JPH02111225A - Protecting circuit for lightning or the like - Google Patents
Protecting circuit for lightning or the likeInfo
- Publication number
- JPH02111225A JPH02111225A JP26257088A JP26257088A JPH02111225A JP H02111225 A JPH02111225 A JP H02111225A JP 26257088 A JP26257088 A JP 26257088A JP 26257088 A JP26257088 A JP 26257088A JP H02111225 A JPH02111225 A JP H02111225A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- equipment
- lines
- series
- gas
- lightning
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000001012 protector Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- NSILVESQCSUIAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M hexocyclium methyl sulfate Chemical compound COS([O-])(=O)=O.C1C[N+](C)(C)CCN1CC(O)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1CCCCC1 NSILVESQCSUIAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001747 pupil Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野］
本発明は、通信線ど商用ａ源線とに接続されるファクシ
ミリ、コンピュータ等のＯＡ機器や、テレビカメラ、有
線放送、或いは内線交換機、ボタン電話等の゛電気通信
機器を雷等から保護するための保安回路に関する。ここ
で、雷等とは雷サージのほかに、電磁機器が発生する高
電圧のサージ等を包含する。[Detailed Description of the Invention] [Industrial Application Field] The present invention is applicable to OA equipment such as facsimiles and computers connected to communication lines and commercial a-source lines, television cameras, cable broadcasting, internal switchboards, and buttons. This article relates to a safety circuit for protecting telecommunications equipment such as telephones from lightning, etc. Here, lightning etc. includes not only lightning surges but also high voltage surges generated by electromagnetic equipment.
［従来の技術］
電気通信機器のイ６ａ能化に伴なって、その制ツ１電力
を商用′電源に求めるものが多くなっているのが現状で
ある。一般に、この種の商用電源？用いる電気通信機器
は１図１７ｉ第１図の従来公知部分に示すように、通信
線Ｌｌ、Ｌ２と商用電源線ＡＣ１、ＡＣ２及び機器筐体
の接地端子ＦＣとの相ｌに間がトランス等５．５で直流
的に＋Ｊ１り尊されて絶縁が保たれている。ここで、商
用′−′Ｉｌ！：源瞳側は、大多数が中性点接地の巾相
已線式を採っており般には柱−Ｌトラ７ス１の個所で−
・線が接地Ｅ２に接地されている。これに対して ６信
線側は、屋外通信線と屋内の加λ者通口線との境界部分
に加込者保′ゲ器２が設けられている。商用電源を使用
しない場合は、通信線に訪１りされた雷サージ、を加入
者保安器２で接地Ｅｌに放流して電気通信機器ｌを保護
できたが、商用°電源の使用によって状況が変化してき
た。[Prior Art] As telecommunication equipment becomes more and more capable, the current situation is that more and more equipment is requiring commercial power sources to provide their power. In general, this kind of commercial power supply? As shown in the conventionally known part of Figure 17i, the telecommunications equipment used is a transformer, etc. At .5, +J1 is applied in terms of direct current and insulation is maintained. Here, commercial ′−′Il! : On the source pupil side, the majority adopt the cross-line type with neutral point grounding, and generally at the location of the pillar L truss 7 and 1.
- The wire is grounded to ground E2. On the other hand, on the 6th signal line side, a subscriber protection device 2 is provided at the boundary between the outdoor communication line and the indoor subscriber exit line. When commercial power was not used, the subscriber protector 2 could discharge lightning surges that hit the communication lines to the ground El to protect the telecommunications equipment, but the situation deteriorated due to the use of commercial power. Things have changed.
［！１１も１通信線側においては、′雷サージ等が通信
線Ｌ Ｌ 、 Ｌ ２から侵入すると、加入者保安器２
をｍ成するガス入放電素子３が放電して接地Ｅｌに放流
されるので、接地Ｅ１の＃１電位が１−昇する。[! 11. On the 1 communication line side, if a lightning surge etc. enters from the communication line LL, L2, the subscriber protector 2
Since the gas-filled discharge element 3 forming the discharge element 3 discharges the discharge to the ground El, the #1 potential of the ground E1 increases by 1-.
この電位−］二昇は宙サージ等の規模によっては数１０
ＫＶにもなるものである。斯る地電位−、ｈ ＰＩによ
る高゛１π圧は、−力ではガス大赦−Ｈ（ｆ素子３の共
通電極６から、通信線Ｌ１．．Ｌ２を経て電気通信機器
１・＼と侵入する経路を採り、他方では接地Ｅ２から商
用電源線Ａｃｔ、ＡＣ２を経て電気通信機器ｌへ侵入す
る経路を採る。または、接、ｌ４Ｅ３から接＃Ａ端子Ｆ
Ｇを経て電気通信機器ｌへと侵入する経路を採る。いず
れにしても、電気通信機器内は絶縁されているが、ト記
゛屯圧が高いために絶縁が破壊されて機器が故障するこ
ととなる。This potential - ]2 rise is several 10 depending on the scale of air surge etc.
