JPH01141582A - Gene-introducing device - Google Patents
Gene-introducing deviceInfo
- Publication number
- JPH01141582A JPH01141582A JP62300476A JP30047687A JPH01141582A JP H01141582 A JPH01141582 A JP H01141582A JP 62300476 A JP62300476 A JP 62300476A JP 30047687 A JP30047687 A JP 30047687A JP H01141582 A JPH01141582 A JP H01141582A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- cell
- high voltage
- electrodes
- cells
- dna
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 52
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000004720 dielectrophoresis Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000006285 cell suspension Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001962 electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004102 animal cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C5/00—Separating dispersed particles from liquids by electrostatic effect
- B03C5/02—Separators
- B03C5/022—Non-uniform field separators
- B03C5/026—Non-uniform field separators using open-gradient differential dielectric separation, i.e. using electrodes of special shapes for non-uniform field creation, e.g. Fluid Integrated Circuit [FIC]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M35/00—Means for application of stress for stimulating the growth of microorganisms or the generation of fermentation or metabolic products; Means for electroporation or cell fusion
- C12M35/02—Electrical or electromagnetic means, e.g. for electroporation or for cell fusion
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
（産業上の利用分野）
本発明は、細胞に電気パルスを与えることによって、細
胞外に浮遊しているＤＮＡを細胞内に取り込ませる装置
に関するものである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION (Industrial Application Field) The present invention relates to a device for incorporating DNA floating outside a cell into a cell by applying an electric pulse to the cell.
（従来の技術）
第７図に概略的に示されるように、対向電極２゜４間に
細胞６を置き、電極２，４間に電界Ｅを印加したとする
。電界Ｅの方向とＪ＃胞６の表面上の任意の点Ｑとのな
す角をθとすると、細胞ｒＭ当り、近似的に
Ｖ＝ （３／２）ｒＥｃｏｓθ −・−−−−（１）な
る電位差Ｖが生じることが知られている。ｒは細胞６の
半径である。(Prior Art) As schematically shown in FIG. 7, it is assumed that a cell 6 is placed between opposing electrodes 2 and 4, and an electric field E is applied between the electrodes 2 and 4. If the angle between the direction of the electric field E and an arbitrary point Q on the surface of the J# cell 6 is θ, then per cell rM, approximately V = (3/2)rEcosθ −・−−−−(1) It is known that a potential difference V occurs. r is the radius of the cell 6.
この電位差Ｖが０．５〜３ボルトになると、細胞に一過
的膜破壊が生じて細胞膜の透過性が増加し、細胞６外に
浮遊しているＤＮＡが細胞６内に取り込まれる。When this potential difference V becomes 0.5 to 3 volts, temporary membrane breakdown occurs in the cell, the permeability of the cell membrane increases, and DNA floating outside the cell 6 is taken into the cell 6.
（発明が解決しようとする問題点）
ＤＮＡの導入確率は、（１）式からも分かるように、Ｄ
ＮＡの大きさによって著しく異なる。(Problem to be solved by the invention) As can be seen from equation (1), the probability of DNA introduction is D
It varies significantly depending on the size of NA.
また、ＤＮＡの導入確率を増加させるためには、電界Ｅ
を大きくすればよいが、その場合、一過的膜破壊が生じ
る領域が大きくなり、細胞の生存率が低下する。In addition, in order to increase the probability of DNA introduction, the electric field E
may be increased, but in that case, the area where transient membrane destruction occurs becomes larger and the cell survival rate decreases.
本発明はＤＮＡの導入効率を上げるとともに、細胞の生
存率も上げることのできるＤＮＡ導入装百を提供するこ
とを目的とするものである。An object of the present invention is to provide a DNA introduction device that can increase the efficiency of DNA introduction and also increase the survival rate of cells.
