有機性汚水の生物処理
装置。(4) The packing density of the granular filter medium of the first aerobic immersion filter bed is
4. The biological treatment apparatus for organic wastewater according to claim 3, wherein the packing density is smaller than that of the granular filter medium of the second aerobic immersion filter bed.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2235891A JPH0729114B2 (en) | 1990-09-07 | 1990-09-07 | Method and apparatus for biological treatment of organic wastewater |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2235891A JPH0729114B2 (en) | 1990-09-07 | 1990-09-07 | Method and apparatus for biological treatment of organic wastewater |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH04118100A true JPH04118100A (en) | 1992-04-20 |
| JPH0729114B2 JPH0729114B2 (en) | 1995-04-05 |
Family
ID=16992775
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2235891A Expired - Fee Related JPH0729114B2 (en) | 1990-09-07 | 1990-09-07 | Method and apparatus for biological treatment of organic wastewater |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0729114B2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2828878A1 (en) * | 2001-08-22 | 2003-02-28 | Didier Brouillet | Used water purification plant, comprises accelerated decantation vessel and fixed culture reactor mounted in series |
| CN102964037A (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2013-03-13 | 北京翰祺环境技术有限公司 | Novel sewage treatment method by combined utilization of light filter material biological aerated filter and heavy filter material biological aerated filter |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS647998A (en) * | 1987-06-29 | 1989-01-11 | Mini Public Works | Treatment of organic waste water |
| JPH0227037A (en) * | 1988-07-14 | 1990-01-29 | Natl House Ind Co Ltd | Fire protecting joint structure |
-
1990
- 1990-09-07 JP JP2235891A patent/JPH0729114B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS647998A (en) * | 1987-06-29 | 1989-01-11 | Mini Public Works | Treatment of organic waste water |
| JPH0227037A (en) * | 1988-07-14 | 1990-01-29 | Natl House Ind Co Ltd | Fire protecting joint structure |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2828878A1 (en) * | 2001-08-22 | 2003-02-28 | Didier Brouillet | Used water purification plant, comprises accelerated decantation vessel and fixed culture reactor mounted in series |
| CN102964037A (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2013-03-13 | 北京翰祺环境技术有限公司 | Novel sewage treatment method by combined utilization of light filter material biological aerated filter and heavy filter material biological aerated filter |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH0729114B2 (en) | 1995-04-05 |
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