JPH033179Y2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH033179Y2 JPH033179Y2 JP1985183244U JP18324485U JPH033179Y2 JP H033179 Y2 JPH033179 Y2 JP H033179Y2 JP 1985183244 U JP1985183244 U JP 1985183244U JP 18324485 U JP18324485 U JP 18324485U JP H033179 Y2 JPH033179 Y2 JP H033179Y2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- steel
- shelves
- wall
- shelf
- fish
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 17
- 241000238366 Cephalopoda Species 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241000283153 Cetacea Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241001474374 Blennius Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000384 rearing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
Landscapes
- Artificial Fish Reefs (AREA)
Description
【考案の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本考案は、海中に設置して魚類ならびに産卵場
としての機能を有する小形鋼製人工魚礁で、特に
ヤリイカの産卵などに適するものに関する。[Detailed Description of the Invention] [Industrial Application Field] The present invention relates to an artificial fish reef made of small steel that is installed in the sea and has the function of a fish and spawning ground, and is particularly suitable for spawning of porpoise squid.
国の沿岸漁場整備開発事業など漁場造成事業に
採用される人工魚礁はその目的とする魚類の集魚
機能により、設置場所、水深、設置規模等にマツ
チした魚礁が選択採用されている。これらの魚礁
は一般的には、耐久性や経済性の点から、コンク
リート製、FRP製、鋼製など数多くの魚礁が開
発され、全国各地で事業に使用されている。
Artificial reefs used in fishing ground creation projects such as the national coastal fishing ground improvement and development project are selected based on their intended function of attracting fish, and the reefs are selected to match the installation location, water depth, installation size, etc. Generally, many types of reefs such as concrete, FRP, and steel have been developed from the viewpoint of durability and economy, and are used in projects all over the country.
次に、魚礁による漁場造成の内容としては、漁
獲を目的とするもの、幼稚魚の保護育成を目的と
するもの、産卵場を目的とするものなど、近年は
造成目的が多様化しており、浅場から深場まで広
範囲の海域に亘つて展開されている。 Next, the purpose of creating fishing grounds using fish reefs has diversified in recent years, such as for the purpose of fishing, for protecting and raising young fish, and for creating spawning grounds. It is deployed over a wide range of ocean areas, even deep.
中でもヤリイカの産卵礁などの幼稚魚の保護育
成や産卵を目的とする人工魚礁では、平板状の棚
を何段か間隔を存して設けたものが望ましい。 In particular, for artificial reefs for the purpose of protecting and nurturing young fish and spawning, such as spawning reefs for porpoise squid, it is desirable to have flat shelves spaced several times apart.
第１３図、第１４図は従来のヤリイカ産卵用魚
礁の一例を示すもので、第１３図はコンクリート
製の膳型の台を何層か積み重ねたもの、第１５図
は集合住宅風にコンクリート製の柱と壁と床版と
で何階分かを形成したものなどである。 Figures 13 and 14 show an example of a conventional reef for spawning squid. Figure 13 shows a concrete tray-shaped stand stacked in several layers, and Figure 15 shows a concrete reef similar to an apartment building. The pillars, walls, and floor slabs formed several stories.
これらはいずれも広い棚部を有するものであ
り、棚の間隔は割と狭くしかも内部はある程度暗
く、また海水の流れ（潮流）が遮断されず、海底
に設置した状態で転倒や滑動に対して充分安定し
ている。 All of these have wide shelves, and the space between the shelves is relatively narrow, and the inside is somewhat dark.Also, the flow of seawater (tidal current) is not blocked, and when installed on the seabed, there is no risk of overturning or sliding. It's stable enough.
なお、このような幼稚魚の保護育成や産卵用の
人工魚礁は海の浅場に設置される小型の魚礁が多
く、製造コストの安いコンクリート製の独壇場と
なつている。 In addition, many of these artificial reefs for the protection and rearing of young fish and for spawning are small reefs installed in shallow areas of the sea, and are made of concrete, which is cheap to manufacture and has become a monopoly.
しかし、浅場の海域は深場に比較して、波など
の影響が大きく、魚礁の構造も頑強なものが要求
される。このため、コンクリート製では強度を確
保するため部材を大きくするか、鉄筋で補強する
などの方法が必要となり、部材が大きくなるため
魚の棲息空間や産卵面積が小さくなるなどの欠点
が生じる。
However, in shallow waters, the influence of waves is greater than in deep waters, and the structure of the reef is required to be robust. For this reason, if they are made of concrete, it is necessary to make the members larger or to reinforce them with reinforcing bars to ensure strength, which results in disadvantages such as a smaller living space for fish and a smaller spawning area because the members are larger.