Ｃ問題点を解決するための手段）
実施例を示す第１図と第４図を参照して説明すると６本
発明の遺伝子導入装置は、平行対向電極８．１０，４２
．４４と、その対向電極間で電極に平行に設けられて細
胞より小さい孔をもつ高誘電率物質にてなるメツシュ１
６と、対向電極間に収容された細胞とＤＮＡの懸濁液中
の細胞をメツシュの小孔に押しつける手段２２，３０．
３２と、対向電極間に高電圧パルスを印加する高電圧パ
ルス発生器４０とを備えている。Means for Solving Problem C) This will be explained with reference to FIG. 1 and FIG.
．． 44, and a mesh 1 made of a high dielectric constant material and having pores smaller than cells, which are provided parallel to the electrodes between the opposing electrodes.
6, and means 22, 30 for pressing cells in a suspension of cells and DNA contained between opposing electrodes into the small holes of the mesh.
32, and a high voltage pulse generator 40 that applies a high voltage pulse between opposing electrodes.
（作用）
誘電電気泳動や遠心力によってメツシュ１６の小孔１８
に細胞１５を押しつけながら高電圧パルスを印加すると
、電気力線が小孔１８に集中し。(Function) The small holes 18 of the mesh 16 are formed by dielectric electrophoresis and centrifugal force.
When a high voltage pulse is applied while pressing the cell 15 to the cell 15, electric lines of force are concentrated in the small hole 18.
細胞１５が小孔１８に接している部分で一過的膜破壊が
生じ、その部分からＤＮＡが細胞１５内に導入される。Temporary membrane disruption occurs at the portion where the cell 15 is in contact with the small pore 18, and DNA is introduced into the cell 15 from that portion.
（実施例） 第１図は一実施例を表わす。(Example) FIG. 1 represents one embodiment.
８．１０は一対の対向した平行電極であり、ガラス板１
２−にに接着されている。一対の電極８゜１０、ガラス
板１２及び図には示されていないが電極８，１０の両側
部を封止する絶縁部材によって画電極８，１０間に細胞
懸濁液１４が収容される。細胞懸濁液１４中には細胞と
ＤＮＡが懸濁している。8.10 is a pair of parallel electrodes facing each other, and glass plate 1
2- It is glued to the. A cell suspension 14 is accommodated between the picture electrodes 8 and 10 by a pair of electrodes 8 and 10, a glass plate 12, and an insulating member that seals both sides of the electrodes 8 and 10, although not shown. Cells and DNA are suspended in the cell suspension 14.
電極８．ｌＯの間には画電極８．１０に平行にメツシュ
１６が設けられている。メツシュ１６はセラミックスや
樹脂など高誘電率物質にて形成され、第２図に示される
ように細胞よりも小さい孔１８が多数設けられている。Electrode 8. A mesh 16 is provided between the 10 and parallel to the picture electrodes 8.10. The mesh 16 is made of a high dielectric constant material such as ceramics or resin, and is provided with many holes 18 smaller than the cells as shown in FIG.
メツシュ１６の孔１８の直径は、動物細胞を扱う場合に
は２〜３μｍ程度が適当であり、植物細胞の場合は２０
〜３０μｍ程度が適当である。The appropriate diameter of the holes 18 of the mesh 16 is about 2 to 3 μm when handling animal cells, and about 20 μm when dealing with plant cells.
Approximately 30 μm or so is appropriate.
電極８，１０には細胞懸濁液１４に電界を印加するため
に電源装置２０が接続されている。電源装置２０には細
胞を誘電電気泳動（Ｄｉｅｌｅｃｔ、ｒｏｐｈｏｒｅｓ
ｉｓ）させるための交流電圧を発生する交流電圧発生器
２２と、細胞に一過的膜破壊を起こさせるための高電圧
を発生する高電圧パルス発生器２４と、交流電圧と高電
圧パルスを重畳して印加する出力回路２６とが備えられ
ている。電極８，１゜に交流電圧を印加するのは、細胞
をメツシュ１６の小孔に押しつけるためであり、交流電
圧発生器２２はその手段を構成する。A power supply 20 is connected to the electrodes 8 and 10 in order to apply an electric field to the cell suspension 14. The power supply device 20 carries out dielectric electrophoresis (DIELECT, ROPHORES) for cells.
is), and a high voltage pulse generator 24 that generates a high voltage to cause temporary membrane breakdown in the cells. An output circuit 26 for applying the same voltage is provided. The purpose of applying an alternating current voltage to the electrodes 8 and 1° is to press the cells into the small holes of the mesh 16, and the alternating current voltage generator 22 constitutes a means for this purpose.