It can also be used as a KV. The high 1π pressure caused by such ground potential -, h PI is the path from the common electrode 6 of the f element 3 to the telecommunication equipment 1, \, via the communication lines L1...L2. On the other hand, take a route from the ground E2 to the commercial power line Act, AC2 and into the telecommunications equipment l.Alternatively, from the ground E2 to the ground #A terminal F
The route taken is to infiltrate the telecommunications equipment l via G. In any case, although the inside of the telecommunications equipment is insulated, the high internal pressure will cause the insulation to break down and cause the equipment to malfunction.
これに対して、商用電源線側においては、商用′電源線
ＡＣＩ、ＡＣ２に雷サージ等が侵入すると、接地Ｅ２に
流入して地主イζが上昇する。従って、侵入経路が若七
異なるが、地電位１−昇に着目すれば、前述の通信線Ｌ
Ｌ、Ｌ２に侵入した場合と同様な状況となる。On the other hand, on the commercial power line side, when a lightning surge or the like enters the commercial power lines ACI and AC2, it flows into the ground E2 and increases the landowner Iζ. Therefore, although the intrusion route is slightly different, if we focus on the earth potential 1-rise, we can see that the above-mentioned communication line L
The situation will be similar to the case where L and L2 are invaded.
Ｌ記実情に鑑みて開発された特開昭６２−１９４７４６
号は、電気通信機器を雷サージ等から保護すると同時に
、商用電源側に挿入したガス入放電素子が゛電源の内線
間を短絡することなく、安定した′Ｉｕ力供給か可能な
バイパス型雷防護回路を提供している。Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 62-194746 was developed in view of the actual situation in L.
This is a bypass-type lightning protection system that protects telecommunications equipment from lightning surges, etc., and at the same time, a gas-filled discharge element inserted into the commercial power supply side allows for a stable supply of Iu power without shorting between extension lines of the power supply. We provide circuits.
ｒ発明が解決しようとする課題］
然しなから、前述のバイパス型雷防護回路によれば、地
電位上昇に伴なう高電圧に起因する電子通信機器の誤動
作が新たに問題となってきている。誤動作は、雷サージ
等そのものの性質や、雷防護回路のぶ子の動作時の特性
によって起きる急峻な電圧変化が電気通信機器と作用し
た電気振動の誘発に起因するものであった。[Problems to be Solved by the Invention] However, according to the above-mentioned bypass type lightning protection circuit, malfunction of electronic communication equipment caused by high voltage due to rise in earth potential has become a new problem. . The malfunctions were caused by the electrical vibrations induced by the sudden voltage changes caused by the nature of lightning surges and the operating characteristics of the lightning protection circuit knobs, which interacted with telecommunications equipment.
即ち、通信ｄ Ｌ １ 、 Ｌ ２や商用ｔｒＡ線Ａｃ
ｔ。That is, communications d L 1 , L 2 and commercial trA line Ac
t.
ＡＣ２のトランス５芒４は誘導性であり、また、これら
は巻線等の浮が容縫があって共振回路を構成している。The transformer 5 of the AC2 is inductive, and has floating windings etc., forming a resonant circuit.
４二記防護回路を構成するガス人数′屯、Ｌ子の動作に
よる急峻な端子電圧変化（第２図参照）が前記共徹回路
と作用して、不安定であるが周波波の高い電気振動を起
こし、これがトランス５や配線の浮遊容４；もしくは、
誘導によって制御系の信号に侵入し７て、こ動作を引き
起こすものであった。4. The steep terminal voltage changes caused by the operation of the gas and L elements that make up the protective circuit (see Figure 2) interact with the common throughput circuit, causing unstable but high-frequency electrical vibrations. This causes stray capacitance 4 of transformer 5 and wiring; or
The signal was induced into the control system and caused this operation.
誤動作には、−・１−１電＆ｔを切って再投入すれば復
旧できる軽症のものや、マイコンのＭ走等による保存デ
ータの吹失を伴なうものがある７これらは、−時的に６
話が不能となったり、保（トデーヌの再役人が必要とな
るので、′：ｔ・大な損失となるものであった。Malfunctions include -1-1 Minor malfunctions that can be recovered by turning the power off and on again, and malfunctions that involve the loss of stored data due to microcontroller M running, etc. to 6
It would have been a huge loss, as he would have been unable to speak and would have had to be reassigned as a security official.
