JPH02301401A - Flame-retarded veneer and its manufacture - Google Patents
Flame-retarded veneer and its manufactureInfo
- Publication number
- JPH02301401A JPH02301401A JP12494689A JP12494689A JPH02301401A JP H02301401 A JPH02301401 A JP H02301401A JP 12494689 A JP12494689 A JP 12494689A JP 12494689 A JP12494689 A JP 12494689A JP H02301401 A JPH02301401 A JP H02301401A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- phosphate
- veneers
- veneer
- cell walls
- solution
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000011120 plywood Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- -1 flame-retardant compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 abstract description 3
- WAKZZMMCDILMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-H barium(2+);diphosphate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[Ba+2].[Ba+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WAKZZMMCDILMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000007767 bonding agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H magnesium phosphate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004254 Ammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000148 ammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000019289 ammonium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004137 magnesium phosphate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000157 magnesium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229960002261 magnesium phosphate Drugs 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000010994 magnesium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000011490 mineral wool Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 5
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 2
- JZLWSRCQCPAUDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine;urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O.NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JZLWSRCQCPAUDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005696 Diammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010058467 Lung neoplasm malignant Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- FUFJGUQYACFECW-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium hydrogenphosphate Chemical compound [Ca+2].OP([O-])([O-])=O FUFJGUQYACFECW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920006026 co-polymeric resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000388 diammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019838 diammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019700 dicalcium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011491 glass wool Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000383 hazardous chemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000206 health hazard Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 201000005202 lung cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000020816 lung neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Finished Plywoods (AREA)
- Veneer Processing And Manufacture Of Plywood (AREA)
- Chemical And Physical Treatments For Wood And The Like (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は、本来、燃え易い木材の単板に巧みな化学的処
理を加えることによって難燃化させた合板、並びにその
ような難燃化合板を工業的に量産することができる方法
に関し、建築・土木の分野における利用が期待される。[Detailed Description of the Invention] [Industrial Application Field] The present invention relates to plywood which is made flame retardant by skillfully chemically treating a wood veneer that is originally easily combustible, and to a plywood made of wood that is originally easily combustible. This method of industrially mass-producing plywood is expected to be used in the fields of architecture and civil engineering.
〔従来の技術、および解決すべき技術的課題〕周知のと
おり、近来、建築の分野では火災防止の要請に対応して
アスベストやロックウールを素材として用いた難燃化建
築材料が汎用されるようになっている。[Conventional technology and technical issues to be solved] As is well known, in recent years, flame-retardant building materials using asbestos and rock wool have become widely used in the field of construction in response to the demand for fire prevention. It has become.
ところが、最近、空中に浮遊せるアスベスト粉塵（石綿
繊維）やロックウール粉塵（岩綿繊維）を肺中に吸込む
と肺癌に罹る危険性があることが医療関係者から指摘さ
れる及んで、遠からず、アスベスト、ロックウール、さ
らにはグラスウールまでも使用禁止となることが確実と
なり、これに代る安全な難燃性の材料が建築分野のみな
らず、土木関係業者の間からも切望されるに至った。However, recently, medical professionals have pointed out that inhaling airborne asbestos dust (asbestos fibers) and rock wool dust (rock wool fibers) into the lungs can lead to lung cancer. It is now certain that the use of asbestos, rock wool, and even glass wool will be banned, and safe, flame-retardant alternatives to these materials are desperately needed not only in the construction field but also among civil engineering professionals. Ta.
しかしながら、アスベストやロックウールは、保健衛生
上の問題を除けば、不燃性・耐熱性、軽量性・断熱性・
防音性の面において理想に近い物性を備えており、これ
に代替し得るような新しい素材の実用例は寡聞にして知
らない。However, apart from health and hygiene issues, asbestos and rock wool are nonflammable, heat resistant, lightweight, heat insulating, and
It has physical properties that are close to ideal in terms of soundproofing, and I have not heard of any practical examples of new materials that could replace it.