次に、本実施例の動作について説明する。Next, the operation of this embodiment will be explained.
電極間に細胞懸濁液１４を入れ、電極８，１゜間に交流
電圧を印加する。メツシュ１６は細胞懸濁液１４より誘
電率の高い物質であるので、電気力線２８は第２図に示
されるように孔１８に集中し、不均一電界が発生する。A cell suspension 14 is placed between the electrodes, and an alternating current voltage is applied between the electrodes 8 and 1°. Since the mesh 16 is a material with a higher dielectric constant than the cell suspension 14, the electric lines of force 28 are concentrated in the holes 18, as shown in FIG. 2, and a non-uniform electric field is generated.
この電気力線の不均一性により細胞表面の正負の電荷量
にアンバランスが生じ、誘電電気泳動現象によって細胞
はメツシュ１６の孔１８のほうに引き寄せられる。第３
図は細胞１５が孔１８に引きつけられて押しつけられた
状態を表わしている。This non-uniformity of the lines of electric force causes an imbalance in the amount of positive and negative charges on the cell surface, and the cells are drawn toward the pores 18 of the mesh 16 due to the dielectric electrophoresis phenomenon. Third
The figure shows a state in which the cells 15 are attracted to and pressed against the holes 18.
細胞１５を孔１８に押しつけた状態で高電圧パルスを重
畳して印加する。高電圧も孔１８に集中し、孔１８と接
する細胞膜のみに一過的膜破壊が生じ、その孔からＤＮ
Ａが取り込まれる。With the cell 15 pressed against the hole 18, high voltage pulses are applied in a superimposed manner. The high voltage also concentrates on the pore 18, causing temporary membrane breakdown only in the cell membrane in contact with the pore 18, and DN from that pore.
A is imported.
第４図は他の実施例を表わす。FIG. 4 represents another embodiment.
本実施例は、遠心分離機にチャンバ３６を装着し、遠心
力によってチャンバ３６内の細胞懸濁液中の細胞をチャ
ンバ３６内のメツシュに押しつけながら高電圧パルスを
印加する実施例である。In this embodiment, a chamber 36 is attached to a centrifugal separator, and high voltage pulses are applied while cells in a cell suspension in the chamber 36 are pressed against a mesh in the chamber 36 by centrifugal force.
３０は遠心分離機の回転シャフトであり、モータ３２に
よって回転させられる。３４はモータ３２の回転を制御
する回転制御器である。回転シャフト３０にはＤＮＡ導
入チャンバ３６が装着され。30 is a rotating shaft of the centrifuge, which is rotated by a motor 32. 34 is a rotation controller that controls the rotation of the motor 32. A DNA introduction chamber 36 is attached to the rotating shaft 30.
回転させられるようになっている。チャンバ３６には一
対の対向した平行電極が設けられているが。It can be rotated. The chamber 36 is provided with a pair of opposing parallel electrodes.
それらの電極間に高電圧パルスを印加するために回転シ
ャフト３０にはスリップリング３８が設けられ、チャン
バ３６の電極につながる端子がスリップリング３８に接
触して電源が供給されるようになっている。スリップリ
ング３８には高電圧パルス発生器４０が接続されている
。スリップリング３８に代えて電磁カップリングによっ
て電源を供給するようにしてもよい。A slip ring 38 is provided on the rotating shaft 30 to apply a high voltage pulse between these electrodes, and a terminal connected to the electrode of the chamber 36 contacts the slip ring 38 to supply power. . A high voltage pulse generator 40 is connected to the slip ring 38 . Power may be supplied by an electromagnetic coupling instead of the slip ring 38.