面して、未発明は叙述の電気揚動を解消するためのもの
であって、振動の原因となる素子直近で対策して効率よ
く抑制し、制御系への誘導を低減して′電気通信機器の
誤動作を防止することを、そのｌｌ的とするものである
。On the other hand, the uninvented invention is to eliminate the electric lift described above, and to efficiently suppress it by taking measures close to the element that causes the vibration, and to reduce the induction to the control system. Its purpose is to prevent equipment malfunctions.
［課題を解決するための手段］
１−記目的を達成するための未発！！１に係る雷等の防
護回路は、通信線のｙ４線に二個の第一バリスタの一端
な夫／Ｃ接続し、 一端をｒｆいに直列接続するニュ個
のコンデンサの各他端と、一端を互いに直列接続する二
個の二極ガス入数゛屯素子の各端部電極に−・端を夫々
直列接続する二個の第二バリスタの谷他端とを並列接続
して商用ｍｒＡ線の両線に接続し、さらに第一のバリス
タの接続点とコンデンサの中点と二極ガス入数′准素子
の接続点とを共通接続して成る回路構成にある。[Means to solve the problem] 1- Unexpected to achieve the stated purpose! ! The lightning protection circuit according to Item 1 is constructed by connecting one end of two first varistors to the Y4 line of the communication line, connecting each other end of two capacitors in series to the RF line, and one end of the two first varistors. The commercial mrA line is connected in parallel to each end electrode of two bipolar gas-filled varistors connected in series to the other end of the two second varistors whose ends are connected in series. It has a circuit configuration in which the connection point of the first varistor, the midpoint of the capacitor, and the connection point of the two-pole gas-filled quasi-element are connected in common.
［１５？！明の作用］
雷サージ等の接地への放流に伴う地電位の上昇によって
電気通信機器の各線間に印加される高′市圧は、電気通
信機器の絶縁耐圧よりも低い動作電圧をもつ水雷等の防
護回路に侵入する。第一バリスタ又は二極ガスａ雷素子
の動作によって高電圧は一定値以下に低減されるが、動
作開始までに流入したエネルギーや動作時及び動作停止
時の端子屯）Ｅの急激な変化によって、電気通信機器や
線路が持つインピーダンスが作用して起きる過渡現象に
よる電気振動が発生しようとする。[15? ! The high voltage applied between the lines of telecommunications equipment due to the rise in earth potential caused by lightning surges, etc., is caused by watermines, etc., which have an operating voltage lower than the dielectric strength of the telecommunications equipment. break into the protective circuit of the device. The high voltage is reduced to below a certain value by the operation of the first varistor or the bipolar gas lightning element, but due to the energy that has flown in before the operation starts and the sudden change in the terminal voltage (E) during operation and at the time of operation stop, Electrical vibrations occur due to transient phenomena caused by the impedance of telecommunications equipment and lines.
この場合に直近に二個の直列コンデンサが設けられてい
るので、電気振動を抑制する。或いは。In this case, since two series capacitors are provided in the immediate vicinity, electrical vibrations are suppressed. Or.
藏動を吸収するか、無害な周波数領域に移行させること
となる。It either absorbs the vibrations or moves them to a harmless frequency range.
［発明の実施例１
図面第１図は本発明に係る雷等の防護回路の一実、極例
を示す［す１路説明図である。尚、従来公知部分の説明
は改複のため省略する。Embodiment 1 of the Invention FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a lightning protection circuit according to the present invention. Note that the description of conventionally known parts will be omitted for the sake of redundancy.
しかして、電気通信機器ｌの通信線Ｌｌ、Ｌ２と商用電
源線ＡＣＩ、ＡＣ２とには一点鎖線で示す雷等の防護回
路（以下本回路という）ｌＯが電気ｄ信機器ｌと並列接
続されている０本回路はｌＥ気通信機器ｌの絶縁耐圧よ
りも低い動作電圧をイ（するように設定されている０本
【Ｉ３１路１０は、通信線Ｌｌ 、Ｌ２に第一八ラスタ
１１．１２の各−端１３．１３を夫々接続し、ｔに通信
線に対応させる。Therefore, a lightning protection circuit (hereinafter referred to as this circuit) IO shown by a dashed line is connected in parallel to the communication lines Ll and L2 of the telecommunications equipment 1 and the commercial power supply lines ACI and AC2 with the electric d-communications equipment 1. The current 0 circuit is set to operate at a lower operating voltage than the dielectric strength voltage of the communication equipment 1. Each negative end 13.13 is connected respectively, and t corresponds to a communication line.
