JPH03159069A - Manufacture of electrode and electrolyte complex - Google Patents
Manufacture of electrode and electrolyte complexInfo
- Publication number
- JPH03159069A JPH03159069A JP1300380A JP30038089A JPH03159069A JP H03159069 A JPH03159069 A JP H03159069A JP 1300380 A JP1300380 A JP 1300380A JP 30038089 A JP30038089 A JP 30038089A JP H03159069 A JPH03159069 A JP H03159069A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- electrode active
- electrolyte
- active material
- substrate
- positive electrode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical group [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- CXRFFSKFQFGBOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(selanylidene)niobium Chemical compound [Se]=[Nb]=[Se] CXRFFSKFQFGBOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- RCYJPSGNXVLIBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenetitanium Chemical compound [S].[Ti] RCYJPSGNXVLIBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
産業上の利用分野
本発明は・フィルム状の超薄形電池に用いる電極の製造
法に関するものである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for producing electrodes for use in film-like ultra-thin batteries.
従来技術とその問題点
従来の薄形電池の正極としては、導電材へ結着剤、正極
作用物質を混合し、ｓ’）状の薄膜としていた。Prior art and its problems As a positive electrode for a conventional thin battery, a conductive material, a binder, and a positive electrode active substance are mixed to form an s'-shaped thin film.
この場合、＄’）の厚さは正極作用物質の粒径または、
充填率に依存している。In this case, the thickness of $') is the particle size of the positive electrode active material or
It depends on the filling rate.
前者はサブミクロンサイズの製造が困難であり、後者で
は充填率を上げることが困難であるという点で、１０ｐ
ｌＮ以下の厚みの薄膜正極を製造することは容品ではな
かった。The former is difficult to manufacture in submicron size, and the latter is difficult to increase the filling rate.
It was not practical to manufacture a thin film positive electrode with a thickness of 1N or less.
又、薄形電池に用いられるイオン伝導材料としては、固
体電解質、とりわけ高分子固体電解質を用いることが製
造が簡単で液漏れがなく、自由な形状の七〜が製造可能
といった利点を持つことで有望視されている。しかしな
がら、固停電解質を用いる場合電極と電解質の接触を常
に良好に保たせるために工夫が必要である。さらに薄形
電池とりわけフレキンビリデイ−を付与させた電池にお
いては、巻き込み形円筒電池のように、電極外部や内部
から加圧力を加えることができないため、接触の問題は
六層深刻であったＯ
発明の目的
本発明は、上記従来の問題点に鑑みなされたものであり
、生産性に優れた、均一な厚みでしかも電解質との接触
の良好な超薄膜の電極を提供することを目的とするもの
である０
発明の構成
本発明は上記目的を達成するべく、
ガス中蒸発法で生成した金属又は金属化合物の微粒子を
気流に乗せて基板に吹きつけ電極を形成するにおいて、
基板に固体電解質を用い一方の面に正極作用物質を形成
し、反対面に負極作用物質を形成したことを特徴とする
電極／電解質複合体の製造法である。In addition, as the ion conductive material used in thin batteries, solid electrolytes, especially solid polymer electrolytes, have the advantage of being easy to manufacture, without leakage, and can be manufactured into shapes of any shape. It is seen as promising. However, when using a solid electrolyte, it is necessary to take measures to maintain good contact between the electrode and the electrolyte. Furthermore, in thin batteries, especially batteries with flexible metallization, it is not possible to apply pressure from the outside or inside of the electrodes, unlike rolled-up cylindrical batteries, so the problem of contact is even more serious. Purpose The present invention was made in view of the above-mentioned conventional problems, and it is an object of the present invention to provide an ultra-thin film electrode with excellent productivity, uniform thickness, and good contact with the electrolyte. 0 Structure of the Invention In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the present invention includes the steps of forming an electrode by blowing fine particles of a metal or metal compound produced by an evaporation method in a gas onto a substrate in an air flow.