また、コンクリート製では型枠等の仮設部材を
必要とするほか所定強度を得るのに４週間程度必
要であり、海中に設置後、コンクリートアクが発
生し、魚に有用といわれる海藻類が長期に亘つて
付着しないおそれがある。 In addition, concrete construction requires temporary members such as formwork, and it takes about four weeks to reach the specified strength, and after installation in the sea, concrete scum occurs, and seaweed, which is said to be useful for fish, may be damaged for a long time. There is a risk that it will not stick to the surface.
これに対して実開昭59−81355号公報では鋼製
の魚礁も提案されているが、これは立体状の骨組
で形成され、その側面に面板を一定間隔で取付け
られているブロツクを結合して組立てるもので、
組立てが面倒であるとともに、小型の魚礁には適
さない。 On the other hand, Japanese Utility Model Application Publication No. 59-81355 proposes a steel fish reef, but this is formed by a three-dimensional frame, and the sides thereof are joined with blocks to which face plates are attached at regular intervals. It is assembled by
It is difficult to assemble and is not suitable for small fish reefs.
本考案の目的は前記従来例の不都合を解消し、
鋼材の持つ強度特性、加工性などの特長を活か
し、組立が簡単で経済性の高く、しかも育卵効果
が抜群な小形鋼製魚礁を提供することにある。 The purpose of the present invention is to eliminate the disadvantages of the conventional example,
Our objective is to provide a small steel fish reef that is easy to assemble, highly economical, and has an outstanding egg breeding effect by taking advantage of the strength characteristics and workability of steel.
本考案は前記目的を達成するため、広巾鋼板を
使用した鋼製棚板と該鋼製棚板相互の間隔を保持
する鋼製壁板とで側面に開口を適宜確保した一階
分を形成し、鋼製壁板の一辺の1/2の部分から、
鋼製棚板間の中心部を横断して反対側の一辺の1/
２部分に〓型形状に折曲げ形成したもので、各階
毎に鋼製棚板はその上部または下部階のものとは
方位を90゜ずらせて配置し、コンクリート底版上
にこの壁板と棚板との組合せ階を複数段設け、棚
板は底版から立設する鉄筋で隅部を貫通固定する
ことを要旨とするものである。
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention forms one floor with appropriate openings on the sides, using steel shelves using wide steel plates and steel wall plates that maintain the distance between the steel shelves. , from 1/2 part of one side of the steel wall plate,
1/1 of the opposite side across the center between the steel shelves
It is formed by bending two parts into a square shape, and the steel shelves on each floor are placed 90 degrees off-axis from those on the upper or lower floors, and the wall plates and shelves are placed on the concrete bottom slab. The main idea is to have multiple levels, and the shelves are fixed through the corners with reinforcing bars that stand up from the bottom plate.
本考案によれば、鋼製棚板は広巾鋼板をそのま
ま使用して広い棚部が得られ、しかも鋼製壁板は
鋼製棚板同士の間に置かれ、この棚板間の側面開
口のうち相対向する１つを壁板は対称的に半分程
度閉塞しながらその内部空間を２つに仕切る。さ
らに各階毎にこの状態は90゜ずつ変化する。
According to the present invention, a wide shelf can be obtained by using wide steel plates as they are, and the steel wall plates are placed between the steel shelves, and the side openings between the shelves are The wall plate symmetrically closes off about half of the opposing one, partitioning the internal space into two. Furthermore, this condition changes by 90 degrees for each floor.
その結果、潮流などの水平力に対してどの方向
に沈設しても適宜な反力をえて安定状態が維持さ
れ、また、潮の干満や風その他で刻々と変化する
潮流に対し比較的流れの弱い場所ができるので、
ヤリイカの産卵についてみると、安全地帯が確保
できる。 As a result, no matter which direction the vessel is submerged in against horizontal forces such as tidal currents, a stable state is maintained with an appropriate reaction force. Because there are weak spots,
When it comes to spawning squid, a safe zone can be secured.