又、電、＆ｌ線Ａｃｔ、ＡＣ２には、一端を互いに直列
接続する二個のコンデンサ１５．１６の各他端と、二極
ガス入放電素子１７．１８の各端部電極２０．２０に一
端を夫々直列接続する二個の第Ｌバリスタ２１．２２の
各他端とを並列接続したものを接続する。しかも、第一
バリスタＩＩ、１２の共通接続点２３と、３個のコンデ
ンサ１５゜１６の中点２４とガス入放電素子１７．１８
の接続点２５とを共通線２６で接続し、これらを接地端
子ＦＧと共通な接地Ｅ３として構成し、主に電源線に対
応させる。In addition, the electric and &l wires Act and AC2 have one end connected to each other end of two capacitors 15.16 connected in series with each other, and one end to each end electrode 20.20 of a bipolar gas-filled discharge element 17.18. The other ends of the two L-th varistors 21 and 22, which are connected in series, are connected in parallel. Moreover, the common connection point 23 of the first varistor II, 12, the midpoint 24 of the three capacitors 15° 16, and the gas-filled discharge element 17.18
A common line 26 connects the connecting point 25 of the ground terminal FG and the connecting point 25 of the ground terminal FG, and configures these as a common ground E3 with the ground terminal FG, which mainly corresponds to the power supply line.
ここで、Ｌ記コンデンサ１５．１８は静電８星な大きく
してインピータンスを低（するするのがφましい、又、
第ニーバリスタ２１．２２としては、その動作電圧が商
用電源側のピーク電圧（１４１■）よりも高いものが好
ましい、この場合に４よ、ガス入放電素子１７．１８の
動作時における商／ｆｌ電源の負荷が軽減で３、安定な
電力供給が維持できる。Here, it is preferable to make the L capacitor 15.18 large and have a low impedance (φ), and
The second varistor 21.22 is preferably one whose operating voltage is higher than the peak voltage (141■) on the commercial power supply side. By reducing the load on the power supply, a stable power supply can be maintained.
試験によれぼ 印加電圧８００Ｖで従来誤動作していた
ものが、本回路を設置したことによって２７００ Ｖを
印加しても誤動作が全く無くなった。試験電圧は素子の
動作電圧を超えており、さらに高い電圧を印加しても本
回路の端子電圧の上５Ｌは僅少であるので、実用に即す
るものと確認されたゆ
上記実施例において、二線間に設けた場合先１４示説明
したが、多数線間に夫々設置できることは明らかである
。Test results: Previously, the device malfunctioned when an applied voltage of 800V was applied, but by installing this circuit, there was no malfunction at all even when a voltage of 2700V was applied. The test voltage exceeds the operating voltage of the element, and even if a higher voltage is applied, the upper 5L of the terminal voltage of this circuit is very small, so it was confirmed that it is suitable for practical use. In the case of installation between wires, 14 examples have been described above, but it is clear that they can be installed between multiple wires.
以り説明した通り本発明は１通信線の両線に第一バリス
タを夫々接続し、一端を互いに直列接続する二個のコン
デンサの各他端と、二極ガス大赦主索ｆの各端部電極に
一端を夫々直列接続する二個の第二バリスタの各他端と
を並列接続して商用１ｕ源線の１ｉＦｌ線に接続し、さ
らに第一バリスタの接続点とコンデンサの中点とカス入
放電素子の接続点とを共通接続して構成することによっ
て、通信線と商用′ＩｒＬ源線とを有する有線電気通信
機器のバイパス用の雷等の防護回路を提供することがで
、き、′−の機塁に侵入する地電位上昇に伴なう高電圧
とこの高電圧除去に伴なう電鉢振動を除去することがで
きた。殊に、コンデンサを電気振動の発生の原因となる
素子直近かに設けたので、誤動作の危険性を効果的に除
去でき、誤動作による復旧までの損失を低減させ１円滑
な通信を確保できり。As explained above, the present invention connects a first varistor to both lines of one communication line, each other end of two capacitors whose one end is connected in series with each other, and each end of a bipolar gas main rope f. Two second varistors, one end of which is connected in series to the electrode, are connected in parallel to the other end of the second varistor, and connected to the 1iFl line of the commercial 1u source line, and the connection point of the first varistor, the midpoint of the capacitor, and the By commonly connecting the connection points of the discharge elements, it is possible to provide a lightning protection circuit for bypassing wired telecommunications equipment having a communication line and a commercial IrL source line. - It was possible to remove the high voltage caused by the rise in earth potential that invaded the base of the machine, as well as the vibrations caused by the removal of this high voltage. In particular, since the capacitor is placed close to the element that causes electrical vibration, it is possible to effectively eliminate the risk of malfunction, reduce losses until recovery due to malfunction, and ensure smooth communication.