本発明は、アスベスト・ロックウール成形品に代わる新
しい難燃化材料として、最も古（から人間生活に使用さ
れてきた木材に求めるものであって、木材をスライスし
て得られる単板の細胞壁の内腔、細胞壁内、細胞壁と細
胞壁との間（以下、「細胞壁間」と称す）に不溶不燃性
無機化合物が不即不離の状態に沈着させて、これを合板
製品として工業的に量産することができる新方法を提供
するを技術的課題とする。The present invention is a new flame-retardant material to replace asbestos and rock wool molded products, which is required for wood that has been used in human life since ancient times. Industrial mass production of plywood products by depositing an insoluble, nonflammable inorganic compound in the lumen, within the cell wall, and between the cell walls (hereinafter referred to as "between the cell walls") in a permanent state. The technical challenge is to provide a new method that can do this.
また、本発明の他の技術的課題は、健康上障害を肩らす
危険のない安全にして安価な難燃化合板を提供するにあ
る。Another technical object of the present invention is to provide a flame-retardant compound board that is safe and inexpensive and does not pose any health hazards.
更に、本発明の他の技術的課題は、豊富に得られる木材
（間伐材・廃棄木材も使用可能）を原料として、これに
化学的処理を加えることによってアスベスト・ロックウ
ール成形品に勝るとも劣らない秀れた物性を備えた難燃
化合板を提供することにある。Furthermore, another technical problem of the present invention is that by using abundantly available wood (thinned wood and waste wood can also be used) as a raw material and chemically treating it, we can create a molded product that is no better than asbestos and rock wool molded products. The purpose of the present invention is to provide a flame-retardant compound board with excellent physical properties.
即ち、本発明は、木材から得たロータリ単板（ｒｏｔａ
ｒｙ ｃｕｔ ｖｅｎｅｅｒ）又はスライスド単板（ｓ
Ｌｉｃｔｄｖｅｎｅｅｒ）を複数枚、リン酸塩水溶液に
、＋潰して当該単板を組織する細胞壁にリン酸塩水溶液
を浸透させた後、これら単板を弱アルカリ溶液に接触さ
せることによって前記リン酸塩を不溶不燃性リン酸塩と
して細胞壁内に沈着せしめ、ついで、これらの単板を積
層させて、各単板同士を接着剤により接合一体化させる
ことによって難燃化合板とすることに本旨がある。That is, the present invention provides rotary veneer obtained from wood.
ry cut veneer) or sliced veneer (s
After crushing a plurality of veneers (Lictdveneer) in a phosphate aqueous solution and allowing the phosphate aqueous solution to penetrate into the cell walls that organize the veneers, the phosphates are removed by contacting these veneers with a weak alkaline solution. The main idea is to make a flame-retardant compound board by depositing it in the cell wall as an insoluble, non-combustible phosphate, then laminating these veneers and joining and integrating each veneer with an adhesive.
そこで、本発明において採用した手段の具体的内容につ
いて、注釈を加えておくと、次のとおりである。Therefore, the following notes are added to the specific details of the means adopted in the present invention.
まず、本発明において使用するリン酸塩は、水溶液に調
製して単板を組織する細胞壁に浸透させる必要があるか
ら、水溶性であることが必要であり、例えばリン酸バリ
ウム、リン酸カルシウム、リン酸マグネシウムなどが用
いられる。First, the phosphate used in the present invention needs to be water-soluble, as it needs to be prepared in an aqueous solution and infiltrated into the cell walls that organize the veneer. For example, barium phosphate, calcium phosphate, phosphate Magnesium etc. are used.
また、本発明方法において、上記リン酸塩溶液が細胞壁
内に浸透した単板を、アルカリ処理する場合には、第二
リン安（Ｎ Ｈｌ）、Ｍ Ｐ ０４などを水に溶解して
弱アルカリ（ｐＨ９）程度となる水溶液に調製して、そ
の溶液中に浸漬するものとする。In addition, in the method of the present invention, when the veneer in which the phosphate solution has penetrated into the cell wall is treated with alkali, diammonium phosphate (N Hl), M P 04, etc. are dissolved in water to treat the veneer with a weak alkali. An aqueous solution having a pH of approximately (pH 9) is prepared and immersed in the solution.
以下、本発明を実施例に基いて説明する。The present invention will be explained below based on examples.