チャンバ３６は、第５図に示されるように、容器４１の
遠心力Ｇ方向の先端方向に電極４２が設けられ、基端方
向に電極４４が設けられている。As shown in FIG. 5, the chamber 36 is provided with an electrode 42 toward the distal end of the container 41 in the direction of the centrifugal force G, and an electrode 44 toward the proximal end.
電ｔ４４２．４４は対向面が平行であり・、かつ、その
対向面は遠心力Ｇ方向に直交している。電極４２．４４
間にメツシュ１６が電極対向面に平行に設けられている
。メツシュ１６は第１図の実施例と同様に誘電率の高い
物質で形成され、細胞より小さい孔１８があけられてい
る。The opposing surfaces of the electric currents t442 and 44 are parallel, and the opposing surfaces are orthogonal to the direction of the centrifugal force G. Electrode 42.44
In between, a mesh 16 is provided parallel to the electrode facing surface. The mesh 16 is made of a material with a high dielectric constant, similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, and has holes 18 smaller than the cells.
電極４２の先端からは端子４６が容器４１外に突出し、
電極４４の端子４８は蓋５０を貫通して容器４１外に突
出している。端子４６．４８はリード線を介して遠心分
離機のスリップリング３８に接触する端子に接続される
。A terminal 46 protrudes outside the container 41 from the tip of the electrode 42,
The terminal 48 of the electrode 44 penetrates the lid 50 and projects outside the container 41. Terminals 46,48 are connected via leads to terminals that contact the slip ring 38 of the centrifuge.
電極４４は容器４１に挿入されるようになっており、メ
ツシュ１６上から細胞とＤＮＡが懸濁した細胞懸濁液１
４を注入した後に、電極４４が挿入される。容器４１は
取付は容器５２に入れられて遠心弁Ｍ機に装着される。The electrode 44 is inserted into the container 41, and the cell suspension 1 in which cells and DNA are suspended is poured onto the mesh 16.
After implanting 4, electrode 44 is inserted. The container 41 is placed in a container 52 and attached to the centrifugal valve M machine.
本実施例の動作について説明する。The operation of this embodiment will be explained.
遠心分離機を回転させると細胞懸濁液１４中の細胞に遠
心力が作用し、第６図に示されるように細胞１５がメツ
シュ１６に押しつけられる。遠心分離機を回転させなが
ら高電圧パルス発生器４０から高電圧パルスを印加する
と、メツシュＩ６の小孔１８で電気力線が集中し、小孔
１８部分で細胞１５の細胞膜に一過的膜破壊が生じ、Ｄ
ＮＡが導入される。When the centrifuge is rotated, centrifugal force acts on the cells in the cell suspension 14, and the cells 15 are pressed against the mesh 16 as shown in FIG. When a high voltage pulse is applied from the high voltage pulse generator 40 while rotating the centrifuge, electric lines of force are concentrated at the small hole 18 of the mesh I6, and the cell membrane of the cell 15 is temporarily destroyed at the small hole 18 part. occurs, D
NA is introduced.
（発明の効果）
本発明では高誘電率物質のメツシュの小孔に細胞を押し
つけた状態で高電圧パルスを印加し、その小孔部分の細
胞膜に一過的膜破壊を生じさせて、ＤＮＡの導入を行う
ようにしたので、細胞膜の破損個所が小さく、膜破壊が
確実に起こる強さの高電圧パルスを印加してＤＮＡの導
入効率を上げても細胞が受ける損傷は小さく、細胞の生
存性を高めることができる。(Effects of the Invention) In the present invention, a high voltage pulse is applied while cells are pressed against the small pores of a mesh made of a high dielectric constant material, and the cell membrane in the pores is temporarily disrupted, thereby destroying the DNA. Since the introduction is carried out, the damage to the cell membrane is small, and even if a high voltage pulse is applied that is strong enough to cause membrane destruction to increase the efficiency of DNA introduction, the damage to the cells is small and the survival of the cells is improved. can be increased.
