JPH01114697A - Heat exchanger - Google Patents
Heat exchangerInfo
- Publication number
- JPH01114697A JPH01114697A JP27451687A JP27451687A JPH01114697A JP H01114697 A JPH01114697 A JP H01114697A JP 27451687 A JP27451687 A JP 27451687A JP 27451687 A JP27451687 A JP 27451687A JP H01114697 A JPH01114697 A JP H01114697A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- tank
- wall material
- tube
- heat exchanger
- tubes
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims 15
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 210000000078 claw Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
- F28F9/0219—Arrangements for sealing end plates into casing or header box; Header box sub-elements
- F28F9/0224—Header boxes formed by sealing end plates into covers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2275/00—Fastening; Joining
- F28F2275/12—Fastening; Joining by methods involving deformation of the elements
- F28F2275/122—Fastening; Joining by methods involving deformation of the elements by crimping, caulking or clinching
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は熱交換器に関するもので、例えば自動車用空調
装置に用いられる凝縮器、あるいは自動車用ラジェータ
として用いることが可能である。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Industrial Application Field] The present invention relates to a heat exchanger, and can be used, for example, as a condenser used in an automobile air conditioner or an automobile radiator.
従来、例えば米国特許第4615385号に示されるよ
うに、筒状タンク部材と、このタンク部材に平行に挿入
された複数のチューブとからなる熱交換器が知られてい
る。Conventionally, as shown in US Pat. No. 4,615,385, for example, there has been known a heat exchanger that includes a cylindrical tank member and a plurality of tubes inserted in parallel to the tank member.
このものは、タンク部材のチューブの挿入部間をドーム
状とし、耐圧強度を向上させている。This product has a dome shape between the tube insertion portions of the tank member to improve pressure resistance.
上述の従来の技術の如(、複数のドーム構造を形成する
ことはたいへん困難である。As with the conventional techniques described above, it is very difficult to form multiple dome structures.
また、このようなドーム構造を形成することに見られる
ように、この種の構造を有する熱交換器にあっては、タ
ンク部の耐圧強度が低く、このタンク部の耐圧強度を向
上するためには、タンク部の容積が大型化するという問
題点があった。In addition, as seen in the formation of such a dome structure, in heat exchangers with this type of structure, the pressure resistance of the tank part is low, and in order to improve the pressure resistance of this tank part. However, there was a problem in that the volume of the tank became large.
本発明は上記の如き問題点に鑑みてなされたもので、そ
の目的とするところは、タンク部の体格を大型化するこ
となく、コンパクトな構造により高いタンク部の耐圧強
度を有する熱交換器を提供するところにある。The present invention was made in view of the above-mentioned problems, and its purpose is to provide a heat exchanger with a compact structure and high pressure resistance of the tank part without increasing the size of the tank part. It's there to provide.
本発明は上記目的を達成するために、
被熱交換流体が内部を通過する平行な複数のチューブと
、
前記複数のチューブが挿入され、前記被熱交換、流体を
、前記複数のチューブに流通させるタンクとを備える熱
交換器において、
前記タンクの前記チューブの挿入部が前記チューブの非
挿入部より太く形成されるという技術的手段を採用する
。In order to achieve the above object, the present invention includes a plurality of parallel tubes through which a fluid to be heat exchanged passes, the plurality of tubes are inserted, and the fluid to be heat exchanged is made to flow through the plurality of tubes. In the heat exchanger comprising a tank, a technical measure is adopted in which a part of the tank where the tube is inserted is formed thicker than a part where the tube is not inserted.
上述の如き構造を有する本発明の熱交換器によると、タ
ンク部に平行に挿入されるチューブの挿入部が非挿入部
より太く形成されるため、タンク部には複数のチューブ
と平行方複数の段差が形成されることとなり、これがタ
ンク部の機械的な強度を補強して、タンク部の耐圧強度
が向上・する。According to the heat exchanger of the present invention having the above-described structure, the insertion part of the tube inserted in parallel to the tank part is formed to be thicker than the non-insertion part, so that the tank part has a plurality of tubes and a plurality of parallel tubes. A step is formed, which reinforces the mechanical strength of the tank, and improves the pressure resistance of the tank.
しかも、より太い部分がチューブの挿入部とされるため
、チューブの挿入が容易で、高い生産性を実現できる。Moreover, since the thicker part is used as the tube insertion part, the tube can be easily inserted and high productivity can be achieved.
また、被熱交換流体が滞留しやすいチューブの非挿入部
がチューブの挿入部より細くなるため、被熱交換流体の
滞留を減少し、熱交換効率を向上することができる。Further, since the non-inserted portion of the tube where the fluid to be heat exchanged tends to accumulate is thinner than the inserted portion of the tube, the retention of the fluid to be heat exchanged can be reduced and the heat exchange efficiency can be improved.