This is a method for manufacturing an electrode/electrolyte composite, characterized in that a solid electrolyte is used as a substrate, a positive electrode active substance is formed on one side, and a negative electrode active substance is formed on the opposite side.
又、正極作用物質がマンガン酸化物、バナジウム酸化物
、モリブデン酸化物、コバルト酸化物、クロム酸化物、
チタン硫化物、ニオブセレン化物、モリブデン硫化物か
ら選ばれた前記の電極／電解質複合体の製造法である。In addition, the positive electrode active substance may be manganese oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, cobalt oxide, chromium oxide,
A method for producing the electrode/electrolyte composite selected from titanium sulfide, niobium selenide, and molybdenum sulfide.
又、負極作用物質がリチウム又はリチウム合金である前
記の電極／電解質複合体の製造法である。There is also a method for producing the electrode/electrolyte composite described above, wherein the negative electrode active material is lithium or a lithium alloy.
又、リチウム合金にアｔｖｌニウムが含まれている前記
の電極／電解質複合体の製造法である。Also, there is a method for manufacturing the above-mentioned electrode/electrolyte composite in which the lithium alloy contains atvlnium.
実施例 以下、本発明の詳細について実施例により説明する。Example Hereinafter, the details of the present invention will be explained with reference to Examples.
第１図は本発明の製造装置の概略図である。FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the manufacturing apparatus of the present invention.
第２図は本発明による電４１ｉ／電解質複合体の断面図
である。FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an electrolyte/electrolyte composite according to the present invention.
５はノズμ、６はデボジＶ曹ン室、７は真空ボンデ、８
は基板、９は供給ガス流入口、１０は正極作用物質、１
１は負極作用物質である。5 is the nozzle μ, 6 is the vacuum chamber, 7 is the vacuum bonder, and 8 is the vacuum bonder.
is a substrate, 9 is a supply gas inlet, 10 is a positive electrode active material, 1
1 is a negative electrode acting substance.
過塩素酸リチウム１０ｗｔ％を溶解させた三官能性ポリ
エーテル（エチレンオキＶドとプロピレンオキシドの共
重合体、分子量３，０００）を架橋剤にヘキサメチレン
ジイソノアナートを用いて既知の方法で架橋し、高分子
固体電解質フィルム（厚み５０ｐｍ＞を得た。これをデ
ボジＶ。Trifunctional polyether (copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, molecular weight 3,000) in which 10 wt% of lithium perchlorate was dissolved was cross-linked by a known method using hexamethylene diisonoanate as a cross-linking agent. A solid polymer electrolyte film (thickness: 50 pm) was obtained.
ン室に設置した。It was installed in the room.
蒸発室において、坩堝の中に二酸化マンガンを入れて、
アーク誘導加熱器により加熱溶融し、気化させ微粒子化
二酸化マンガンを形成した。In the evaporation chamber, put manganese dioxide into the crucible,
It was heated and melted using an arc induction heater and vaporized to form finely divided manganese dioxide.
供給ガス（Ｈｅガス）の圧力を１００ ｔｏｒｒとし１
デポジｙ−ン室の圧力を真空ポンプにより０．１２ｔｏ
ｒｒとする。Ｏ，８ＸｊＱｗのノズ〜を用いて、微粒子
化二酸化マンガンなデポジン冒ン室の高分子固体電解室
フィルム上にガス気流に乗せて吹きつける・これによっ
て、高分子固体電解質フイルム１に１０＠ａ巾で長さ１
９ｓｓ、厚さ１０μｍの二酸化マンガンの強固な堆積体
が形成された。The pressure of the supply gas (He gas) is 100 torr, and 1
The pressure in the deposit chamber is increased to 0.12 to by a vacuum pump.