また、組立は簡単であり、沈設後直ちに付着生
物が付くので魚の蝟集効果に優れる。 In addition, it is easy to assemble and has an excellent fish attracting effect because attached organisms are attached immediately after it is submerged.
以下、図面について本考案の実施例を詳細に説
明する。
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
第１図は本考案の鋼性人工魚礁の１実施例を示
す斜視図、第２図はこの同上正面図、第３図は第
２図ａ−a′線断面図で、図中１は広巾鋼板を使用
した鋼製棚板、２はこの鋼製棚板１相互の間隔を
保持する鋼製壁板で、これは棚板１に垂直に溶接
固定される。この鋼製壁板２は前記棚板１の一辺
の1/2の部分から、棚板１の中心部を横断（又は
縦断）して棚板１の反対側の一辺の1/2部分に〓
型形状に折曲げ形成したもので、棚板１同士の間
に置かれ、この棚板１間の側面開口８のうち相対
向する１つを壁板２は対称的に半分程度閉塞しな
がらその内部空間を２つに仕切る。また、該壁板
２には下縁に横長矩形の切欠きによる透孔３を形
成した。 Figure 1 is a perspective view showing one embodiment of the steel artificial reef of the present invention, Figure 2 is a front view of the same, and Figure 3 is a sectional view taken along line a-a' in Figure 2. A steel shelf plate 2 using a steel plate is a steel wall plate that maintains the distance between the steel shelf plates 1, and is fixed to the shelf plate 1 by welding perpendicularly. This steel wall board 2 starts from 1/2 of one side of the shelf board 1, crosses (or longitudinally) the center of the shelf board 1, and extends to 1/2 part of one side of the opposite side of the shelf board 1.
It is placed between the shelf boards 1, and the wall board 2 symmetrically closes about half of one of the side openings 8 between the shelf boards 1. Divide the interior space into two. Further, a through hole 3 was formed in the lower edge of the wall plate 2 by a horizontally long rectangular notch.
この透孔３としては第８図、第９図に示すよう
に半円形の切欠きとしたり、第１０図、第１１図
に示すように多数の小形小孔としてもよく、ま
た、さらに他の実施例として、第１２図に示すよ
うに前記透孔３はこれを壁板２の内部空間仕切り
部分のみに設け、棚板１間の開口８を閉塞する部
分には透孔３は設けないようにすることも考えら
れる。 The through hole 3 may be a semicircular notch as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, or may be a large number of small holes as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. As an example, as shown in FIG. 12, the through holes 3 are provided only in the internal space partitioning part of the wall board 2, and the through holes 3 are not provided in the part that closes the opening 8 between the shelf boards 1. It is also possible to do so.
このような棚板１と壁板２との組合せを一階分
として、コンクリート底版４の上に何階分かを積
み上げ固定する。 The combination of the shelf board 1 and the wall board 2 is set as one floor, and several floors are stacked and fixed on the concrete bottom slab 4.
第４図〜第７図はかかる組立工程を示すもの
で、第４図に示すように前記コンクリート底版４
はその４隅にネジフシ鉄筋６を埋込み、これを垂
直に立設しており、一方前記棚板５の隅部にはこ
の鉄筋６が貫通すべく貫通孔５が形成されてい
る。 FIG. 4 to FIG. 7 show such an assembly process, and as shown in FIG. 4, the concrete bottom plate 4
has threaded reinforcing bars 6 embedded in its four corners and standing vertically, while through holes 5 are formed in the corners of the shelf board 5 for the reinforcing bars 6 to pass through.
そして、第５図に示すように棚板１の端を鉄筋
６で貫通固定するようにして第１段目の棚板１と
壁板２の階層を底版４上にセツトし、次いでその
上に第２段目の階層を積重ねるが、この時、第２
段目の壁板２は第１段目の壁板２とは方位を90゜
ずらせて配置する（第６図参照）。 Then, as shown in FIG. 5, the first level of shelf boards 1 and wall boards 2 is set on the bottom plate 4 by penetrating and fixing the end of the shelf board 1 with reinforcing bars 6, and then The second layer is stacked, but at this time, the second
The wall plates 2 in the tiers are arranged with their orientations shifted by 90 degrees from the wall plates 2 in the first tier (see Fig. 6).