第１図は一実施例を示す構成図、第２図は同実施例のメ
ツシュを示す断面図、第３図はメツシュに細胞が押しつ
けられた状態を示す断面図、第４図は他の実施例を示す
構成図、第５図は同実施例におけるチャンバを示す断面
図、第６図は同実施例で細胞がメツシュに押しつけられ
た状態を示す断面図、第７図は細胞と電界との関係を示
す概略図である。
８．１０，４２．４４・・・・・・電極。
１４・・・・・・細胞懸濁液、
１５・・・・・・細胞、
１６・・・・・・メツシュ。
１８・・・・・・小孔。
２２・・・・・・交流電圧発生器、
２４．４０・・・・・・高電圧パルス発生器。
特許出願人 株式会社島津製作所Fig. 1 is a configuration diagram showing one embodiment, Fig. 2 is a sectional view showing a mesh of the same embodiment, Fig. 3 is a sectional view showing a state in which cells are pressed against the mesh, and Fig. 4 is a diagram showing another embodiment. A configuration diagram showing an example, FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing a chamber in the same example, FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a state in which cells are pressed against a mesh in the same example, and FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the relationship between cells and an electric field. It is a schematic diagram showing a relationship. 8.10, 42.44... Electrode. 14...Cell suspension, 15...Cells, 16...Mesh. 18...Small hole. 22... AC voltage generator, 24.40... High voltage pulse generator. Patent applicant: Shimadzu Corporation
Claims (1)
れて細胞より小さい孔をもつ高誘電率物質にてなるメッ
シュと、前記対向電極間に収容された細胞とＤＮＡの懸
濁液中の細胞を前記メッシュの小孔に押しつける手段と
、前記対向電極間に高電圧パルスを印加する高電圧パル
ス発生器とを備えた遺伝子導入装置。parallel opposing electrodes, a mesh made of a high permittivity material having pores smaller than cells and provided parallel to the electrodes between the opposing electrodes, and a cell and DNA suspension contained between the opposing electrodes. A gene transfer device comprising means for pressing cells into the small holes of the mesh, and a high voltage pulse generator for applying a high voltage pulse between the opposing electrodes.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62300476A JPH01141582A (en) | 1987-11-27 | 1987-11-27 | Gene-introducing device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62300476A JPH01141582A (en) | 1987-11-27 | 1987-11-27 | Gene-introducing device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH01141582A true JPH01141582A (en) | 1989-06-02 |
Family
ID=17885257
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62300476A Pending JPH01141582A (en) | 1987-11-27 | 1987-11-27 | Gene-introducing device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH01141582A (en) |
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5283194A (en) * | 1991-07-22 | 1994-02-01 | Schmukler Robert E | Apparatus and methods for electroporation and electrofusion |
| US5720921A (en) * | 1995-03-10 | 1998-02-24 | Entremed, Inc. | Flow electroporation chamber and method |
| US6074605A (en) * | 1995-03-10 | 2000-06-13 | Entremed, Inc. | Flow electroporation chamber and method |
| JP2003511699A (en) * | 1999-10-08 | 2003-03-25 | エンエムイー ナトゥヴィッセンシャフトリヘス ウント メディツィニシェス インスティテュート アン デル ウニヴェルシタト ティユービンゲン | Method and apparatus for measuring cells in a liquid environment |
| US6773669B1 (en) | 1995-03-10 | 2004-08-10 | Maxcyte, Inc. | Flow electroporation chamber and method |
| US7029916B2 (en) | 2001-02-21 | 2006-04-18 | Maxcyte, Inc. | Apparatus and method for flow electroporation of biological samples |
| US7141425B2 (en) | 2001-08-22 | 2006-11-28 | Maxcyte, Inc. | Apparatus and method for electroporation of biological samples |
| JP2008054630A (en) * | 2006-09-01 | 2008-03-13 | Tosoh Corp | Cell fusion device and cell fusion method using the same |
