JPH03144049A - Reinforcing bar spacer for concreting - Google Patents
Reinforcing bar spacer for concretingInfo
- Publication number
- JPH03144049A JPH03144049A JP28276389A JP28276389A JPH03144049A JP H03144049 A JPH03144049 A JP H03144049A JP 28276389 A JP28276389 A JP 28276389A JP 28276389 A JP28276389 A JP 28276389A JP H03144049 A JPH03144049 A JP H03144049A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- reinforcing bar
- spacer
- concrete
- spacers
- welded wire
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
(産業上の利用分野)
本発明は鉄筋コンクリート建築の床面を施工する場合に
用い、溶接金網の上部のコンクリートのカブリ厚を確保
するコンクリート打設用鉄筋スペーサーに関するもので
ある。[Detailed Description of the Invention] (Field of Industrial Application) The present invention relates to a reinforced concrete spacer for concrete placement, which is used when constructing the floor surface of a reinforced concrete building, and which ensures the fog thickness of the concrete above the welded wire mesh. be.
(従来の技術)
一般に鉄筋コンクリート建築の床面を施工する場合、鉄
筋となる溶接金網の上部に所定の厚さでコンクリートを
被覆し、所定の位置に鉄筋を埋込むことよりコンクリー
トの引張り強度を向上させているが、溶接金網からコン
クリート表面までの被覆厚さをカブリ厚と呼んでいる。(Conventional technology) Generally, when constructing the floor surface of a reinforced concrete building, the tensile strength of the concrete is improved by covering the top of a welded wire mesh, which serves as reinforcing bars, with concrete to a predetermined thickness and embedding the reinforcing bars in predetermined positions. However, the coating thickness from the welded wire mesh to the concrete surface is called the fog thickness.
従来の施工方法では、このカブリ厚を適正に確保するた
めに、例えば第11図に示すようなスペーサーlが使用
されている。In the conventional construction method, a spacer l as shown in FIG. 11, for example, is used to ensure an appropriate fog thickness.
このスペーサー1は3枚の脚板2を7字形に組合わせ、
その上部に受は溝3が設けられてプラスチックで一体に
成型されている。This spacer 1 combines three leg plates 2 in a figure 7 shape,
The receiver is integrally molded with plastic and has a groove 3 in its upper part.
このスペーサー1の使用方法は例えば第12図に示すよ
うに土間の床面を施工する場合、先ず砕石4を敷いてか
ら突き固めて表面を平にする。The method of using this spacer 1 is as shown in FIG. 12, for example, when constructing an earthen floor floor, crushed stones 4 are first laid down and then tamped to flatten the surface.
この後、ワイヤーや丸棒を格子状に溶接した溶接金M4
5を敷き、この下に所定の高さのスペーサー1を適当な
間隔で挟み込んで受けrR3で支持してカブリ厚dを確
保する。After this, weld metal M4 made by welding wires and round bars in a grid pattern.
5 is spread, and spacers 1 of a predetermined height are sandwiched under this at appropriate intervals and supported by receivers rR3 to ensure the fog thickness d.
この状態で検査を受けてから、コンクリート6を打設す
る。この打設作業では作業者が溶接金網5の上を歩きな
がら作業するため、溶接金網5がたわんで支持していた
スペーサー1が第13図に示すように転倒して外れてし
まうことが多い。After undergoing an inspection in this state, concrete 6 is poured. In this pouring work, the worker walks on the welded wire mesh 5 while working, so the welded wire mesh 5 often bends and the spacer 1 supported falls over and comes off as shown in FIG. 13.
このため溶接金網5が沈んでしまうがコンクリート6の
打設は硬化する前に短時間で作業を完了しなければなら
ないので、修正せずにそのままコンクリート6を打設し
ているのが実情であり設計上の強度が得られなかった。As a result, the welded wire mesh 5 sinks, but the concrete 6 must be poured in a short time before it hardens, so the concrete 6 is actually poured without any modification. Designed strength could not be achieved.
また溶接金網5が注もため、砕石4との隙間が狭くなっ
てコンクリート6の流れが悪くなって十分に渥り込まず
、打設作業に時間がかかる問題らあった。In addition, since the welded wire mesh 5 is poured, the gap between it and the crushed stone 4 becomes narrow, and the flow of the concrete 6 becomes poor, resulting in the problem that the concrete 6 does not flow sufficiently, and the pouring work takes a long time.
またスペーサー1は広さによっても異なるが数百側程度
使用するため、その取付けに手間がかかり、しかもプラ
スチックで形成されているのでコンクリート6中に埋設
されると強度上も好ましくなかった。Further, since the spacer 1 is used on the order of several hundred sides, although it varies depending on the size, it takes time and effort to install the spacer 1, and since it is made of plastic, it is not desirable in terms of strength if it is buried in the concrete 6.