リン酸水素カルシウムＣａ（Ｈ！ＰＯ４）！とリン酸：
Ｈ，ＰＯ，との高１度の水溶液を４０〜６０℃に加温し
、その中に飽水状態に膨潤せるラワン材の単板を１〜２
４時間浸漬し、ついで、第二リン安：（Ｎ Ｈ４）！”
’ａの弱アルカリ水溶液（ｐＨ９）に浸漬することに
よって、前記リン酸カルシウム塩を当該ラワンの細胞壁
内で不燃不溶の状態に沈着せしめ、然る後、水洗・乾燥
処理に付した。Calcium hydrogen phosphate Ca (H!PO4)! and phosphoric acid:
A high 1 degree aqueous solution of H, PO, is heated to 40-60℃, and 1-2 veneers of lauan material that can swell to water saturation are placed in it.
Soaked for 4 hours, then diluted with phosphoric acid: (NH4)! ”
The calcium phosphate salt was deposited in a non-combustible and insoluble state within the cell walls of the lauan by immersing it in a weak alkaline aqueous solution (pH 9) of 'a, followed by washing with water and drying.
その結果、前記ラワン単板は、絶乾重量ｌθ０に対し、
θＯ〜１６０重量増の不燃不溶性無機化合物を含む難燃
物が得られた。As a result, the lauan veneer has, relative to the bone dry weight lθ0,
A flame retardant containing a nonflammable and insoluble inorganic compound with an increase in weight of θO˜160 was obtained.
こうして得たラワンの単板の表面にユリアーメラミン共
重合樹脂を主剤とする接着結合剤を塗布してから、多数
枚の前記ラワン単板を互に繊維方向が交差するように積
層し、常法によりホットプレスすることにより一体化し
てラワン合板（厚さ１２■■、縦横１８２ ＣＩＸ ３
７個）を作製し、これをｒＪＩｓ規格Ａ １３２１建築
物の内装材料及び工法の難燃性試験方法」に準じて基材
試験、表面試験、付加試験に付してみたところ、何れの
試験においても離燃２級に相当する結果が得られた。After applying an adhesive bonding agent based on urea melamine copolymer resin to the surface of the lauan veneer thus obtained, a large number of the lauan veneers are laminated so that the fiber directions intersect with each other. By hot pressing according to the method, it is integrated into lauan plywood (thickness 12■■, length and width 182 CIX 3
7 pieces) were prepared and subjected to base material tests, surface tests, and additional tests in accordance with rJIs standard A 1321 "Flame retardant test method for building interior materials and construction methods". Results equivalent to Class 2 flame separation were also obtained.
〔本発明の効果〕
以上実施例をもって説明したとおり、本発明方法にあっ
ては、リン酸塩溶液を木材をスライスして得た単板の細
胞壁内に浸透させ、同細胞組繊内で弱アルカリ物質に接
触させることによって其処に不燃不溶無機化合物を沈着
させ、こうして得た難燃化単板多数枚を、結合剤を介し
て接合一体化させるといった簡単な加工によって能率的
に難燃化合板を得ることができるのであり、しかも得ら
れる難燃化合板は従来の可燃性合板に比較して幾分重量
が大きくなるもの＼、アスベストやロックウールを用い
た成形物に比較すれば遥かに軽量で、しかも植物繊維特
有の感触および呼吸性（通気性）を保有しているなど秀
れた利点がある。[Effects of the present invention] As explained above using the examples, in the method of the present invention, a phosphate solution is infiltrated into the cell walls of a veneer obtained by slicing wood, and the cell walls are weakened within the cell fibers. A flame-retardant compound board can be efficiently produced through simple processing such as depositing a non-combustible, insoluble inorganic compound there by contacting it with an alkaline substance, and bonding a large number of thus obtained flame-retardant veneers together using a binder. Moreover, the resulting flame-retardant compound board is somewhat heavier than conventional combustible plywood, but it is much lighter than molded products made from asbestos or rock wool. Moreover, it has excellent advantages such as having the feel and breathability (breathability) unique to plant fibers.
それゆえ、本発明によって得た難燃化合板は、建造物の
断熱壁・防音壁の断熱材・防音材として使用すれば、高
品質の断熱壁・防音壁が得られるだけでなく、防火上も
非常に有効なのである。Therefore, if the flame-retardant compound board obtained by the present invention is used as a heat-insulating material or sound-insulating material for heat-insulating walls or sound-proof walls of buildings, it will not only provide high-quality heat-insulating walls or sound-proof walls, but also improve fire prevention. is also very effective.