Let it be rr. Using a nozzle of O, 8XjQw, spray fine particulate manganese dioxide onto the film of the polymer solid electrolyte chamber in the deposition chamber along with the gas stream. By this, the polymer solid electrolyte film 1 is sprayed with a width of 10＠a. and length 1
A strong deposit of manganese dioxide with a thickness of 9 ss and a thickness of 10 μm was formed.
次にグボジｓ／ｗン室の高分子固体電解質／二酸化マン
ガン堆積体を裏返し、坩堝の中にリチウムを入れて高周
波誘導加熱器により加熱溶解した。気化させて得られた
微粒子化リチウムを前記と同条件にてデポジＶ＠：／室
の基板上に吹きつけ、１０９１ｍ巾で長さ１０１１１１
Ｋ、厚さ１０ｕｌのリチウムの強固な堆積体を形成させ
た。Next, the solid polymer electrolyte/manganese dioxide deposited body in the s/w chamber was turned over, and lithium was placed in the crucible and heated and melted using a high-frequency induction heater. The micronized lithium obtained by vaporization was sprayed onto the substrate in the deposit V@:/ chamber under the same conditions as above to form a substrate with a width of 1091 m and a length of 101111 m.
A solid deposit of lithium with a thickness of 10 ul was formed.
これによって得られた電極／電解質複合体に正・電極集
電体を取り付け、電池を構成した。A positive electrode current collector was attached to the electrode/electrolyte composite thus obtained to construct a battery.
両集電停から取り出したリード線を電流計に接続し、短
絡電流を測定したところ、１６＃Ｉム／ ｃｄであった
。When the lead wires taken out from both current collectors were connected to an ammeter and the short circuit current was measured, it was 16 #Im/cd.
比較例
前記実施例の基板である高分子固体電解質に代えて、ス
テンレス箔を用いて、一方の面に二酸化マンガンの堆積
体を形成した。これに前記実施例と同様の高分子固体電
解質フィμム、リチ９ムおよび負極集電体を取り付け、
電池を形成した。ステンレス箔と負極集電体から取り出
したり−ド紛を電流計に接続し、短絡電流な測定したと
ころ、８１ＦＩＡ／ｅｊであった。Comparative Example Instead of the polymer solid electrolyte as the substrate in the previous example, a stainless steel foil was used, and a manganese dioxide deposit was formed on one surface. The same polymer solid electrolyte film, lithium 9m, and negative electrode current collector as in the above example were attached to this,
A battery was formed. When the short-circuit current was measured by taking out the stainless steel foil and the negative electrode current collector and connecting the powder to an ammeter, it was found to be 81FIA/ej.
尚、前記実施例において正極作用物質として、マンガン
酸化物を用いたがこれに代えてバナジウム酸化物、モリ
ブデン酸化物、コバルト酸化物・クロム酸化物、チタン
硫化物、ニオブセレン化物、モリブデン酸化物を用いて
も同様の結果を得た。In the above examples, manganese oxide was used as the positive electrode active substance, but vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, cobalt oxide/chromium oxide, titanium sulfide, niobium selenide, and molybdenum oxide were used instead. I got similar results.
又、前記実施例において、負極作用物質として、リチウ
ムを用いたが、リチウム合企ても同様の結果を得た。Furthermore, in the above examples, lithium was used as the negative electrode active material, but similar results were obtained when lithium was used jointly.
本発明による堆積体は、通常の溶解、凝固方法では得る
ことのできないものであり、結合剤を必要としないので
、乾式で清浄な製造法である。生産性に優れ、均一な厚
みの超薄形のｔＷである。The deposited body according to the present invention cannot be obtained by ordinary melting and solidification methods and does not require a binder, so it is a dry and clean manufacturing method. It is an ultra-thin tW with excellent productivity and uniform thickness.