１４面第１図は本発明に係る雷等のＶＪ護開回路−・実
施例を示す回路説明図、第２図は放電に伴なう端子電圧
変化を説明するグラフ図である。
ｌ・・・パＩ耽気通信機器
２・・・・加入者保安器、
３・・・・加入者保安器のガス入放電素子、４・・・・
柱」ニドランス
１０・・・・雷等の防護回路、
１１．１２・・・・第一バリスタ、
１５．１６・・・・コンデンサ、
１７．１８・・・・二極ガス入放電素子。
２１．２２・・・・第二バリスタ、
Ｌｌ、Ｌ２・・・・通信線、
Ａｃｔ、ＡＣ２・・・・商用電源線。FIG. 1 on page 14 is a circuit explanatory diagram showing an embodiment of the VJ protection circuit for lightning, etc. according to the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a graph diagram illustrating changes in terminal voltage due to discharge. l...Parental communication equipment 2...Subscriber protector, 3...Gas input/discharge element of subscriber protector, 4...
Pillar" Nidorance 10...Lightning protection circuit, 11.12...First varistor, 15.16...Capacitor, 17.18...Dipolar gas-filled discharge element. 21.22...Second varistor, Ll, L2...Communication line, Act, AC2...Commercial power line.
Claims (1)
、一端を互いに直列接続する二個のコンデンサの各他端
と、一端を互いに直列接続する二個の二極ガス入放電素
子の各端部電極に一端を夫々直列接続する二個の第二バ
リスタの各他端とを並列接続して商用電源線の両線に接
続し、さらに第一バリスタの接続点とコンデンサの中点
と二極ガス入放電素子の接続点とを共通接続して成る雷
等の防護回路。One ends of two first varistors are connected to both lines of the communication line, each other end of two capacitors whose one ends are connected in series with each other, and two bipolar gas-filled discharge elements whose first ends are connected in series with each other. One end is connected in series to each end electrode of the second varistor, and the other ends of two second varistors are connected in parallel and connected to both lines of the commercial power line, and then the connection point of the first varistor and the midpoint of the capacitor are connected in parallel. A lightning protection circuit consisting of a common connection between the terminal and the connection point of a two-pole gas-filled discharge element.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP26257088A JPH02111225A (en) | 1988-10-18 | 1988-10-18 | Protecting circuit for lightning or the like |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP26257088A JPH02111225A (en) | 1988-10-18 | 1988-10-18 | Protecting circuit for lightning or the like |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH02111225A true JPH02111225A (en) | 1990-04-24 |
Family
ID=17377638
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP26257088A Pending JPH02111225A (en) | 1988-10-18 | 1988-10-18 | Protecting circuit for lightning or the like |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH02111225A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0410538U (en) * | 1990-05-09 | 1992-01-29 | ||
| US7037951B2 (en) * | 2001-03-28 | 2006-05-02 | Sony Corporation | Process for regenerating resins |
| JP2012210048A (en) * | 2011-03-29 | 2012-10-25 | Azbil Corp | Surge protected power supply |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS55136829A (en) * | 1979-04-11 | 1980-10-25 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Surge absorbing circuit |
| JPS60118023A (en) * | 1983-11-30 | 1985-06-25 | 富士電機株式会社 | Overcurrent protecting unit of inverter |
| JPS63186528A (en) * | 1987-01-28 | 1988-08-02 | 日本電気株式会社 | Lightning surge protective circuit |
| JPS63194526A (en) * | 1987-02-06 | 1988-08-11 | 富士通株式会社 | Surge protective circuit |
-
1988
- 1988-10-18 JP JP26257088A patent/JPH02111225A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS55136829A (en) * | 1979-04-11 | 1980-10-25 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Surge absorbing circuit |
| JPS60118023A (en) * | 1983-11-30 | 1985-06-25 | 富士電機株式会社 | Overcurrent protecting unit of inverter |
| JPS63186528A (en) * | 1987-01-28 | 1988-08-02 | 日本電気株式会社 | Lightning surge protective circuit |
| JPS63194526A (en) * | 1987-02-06 | 1988-08-11 | 富士通株式会社 | Surge protective circuit |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0410538U (en) * | 1990-05-09 | 1992-01-29 | ||
| US7037951B2 (en) * | 2001-03-28 | 2006-05-02 | Sony Corporation | Process for regenerating resins |
| JP2012210048A (en) * | 2011-03-29 | 2012-10-25 | Azbil Corp | Surge protected power supply |
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