(発明が解決しようとする問題点)
本発明はかかる点に鑑みみなされたもので、取付けが容
易で溶接金網を所定の高さに支持して適正なカブリ厚を
確保できると共に、コンクリートが十分に廻り込み、ま
た足場としても利用できるので打設時間が大幅に短縮さ
れて作業性が向上し、しかもそれ自体はコンクリートに
埋め込まれて鉄筋となるので強度を向上ささることがで
きるコンクリート打設用鉄筋スペサーを提供するもので
ある。(Problems to be Solved by the Invention) The present invention has been devised in view of the above points, and is easy to install, can support the welded wire mesh at a predetermined height to ensure an appropriate fog thickness, and has sufficient concrete cover. Concrete pouring can be used as a scaffolding and can be used as scaffolding, greatly shortening the pouring time and improving work efficiency.Furthermore, since it is embedded in the concrete and becomes a reinforcing bar, its strength can be improved. The purpose is to provide reinforcing bar spacers for use.
(問題点を解決するための手段)
本発明は、ワイヤーを折曲または湾曲して、支柱部の上
部に溶接金網の支え部を形成したスペーサー部材を、間
隔を置いて複数本配置し、且つこれら各スペーサー部材
を複数本の連結ワイヤーで一体に接合して適状に形成し
たことを特徴とするものである。(Means for Solving the Problems) The present invention provides spacer members in which a plurality of spacer members each formed by bending or curving a wire to form a supporting portion of a welded wire mesh on the upper part of a support portion are arranged at intervals, and The present invention is characterized in that each of these spacer members is integrally joined with a plurality of connecting wires to form a suitable shape.
更に本発明は、スペーサー部材の下部に開口部を形成し
、鉄筋スペーサーを複数個重ねられる構造としても良い
。Furthermore, the present invention may have a structure in which an opening is formed in the lower part of the spacer member and a plurality of reinforcing bar spacers can be stacked.
(作用)
次に本発明の作用について説明すると、床面を施工する
場合、突き固めて表面を平にした砕石やデツキプレート
の上に、鉄筋スペーサーを長平方向に複数個重べてその
接続部分を結束線で結束して直線状に配置する。次に横
方向に間隔を置いて鉄筋スペーサーを順次配置して行く
。(Function) Next, to explain the function of the present invention, when constructing a floor surface, a plurality of reinforcing bar spacers are stacked in a longitudinal direction on top of crushed stone or a deck plate whose surface has been tamped to make the surface flat. Bind with binding wire and arrange in a straight line. Next, reinforcing bar spacers are placed one after another at intervals in the horizontal direction.
この後、ワイヤーや丸棒を格子状に溶接した溶接金網を
鉄筋スペーサーの上に敷き、上部の支え部で所定の高さ
に支持する。After this, a welded wire mesh made of wires and round bars welded in a lattice shape is laid on the reinforcing bar spacer and supported at a predetermined height by the upper support section.
この状態で検査を受けてから、コンクリートを打設する
。この場合、鉄筋スペーサーは間隔を置いて配置され、
適状で強度も高いのでこれを足場としてこの上を歩いて
打設作業することができる。After undergoing an inspection in this condition, concrete will be poured. In this case, the rebar spacers are spaced apart and
Because it is in good condition and has high strength, it is possible to walk on it and use it as a scaffold for pouring work.
溶接金網は鉄筋スペーサーで支えられて高さが保持され
、しかも適状に形成されているのでコンクリートの廻り
込みが速く、従来に比べて打設時間を短縮することがで
きる。The welded wire mesh is supported by reinforcing bar spacers to maintain its height, and because it is shaped appropriately, concrete can penetrate quickly, reducing pouring time compared to conventional methods.
このようにしてコンクリートを所定の厚さまで打設する
と、カブリ厚は十分に確保され設計通りの施工をするこ
とができる。When concrete is cast to a predetermined thickness in this manner, a sufficient fogging thickness is ensured and construction can be carried out as designed.
しかも鉄筋スペーサーはワイヤーで適状に形成されてい
るので、コンクリートに埋め込まれた状態でこれ自体が
鉄筋となり強度を更に向上させることができるので、溶
接金網の軽量化も図ることができる。Moreover, since the reinforcing bar spacer is formed of wire in a suitable shape, it becomes a reinforcing bar itself when embedded in concrete, further improving the strength, and thus making it possible to reduce the weight of the welded wire mesh.