| US20100112667A1 (en) * | 2008-11-03 | 2010-05-06 | Cfd Research Corporation | Microfluidic Biological Extraction Chip |
| US7771984B2 (en) | 2004-05-12 | 2010-08-10 | Maxcyte, Inc. | Methods and devices related to a regulated flow electroporation chamber |
| KR20140031943A (en) * | 2011-05-13 | 2014-03-13 | 더 리전트 오브 더 유니버시티 오브 캘리포니아 | Photothermal substrates for selective transfection of cells |
| US10472651B2 (en) | 2014-03-28 | 2019-11-12 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Efficient delivery of large cargos into cells on a porous substrate |
| US10982217B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2021-04-20 | The Regents Of The University Of California | High-throughput cargo delivery into live cells using photothermal platforms |
-
1987
- 1987-11-27 JP JP62300476A patent/JPH01141582A/en active Pending
Cited By (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5283194A (en) * | 1991-07-22 | 1994-02-01 | Schmukler Robert E | Apparatus and methods for electroporation and electrofusion |
| US5720921A (en) * | 1995-03-10 | 1998-02-24 | Entremed, Inc. | Flow electroporation chamber and method |
| US6074605A (en) * | 1995-03-10 | 2000-06-13 | Entremed, Inc. | Flow electroporation chamber and method |
| US6773669B1 (en) | 1995-03-10 | 2004-08-10 | Maxcyte, Inc. | Flow electroporation chamber and method |
| JP2003511699A (en) * | 1999-10-08 | 2003-03-25 | エンエムイー ナトゥヴィッセンシャフトリヘス ウント メディツィニシェス インスティテュート アン デル ウニヴェルシタト ティユービンゲン | Method and apparatus for measuring cells in a liquid environment |
| US7029916B2 (en) | 2001-02-21 | 2006-04-18 | Maxcyte, Inc. | Apparatus and method for flow electroporation of biological samples |
| US7141425B2 (en) | 2001-08-22 | 2006-11-28 | Maxcyte, Inc. | Apparatus and method for electroporation of biological samples |
| US7186559B2 (en) | 2001-08-22 | 2007-03-06 | Maxcyte, Inc. | Apparatus and method for electroporation of biological samples |
| US7771984B2 (en) | 2004-05-12 | 2010-08-10 | Maxcyte, Inc. | Methods and devices related to a regulated flow electroporation chamber |
| JP2008054630A (en) * | 2006-09-01 | 2008-03-13 | Tosoh Corp | Cell fusion device and cell fusion method using the same |
| US20100112667A1 (en) * | 2008-11-03 | 2010-05-06 | Cfd Research Corporation | Microfluidic Biological Extraction Chip |
| US8435465B2 (en) * | 2008-11-03 | 2013-05-07 | Cfd Research Corporation | Microfluidic biological extraction chip |
| KR20140031943A (en) * | 2011-05-13 | 2014-03-13 | 더 리전트 오브 더 유니버시티 오브 캘리포니아 | Photothermal substrates for selective transfection of cells |
| JP2014513984A (en) * | 2011-05-13 | 2014-06-19 | ザ リージェンツ オブ ザ ユニバーシティ オブ カリフォルニア | Photothermal substrate for selective transfection of cells |
| US10435661B2 (en) | 2011-05-13 | 2019-10-08 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Photothermal substrates for selective transfection of cells |
| US10982217B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2021-04-20 | The Regents Of The University Of California | High-throughput cargo delivery into live cells using photothermal platforms |
| US10472651B2 (en) | 2014-03-28 | 2019-11-12 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Efficient delivery of large cargos into cells on a porous substrate |
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