発明の効果
上述した如く、本発明は生産性に優れた、均一な厚みで
しかも電解質との接触の良好な、超薄膜の［ｌｆｌを提
供することが出来るので、その工業的価値は極めて大で
ある。Effects of the Invention As mentioned above, the present invention can provide an ultra-thin film with excellent productivity, uniform thickness, and good contact with the electrolyte, so its industrial value is extremely large. be.
第１図は本発明の製造装置の概略図、第２図は本発明に
よる電極／電解質複合体の断面図である。
１・・・蒸発室 ２・・・坩堝５・・・アーク
誘導加熱器 ４・・・差動排気室又は高周波誘導加熱器
５・・・ノズ／Ｉ／６・・・デボジＶ、ン室７・・・真
空ボンデ ８・・・基板９・・・供給ガス流入口
１ｏ・・・正極作用物質１１・・・負極作用物質FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a manufacturing apparatus of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a sectional view of an electrode/electrolyte composite according to the present invention. 1... Evaporation chamber 2... Crucible 5... Arc induction heater 4... Differential exhaust chamber or high frequency induction heater 5... Noz/I/6... Deboji V, n chamber 7 ...Vacuum bonder 8...Substrate 9...Supply gas inlet
1o...Positive electrode active substance 11...Negative electrode active substance
Claims (4)
粒子を気流に乗せて基板に吹きつけ電極を形成するにお
いて、基板に固体電解質を用い一方の面に正極作用物質
を形成し、反対面に負極作用物質を形成したことを特徴
とする電極／電解質複合体の製造法。(1) In forming an electrode by blowing fine particles of a metal or metal compound produced by evaporation in a gas onto a substrate using an air flow, a solid electrolyte is used on the substrate, and a positive electrode active material is formed on one surface, and a positive electrode active substance is formed on the other surface. 1. A method for producing an electrode/electrolyte composite, characterized in that a negative electrode active substance is formed in.
物、モリブデン酸化物、コバルト酸化物、クロム酸化物
、チタン硫化物、ニオブセレン化物、モリブデン硫化物
から選ばれた請求項１記載の電極／電解質複合体の製造
法。(2) The electrode/electrolyte composite according to claim 1, wherein the positive electrode active substance is selected from manganese oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, cobalt oxide, chromium oxide, titanium sulfide, niobium selenide, and molybdenum sulfide. How the body is manufactured.
請求項１記載の電極／電解質複合体の製造法。(3) The method for producing an electrode/electrolyte composite according to claim 1, wherein the negative electrode active material is lithium or a lithium alloy.
項３記載の電極／電解質複合体の製造法。(4) The method for producing an electrode/electrolyte composite according to claim 3, wherein the lithium alloy contains aluminum.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1300380A JPH03159069A (en) | 1989-11-17 | 1989-11-17 | Manufacture of electrode and electrolyte complex |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1300380A JPH03159069A (en) | 1989-11-17 | 1989-11-17 | Manufacture of electrode and electrolyte complex |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH03159069A true JPH03159069A (en) | 1991-07-09 |
Family
ID=17884089
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1300380A Pending JPH03159069A (en) | 1989-11-17 | 1989-11-17 | Manufacture of electrode and electrolyte complex |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH03159069A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1075037A1 (en) * | 1999-08-04 | 2001-02-07 | Nissan Motor Company, Limited | Multilayer battery cell and method of producing same |
| JP2007079149A (en) * | 2005-09-14 | 2007-03-29 | Kyocera Mita Corp | Belt type fixing device for image forming apparatus |
| US8048568B2 (en) | 2003-01-06 | 2011-11-01 | Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. | Negative active material for rechargeable lithium battery and rechargeable lithium battery |
-
1989
- 1989-11-17 JP JP1300380A patent/JPH03159069A/en active Pending
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1075037A1 (en) * | 1999-08-04 | 2001-02-07 | Nissan Motor Company, Limited | Multilayer battery cell and method of producing same |
| US6489053B1 (en) | 1999-08-04 | 2002-12-03 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Multilayer battery cell and method of producing same |
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