また、本発明方法においては、木材をスライスして得ら
れる単板を用いて難燃性建築・土木材料が工業的に量産
できるので、従来のアスベストやロックウールを用いて
製造した製品よりも健康上安全であり、頗る理想的と云
える。In addition, with the method of the present invention, flame-retardant architectural and civil engineering materials can be industrially mass-produced using veneers obtained by slicing wood, making them healthier than products manufactured using conventional asbestos or rock wool. It is extremely safe and can be said to be ideal.
このように本発明によれば、従来周知の合板の利点とア
スベストボードが保有していた難燃性という利点とを兼
ね備え、しかも従来の合板が保有していた欠点もアスベ
スト製品の欠点も共に克服されている等、その産業上の
大きなメリットが得られるのである。As described above, the present invention combines the advantages of conventional plywood and the flame retardant advantage of asbestos board, and also overcomes both the disadvantages of conventional plywood and the disadvantages of asbestos products. This provides great industrial benefits, such as:
Claims (2)
積層させ、各単板同士を接着剤によって接合一体化させ
て成る合板であって、 前記単板を組織する細胞壁には、リン酸塩 水溶液が弱アルカリ物質と反応して生成した不溶不燃性
リン酸塩が沈着していることを 特徴とした難燃化合板。(1) A plywood made by laminating rotary veneers or sliced veneers obtained from wood and joining each veneer together with an adhesive, and the cell walls that organize the veneers contain phosphate. A flame-retardant compound board characterized by deposits of insoluble and nonflammable phosphate produced by the reaction of an aqueous solution with a weak alkaline substance.
複数枚、リン酸塩水溶液に浸漬して 当該単板の細胞壁にリン酸塩水溶液を浸透させた後、こ
の単板を弱アルカリ溶液に接触 させることによって前記リン酸塩を不溶不燃性リン酸塩
として細胞壁内に沈着せしめ、 ついで、これらの単板を積層して各単板同士を接着剤に
て接合一体化させることを特徴とした難燃化合板の製造
方法。(2) After immersing multiple rotary veneers or sliced veneers obtained from wood in a phosphate aqueous solution to infiltrate the phosphate aqueous solution into the cell walls of the veneers, the veneers are soaked in a weak alkaline solution. The phosphate is deposited in the cell wall as an insoluble, non-flammable phosphate by contacting the cells, and then these veneers are laminated and each veneer is joined and integrated with an adhesive. Method for manufacturing flame retardant compound board.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP12494689A JPH02301401A (en) | 1989-05-17 | 1989-05-17 | Flame-retarded veneer and its manufacture |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP12494689A JPH02301401A (en) | 1989-05-17 | 1989-05-17 | Flame-retarded veneer and its manufacture |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH02301401A true JPH02301401A (en) | 1990-12-13 |
Family
ID=14898114
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP12494689A Pending JPH02301401A (en) | 1989-05-17 | 1989-05-17 | Flame-retarded veneer and its manufacture |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH02301401A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0539903U (en) * | 1991-10-31 | 1993-05-28 | 大鹿振興株式会社 | Wood fireproof material |
| US7384675B2 (en) | 2002-12-11 | 2008-06-10 | Shimane Prefecture | Diagonal laminated veneer lumber and method of manufacturing the same |
| JP2011031405A (en) * | 2009-07-29 | 2011-02-17 | Forest Blue Inc | Woody material processing composition, method for processing woody material, and woody material processed by the method |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS63120601A (en) * | 1986-11-10 | 1988-05-25 | 松下電工株式会社 | Aggregate decorative material and manufacture of decorative veneer using said material |
-
1989
- 1989-05-17 JP JP12494689A patent/JPH02301401A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS63120601A (en) * | 1986-11-10 | 1988-05-25 | 松下電工株式会社 | Aggregate decorative material and manufacture of decorative veneer using said material |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0539903U (en) * | 1991-10-31 | 1993-05-28 | 大鹿振興株式会社 | Wood fireproof material |
| US7384675B2 (en) | 2002-12-11 | 2008-06-10 | Shimane Prefecture | Diagonal laminated veneer lumber and method of manufacturing the same |
| US7618512B2 (en) | 2002-12-11 | 2009-11-17 | Shimane Prefecture | Diagonal laminated veneer lumber and method of manufacturing the same |
| JP2011031405A (en) * | 2009-07-29 | 2011-02-17 | Forest Blue Inc | Woody material processing composition, method for processing woody material, and woody material processed by the method |
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