(実施例)
以下、本発明を図面に示す実施例を参唄して詳細に説明
する。(Example) Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to an example shown in the drawings.
第1図は本発明の一実施例を示すもので、鉄筋スペーサ
ー7はワイヤーを折曲した複数個のスペーサー部材8・
・・と、これらを連結する連結ワイヤー9・・・とを溶
接して一体に接合されて適状に形成されている。FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the present invention, in which a reinforcing bar spacer 7 is made up of a plurality of spacer members 8 and 8 made of bent wires.
. . . and a connecting wire 9 .
前記スペーサー部材8はコ字形に折曲してその開口部1
0を下側に向けで、上部を長さが例えば70〜100m
m程度の支え部11とし、両(1!11部を高さが70
〜100+w*程度の支柱部12.12としこの支柱部
12、I2の下端に長さが3[1−1−7(1程度の脚
部13.13を横方向に延出したものである。このスペ
ーサー部材8は例えば70〜100mm程度の間隔をお
いて複数個配置し、前記支え部11の両側と脚部13.
13に連結ワイヤー9を溶接して格子の目の大きさが7
0〜100+am角程度の適状に組立てられている。The spacer member 8 is bent into a U-shape to open the opening 1.
0 towards the bottom, and the length of the top is e.g. 70 to 100 m.
The support part 11 is about m in length, and the height of both parts (1!
A support column 12.12 with a length of ~100+w* is provided, and a leg portion 13.13 with a length of approximately 3 [1-1-7 (1) is extended laterally at the lower end of this support portion 12, I2. A plurality of spacer members 8 are arranged at intervals of, for example, about 70 to 100 mm, and are arranged on both sides of the support portion 11 and on the leg portions 13.
Weld the connecting wire 9 to 13 to make the mesh size of the grid 7.
It is assembled to suit the size of 0 to 100+am square.
次に上記鉄筋スペーサー7の使用方法について説明する
と、土間の床面を施工する場合、第2図に示すように先
ず砕石4を敷き詰めてから突き固めて表面を平にする。Next, how to use the reinforcing bar spacer 7 will be explained. When constructing a dirt floor, as shown in FIG. 2, crushed stones 4 are first spread and then tamped to flatten the surface.
この後、鉄筋スペーサー7・・・を長手方向に複数個重
べてその接続部分を結束線で結束して直線状に配置する
。次に横方向に1m程度の間隔を置いて鉄筋スペーサー
7を順次配置して行く。Thereafter, a plurality of reinforcing bar spacers 7... are stacked in the longitudinal direction, and their connecting portions are bound with binding wires and arranged in a straight line. Next, reinforcing bar spacers 7 are sequentially placed at intervals of about 1 m in the lateral direction.
この場合、下面に脚部13やここに取付けた連結ワイヤ
ー9があるので、砕石4に沈まず安定して設置すること
ができる。In this case, since the leg portion 13 and the connecting wire 9 attached thereto are provided on the lower surface, it can be stably installed without sinking into the crushed stone 4.
この後、ワイヤーや丸棒を格子状に溶接した溶接金!I
i!I5を鉄筋スペーサー7の上に敷き、上部の支え部
11で支えて所定の高さに支持する。After this, welded wire and round bars in a grid pattern! I
i! The I5 is placed on the reinforcing bar spacer 7, supported by the upper support part 11, and supported at a predetermined height.
この作業は、従来のプラスチック製のスペーサー1を1
個づつ挟み込んで行く方法に比べて作業時間は50%程
度で完了することができる。This work involves replacing the conventional plastic spacer 1 with 1
Compared to the method of inserting the pieces one by one, the work can be completed in about 50% of the time.
この状態で検査を受けてから、コンクリート6を打設す
る。この場合、鉄筋スペーサー7・・・が1m程度の間
隔を置いて配置され支え部11の幅も広く、適状で強度
も高いのでこれを足場として、この上を歩いて作業する
ことができる。After undergoing an inspection in this state, concrete 6 is poured. In this case, the reinforcing bar spacers 7 are arranged at intervals of about 1 m, and the supporting portions 11 are wide, suitable, and strong, so that the worker can use them as a foothold and work by walking on them.
溶接金網5は鉄筋スペーサー7で支えられて高さが保持
され、しかも適状に形成されているのでコンクリート6
の湿り込みが速く、従来に比べて打設時間を30%以上
ら短縮することができる。The welded wire mesh 5 is supported by the reinforcing bar spacers 7 to maintain its height, and is formed in an appropriate shape so that the concrete 6
Wetting is fast, and the casting time can be reduced by more than 30% compared to conventional methods.