同様に３段目以後も各階毎に壁板２の位相を下
段と90゜ずつずらせてセツトし、第７図に示すよ
うに最終段の棚板１から突出したネジフシ鉄筋６
端にナツト７を螺合して締付け固定した。 Similarly, for each floor after the third stage, the phase of the wall board 2 is shifted by 90 degrees from the lower stage, and as shown in Fig.
A nut 7 was screwed onto the end and tightened and fixed.
なお、第３図に示すように前記壁板２の左右端
はこのネジフシ鉄筋６の外側へ当接させて位置付
けると全体の安定性は更に増加する。 Incidentally, as shown in FIG. 3, if the left and right ends of the wall plate 2 are positioned so as to abut against the outside of the threaded reinforcing bar 6, the overall stability will be further increased.
次に本考案の魚礁の使用法について述べると、
まず一般に魚礁は海底に沈設するため潮流などの
水平力に対してどの方向にも安定することが望ま
しいが、本考案の魚礁では、第３図の矢印Ａ方向
若しくはＢ方向のいずれの潮流に対しても「ｌ」
という長さで反力が働き安定している。 Next, I will explain how to use the fish reef of this invention.
First of all, fish reefs are generally placed on the seabed, so it is desirable for them to be stable in any direction against horizontal forces such as tidal currents. Even "l"
The reaction force acts on this length and is stable.
また、ヤリイカの産卵についてみると、潮の干
満や風その他で刻々と変化する潮流に対し、比較
的流れの弱い場所が好まれるみたいであり、矢印
Ｂの流れや矢印Ａの流れに対しては斜線Ｅの部分
がこれに該当し、矢印Ｃのごとき流れに対しては
格子線Ｆの部分が該当する。このように、どのよ
うな方向の潮流に対しても産卵用の安全地帯が確
保でき、しかも壁板２は各階毎に90゜ずつ変化し
ているので、より安定した作用が得られ、構造上
のバランスもよい。 In addition, when looking at the spawning of spear squid, it seems that they prefer places with relatively weak currents against the constantly changing currents due to tides, wind, etc., and they prefer places with relatively weak currents. The part indicated by diagonal lines E corresponds to this, and the part indicated by grid lines F corresponds to the flow as shown by arrow C. In this way, a safe zone for spawning can be secured against currents in any direction, and since the wall plate 2 changes by 90 degrees on each floor, a more stable action can be obtained, and the structure is more stable. The balance is also good.
以上述べたように本考案の鋼製人工魚礁は、材
質の点から、形状寸法を自由に選定でき、コンク
リート製に比べ短期間で製作可能であり、工場ス
ペースが有効に利用できる。また、コンクリート
打設型枠など魚礁製作のための質材が不要であ
り、沈設後直ちに付着生物が付くので魚の蝟集効
果が優れ、暗黒色でありヤリイカ育卵に有利なも
のである。
As described above, the steel artificial reef of the present invention can be freely selected in shape and size from the viewpoint of the material, can be manufactured in a shorter period of time than a concrete reef, and can make effective use of factory space. In addition, there is no need for materials such as concrete casting forms for making fish reefs, and since attached organisms are attached immediately after the reef is placed, it has an excellent attracting effect for fish, and its dark black color is advantageous for raising squid eggs.
一方、構造上からして、部材厚みを薄くできる
ので棚の数が増えてヤリイカ産卵面積が多く取
れ、底版コンクリートの重量を増減することによ
り、設置海域の自然条件に合つた経済的な設計と
なり、下部に重心を置いた安定型である。しか
も、工場組立、現場組立いずれも簡単にできる。 On the other hand, from a structural standpoint, the thickness of the members can be made thinner, increasing the number of shelves and creating a larger area for spawning squid, and by increasing or decreasing the weight of the bottom slab concrete, it is possible to create an economical design that suits the natural conditions of the sea area where it is installed. , is a stable type with the center of gravity at the bottom. Moreover, it can be easily assembled both in the factory and on-site.
さらに、形状的に広い棚部が確保できて、棚の
天井から垂直に付着するヤリイカの産卵において
も天井面積の有効産卵面積をできるだけ大きくと
ることができるものである。 Furthermore, it is possible to secure a shelf that is wide in shape, so that the effective spawning area of the ceiling area can be made as large as possible even when spawning squid that attach vertically from the ceiling of the shelf.