このようにしてコンクリート6を所定の高さまで打設す
ると、カブリ厚dは十分に確保され設計通りの施工をす
ることができる。By pouring the concrete 6 to a predetermined height in this manner, a sufficient fogging thickness d can be ensured and construction can be carried out as designed.
しかも鉄筋スペーサー7はワイヤーで適状に形成されて
いるので、コンクリート6に埋め込まれた状態でこれ自
体が鉄筋となり更に強度を向上させることができるので
、溶接金網5の軽量化も図ることができる。Furthermore, since the reinforcing bar spacer 7 is formed of wire in a suitable shape, it becomes a reinforcing bar itself when embedded in the concrete 6, further improving the strength, and thus making it possible to reduce the weight of the welded wire mesh 5. .
なお鉄筋スペーサー7はワイヤーで製造するので製造コ
ストは高くなるが、鉄筋スペーサ7の取付けや打設時間
を従来に比べて大幅に短縮できるので、施工コスト全体
から見れば安価に施工することができる。Note that since the reinforcing bar spacer 7 is manufactured from wire, the manufacturing cost is high, but since the time for installing and driving the reinforcing bar spacer 7 can be significantly shortened compared to the conventional method, it can be constructed at a low cost in terms of the overall construction cost. .
第3図は各階の床面を施工する場合の他の実施例を示す
ものである。FIG. 3 shows another embodiment in which the floor surface of each floor is constructed.
■形鋼で形成されたはり14の上に鋼板を凹凸状に成型
したデツキプレート15を載せ、この上に溝16と直交
して鉄筋スペーサー7を載せる。この後、鉄筋スペーサ
ー7の上に溶接金網5を載せてからコンクリート6を打
設する。(2) A deck plate 15 made of a steel plate molded into an uneven shape is placed on a beam 14 made of a shaped steel, and a reinforcing bar spacer 7 is placed on top of the deck plate 15 perpendicular to the groove 16. Thereafter, welded wire mesh 5 is placed on reinforcing bar spacer 7, and then concrete 6 is poured.
この場合、デツキプレート15の上にコンクリート6が
廻り込む隙間が確保されているので短時間に作業を行な
うことができる。In this case, since a gap is secured above the deck plate 15 for the concrete 6 to pass around, the work can be done in a short time.
また上記構造の鉄筋スペーサー7は、開口部10が形成
されているので第4図に示すように反転して開口部10
に複数個の鉄筋スペーサ7重ねることができるので、か
さばらず保管や輸送が容易となる。Further, since the reinforcing bar spacer 7 having the above structure has an opening 10 formed therein, it can be inverted as shown in FIG.
Since a plurality of reinforcing bar spacers 7 can be stacked on top of each other, it is not bulky and can be easily stored and transported.
第5図乃至第10図は本発明の他の実施例を示すもので
、第5図はスペーサー部材8の脚部13を省いたちので
、この場合、支え部11の下端に接続した連結ワイヤー
9が脚部の役割を果すので砕石4に沈まず安定して設置
することができる。5 to 10 show other embodiments of the present invention. In FIG. 5, the leg portion 13 of the spacer member 8 is omitted, and in this case, the connecting wire 9 connected to the lower end of the support portion 11 is shown. Since these serve as legs, the stone can be stably installed without sinking into the crushed stone 4.
第6図は、スペーサー部材8を逆U字形に湾曲させたも
ので、また第7図はスペーサー部材8を山形に折曲した
ものである。FIG. 6 shows the spacer member 8 bent into an inverted U shape, and FIG. 7 shows the spacer member 8 bent into a chevron shape.
これらの構造は何れも下部に開口部10が形成されてい
るので複数個重ねることができる。Since each of these structures has an opening 10 formed at the bottom, a plurality of these structures can be stacked.
第8図はスペーサー部材8を四角形状に折曲して角筒の
篭形に形成した鉄筋スペーサー7で、第9図はスペーサ
ー部材8を円形に湾曲して円筒の篭形に形成したもので
、更に第1O図はスペーサー部材8を三角形に折曲して
三角筒状の篭形に形成したものである。Fig. 8 shows a reinforcing bar spacer 7 in which the spacer member 8 is bent into a rectangular shape to form a rectangular cage shape, and Fig. 9 shows a reinforcing bar spacer 7 in which the spacer member 8 is bent into a circular shape to form a cylindrical cage shape. Further, in FIG. 1O, the spacer member 8 is bent into a triangular shape to form a triangular cylindrical basket shape.