第１図は本考案の鋼製人工魚礁の第１実施例を
示す斜視図、第２図は同上正面図、第３図は第２
図のａ−ａ線断面図、第４図はコンクリート底版
の斜視図、第５図〜第７図は組立の各工程を示す
正面図、第８図は壁板の他例を示す正面図、第９
図は同上側面図、第１０図は壁板の更に別例を示
す正面図、第１１図は同上側面図、第１２図は本
考案の第２実施例を示す斜視図、第１３図は従来
例を示す斜視図、第１４図は他の従来例を示す斜
視図である。
１……棚板、２……壁板、３……透孔、４……
コンクリート底版、５……貫通孔、６……ネジフ
シ鉄筋、７……ナツト、８……側面開口。
Fig. 1 is a perspective view showing the first embodiment of the steel artificial reef of the present invention, Fig. 2 is a front view of the same, and Fig. 3 is a second embodiment of the steel artificial reef of the present invention.
4 is a perspective view of the concrete bottom plate, FIGS. 5 to 7 are front views showing each assembly process, and FIG. 8 is a front view showing another example of the wall plate. 9th
10 is a front view showing another example of the wall plate, FIG. 11 is a side view of the same, FIG. 12 is a perspective view showing the second embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 13 is a conventional A perspective view showing an example, and FIG. 14 is a perspective view showing another conventional example. 1...Shelf board, 2...Wall board, 3...Through hole, 4...
Concrete bottom plate, 5...through hole, 6...screw reinforcing bar, 7...nut, 8...side opening.
Claims (1)
互の間隔を保持する鋼製壁板とで側面に開口を
適宜確保した一階分を形成し、鋼製壁板は鋼製
棚板の一辺の1/2の部分から、鋼製棚板間の中
心部を横断して反対側の一辺の1/2部分に〓型
形状に折曲げ形成したもので、各階毎に鋼製棚
板はその上部または下部階のものとは方位を
90゜ずらせて配置し、コンクリート底版上にこ
の壁板と棚板との組合せ階を複数段設け、棚板
は底版から立設する鉄筋で隅部を貫通固定する
ことを特徴とする鋼製人工魚礁。 (2) 壁板は透孔を有する実用新案登録請求の範囲
第１項記載の鋼製人工魚礁。[Scope of claim for utility model registration] (1) Steel shelves using wide steel plates and steel wall plates that maintain the distance between the steel shelves form one floor with appropriate openings on the sides. Then, the steel wall board is bent from 1/2 of one side of the steel shelf board to 1/2 part of the opposite side across the center between the steel shelf boards in a square shape. The steel shelves on each floor differ in orientation from those on the upper or lower floors.
An artificial steel structure characterized by having multiple levels of combinations of wall boards and shelf boards arranged at 90 degrees offset on a concrete bottom slab, and the shelves are fixed through the corners with reinforcing bars that stand up from the bottom slab. Fish reef. (2) The steel artificial reef described in claim 1 of the utility model registration claim, in which the wall plate has through holes.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1985183244U JPH033179Y2 (en) | 1985-11-27 | 1985-11-27 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1985183244U JPH033179Y2 (en) | 1985-11-27 | 1985-11-27 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS6289974U JPS6289974U (en) | 1987-06-09 |
| JPH033179Y2 true JPH033179Y2 (en) | 1991-01-28 |
Family
ID=31129802
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1985183244U Expired JPH033179Y2 (en) | 1985-11-27 | 1985-11-27 |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH033179Y2 (en) |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5146797B2 (en) * | 1974-08-26 | 1976-12-10 | ||
| JPS5952861B2 (en) * | 1977-04-30 | 1984-12-21 | 日本電気株式会社 | Transfer device switching method for asynchronous processing system |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5146797U (en) * | 1974-10-04 | 1976-04-07 | ||
| JPS5383489U (en) * | 1976-12-10 | 1978-07-10 | ||
| JPS5952861U (en) * | 1982-10-01 | 1984-04-06 | 有限会社まさご機工 | reef body |
| JPS5981355U (en) * | 1982-11-26 | 1984-06-01 | 日本鋼管株式会社 | steel reef |
-
1985
- 1985-11-27 JP JP1985183244U patent/JPH033179Y2/ja not_active Expired
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5146797B2 (en) * | 1974-08-26 | 1976-12-10 | ||
| JPS5952861B2 (en) * | 1977-04-30 | 1984-12-21 | 日本電気株式会社 | Transfer device switching method for asynchronous processing system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS6289974U (en) | 1987-06-09 |
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