(発明の効果)
以上説明した如く本発明に係わるコンクリー4
ト打設用鉄筋スペーサーによれば、砕石やデツキプレー
トの上に置くだけで良いので取付は作業が容易で、溶接
金網の位置を所定の高さに支持して適正なカブリ厚を確
保できると共に、適状に形成されコンクリートが十分に
速く廻り込むことができ、更に足場としても利用できる
ので打設時間が大幅に短縮されて作業性が向上し、しか
もそれ自体はコンクリートに埋め込まれて鉄筋となるの
で強度の向上も図ることができるなど種々の効果を有す
るものである。(Effects of the Invention) As explained above, according to the reinforcing bar spacer for concrete pouring according to the present invention, installation is easy as it only needs to be placed on crushed stone or a deck plate, and the welded wire mesh can be placed at a predetermined position. In addition to supporting the concrete at a height that ensures an appropriate fog thickness, the concrete is formed in an appropriate manner and can be rolled around quickly enough, and can also be used as scaffolding, which greatly reduces pouring time and improves work efficiency. It has various effects, such as improved strength, and since it is embedded in concrete and becomes a reinforcing bar, it can also improve strength.
第1図は本発明の一実施例による鉄筋スペーサーの斜視
図、第2図は第1図の鉄筋スペーサーを使用して土間の
床面に溶接金網を支持してコンクリートを打設した状態
を示す断面図、第3図は第1図の鉄筋スペーサーを使用
してデツキプレートに溶接金網を支持してコンクリドを
打設した状態を示す断面図、第4図は鉄筋スペーサーを
複数個重ねた状態を示す正面図、第5図乃至第10図は
夫々異なる他の実施例を示す鉄筋スペーサーの正面図、
第11図は従来のスペーサーを示す斜視図、第12図は
従来のスペーサーを使用して土間の床面に溶接金網を支
持した状態を示す断面図、第13図はここにコンクリー
トを打設した状態を示す断面図である。
1・・・スペーサー
3−・・受は溝
5・・・溶接金網
7・−・鉄筋スペーサー
9・・・連結ワイヤー
11・・・支え部
13・・・脚部
15・・・デツキプレート
2・・・脚板
4・・・砕石
6・・−コンクリート
8・・−スペーサー部材
0・・・開口部
2・−支柱部
4・−はり
6・・・溝
第
図
第
図
13Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a reinforcing bar spacer according to an embodiment of the present invention, and Fig. 2 shows a state in which concrete is cast using the reinforcing bar spacer of Fig. 1 to support a welded wire mesh on the floor of an earthen floor. Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a state in which concrete is poured by supporting a welded wire mesh on a deck plate using the reinforcing bar spacers shown in Figure 1, and Figure 4 shows a state in which multiple reinforcing bar spacers are stacked. 5 to 10 are front views of reinforcing bar spacers showing other different embodiments,
Figure 11 is a perspective view of a conventional spacer, Figure 12 is a sectional view of a welded wire mesh supported on the floor of an earthen floor using a conventional spacer, and Figure 13 is a diagram showing concrete being poured here. It is a sectional view showing a state. 1...Spacer 3...Socket is groove 5...Welded wire mesh 7...Reinforced bar spacer 9...Connection wire 11...Support part 13...Leg part 15...Deck plate 2... ... Leg plate 4 ... Crushed stone 6 ... - Concrete 8 ... - Spacer member 0 ... Opening 2 - Support section 4 - Beam 6 ... Groove diagram Figure 13
Claims (2)
溶接金網の支え部を形成したスペーサー部材を、間隔を
置いて複数本配置し、且つこれら各スペーサー部材を複
数本の連結ワイヤーで一体に接合して篭状に形成したこ
とを特徴とするコンクリート打設用鉄筋スペーサー。(1) A plurality of spacer members formed by bending or curving wire to form supporting parts of welded wire mesh on the upper part of the column are arranged at intervals, and each of these spacer members is connected by a plurality of connecting wires. A reinforcing bar spacer for concrete placement characterized by being integrally joined to form a basket shape.
特徴とする請求項1記載のコンクリート打設用鉄筋スペ
ーサー。(2) The reinforcing bar spacer for concrete casting according to claim 1, characterized in that an opening is formed in the lower part of the spacer member.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP28276389A JPH03144049A (en) | 1989-10-30 | 1989-10-30 | Reinforcing bar spacer for concreting |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP28276389A JPH03144049A (en) | 1989-10-30 | 1989-10-30 | Reinforcing bar spacer for concreting |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH03144049A true JPH03144049A (en) | 1991-06-19 |
Family
ID=17656755
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP28276389A Pending JPH03144049A (en) | 1989-10-30 | 1989-10-30 | Reinforcing bar spacer for concreting |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPH03144049A (en) |
-
1989
- 1989-10-30 JP JP28276389A patent/JPH03144049A/en active Pending
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