また、従来の技術にあっては、タンクに挿入されたチュ
ーブにより、タンクの断面積は拡大、縮小を繰り返すこ
ととなり、被熱交換流体の滞留を助長し、圧力損失を大
きなものとしていたが、本発明によると、タンクにチュ
ーブが挿入され、タンクの断面積を減少させても、本来
、チューブの挿入部が太く形成されているため、タンク
の断面積変化は少なく、圧力損失を少なくすることがで
きる。In addition, in conventional technology, the cross-sectional area of the tank repeatedly expands and contracts due to the tube inserted into the tank, which promotes stagnation of the fluid to be heat exchanged and increases pressure loss. According to the present invention, even if a tube is inserted into a tank and the cross-sectional area of the tank is reduced, since the insertion portion of the tube is originally formed to be thick, the change in the cross-sectional area of the tank is small, reducing pressure loss. Can be done.
次に、本発明を適用した実施例を説明する。 Next, an embodiment to which the present invention is applied will be described.
ここでは、本発明熱交換器を自動車用空調装置の凝縮器
として用いた場合の実施例について説明する。Here, an embodiment will be described in which the heat exchanger of the present invention is used as a condenser for an automobile air conditioner.
第1図はこの@縮器を示す斜視図である。複数本並設さ
れたチューブlは偏平多穴チューブであり、これらの間
には、波状に折り曲げられたフィン2が接合配置されて
いる。このチューブ1の両端には、その両端部を固定す
るための端板3a。FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing this compressor. A plurality of tubes 1 arranged in parallel are flat multi-hole tubes, and wavy-bent fins 2 are connected and arranged between them. At both ends of the tube 1, there are end plates 3a for fixing both ends.
3bが配されている。そして、この端板3a、3bには
それぞれタンク部材4a、4bが接合されており、これ
ら端板3a、3bとタンク部材4a。3b is arranged. Tank members 4a, 4b are joined to these end plates 3a, 3b, respectively, and these end plates 3a, 3b and tank member 4a.
4bとはチューブ1と連通するタンク5,6を内部の空
間に形成している。タンク部材4a、4bには、波状の
加工が施しである。4b, tanks 5 and 6 communicating with the tube 1 are formed in the internal space. The tank members 4a and 4b are processed into a wavy pattern.
タンク部材4aにはこのタンク部材4a内に冷媒を導入
するための入口バイブ7が接合され、またこの各チュー
ブlを通ってタンク部材4a内に再び流入してきた冷媒
を外部に導出するための出口バイブ8が接合されている
。An inlet vibrator 7 for introducing refrigerant into the tank member 4a is connected to the tank member 4a, and an outlet for leading out the refrigerant that has flowed into the tank member 4a again through each tube 1 to the outside. A vibrator 8 is connected.
それぞれのタンク内は図示せぬ仕切板で分割されており
、両タンク5.6の間のチューブを介して冷媒が往復す
ることで、入口バイブ7から流入した冷媒が、出口バイ
ブ8から流出する。The inside of each tank is divided by a partition plate (not shown), and the refrigerant reciprocates through the tube between both tanks 5 and 6, so that the refrigerant that flows in from the inlet vibe 7 flows out from the outlet vibe 8. .
この凝縮器はアルミ合金を主体に構成されており、ろう
付により固定される。さらに、両端板3a、3bには、
複数の切込部9が形成され、この切込部9が内側に折り
曲げられることで、タンク部材4a、4bを絞めている
。This condenser is mainly made of aluminum alloy and is fixed by brazing. Furthermore, on both end plates 3a and 3b,
A plurality of notches 9 are formed, and the notches 9 are bent inward to squeeze the tank members 4a, 4b.
第2図は第1図のA矢視部分図である0図かられかるよ
うに、タンク部材4aと端板3aとは、タンク部材4a
の波状成形された谷部で爪9により絞められている。FIG. 2 is a partial view of FIG. 1 in the direction of arrow A. As can be seen from FIG.
It is tightened by claws 9 at the wavy troughs.
第3図は第2図のB−B断面矢視図である0図かられか
るように、端板3aに挿入され、ろう行固定されるチュ
ーブlは、端板3aとろう付されると共に、爪9により
絞められるタンク部材4aの波状成形された山部に位置
している。FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along the line B-B in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. , are located at the wavy peaks of the tank member 4a that are squeezed by the claws 9.
第4図は、第2図のC−C断面斜視図である。FIG. 4 is a perspective cross-sectional view taken along the line CC in FIG. 2.
第5図は、第3図のD−D断面矢視図を示し、第6図は
第3図のE−E断面矢視図である。5 shows a sectional view taken along the line DD in FIG. 3, and FIG. 6 shows a sectional view taken along the line EE in FIG. 3.
このようにこの実施例では、タンク部材4a。Thus, in this embodiment, the tank member 4a.
4bを波状成形し、この波状の山部にチューブ1を位置
させ、しかも、谷部において、タンク部材4a、4bと
端板3a、3bとを絞めている。4b is formed into a wave shape, and the tube 1 is positioned at the peaks of the wave, and furthermore, the tank members 4a, 4b and the end plates 3a, 3b are squeezed together at the troughs.
従って、タンクの耐圧強度が、タンク部材の波状成形に
より向上し、しかも、爪9による絞めにより、タンク部
材4a、4bと端板3a、3bとの接合強度を向上して
いるから、さらにタンクとしての耐圧強度が高いものと
なっている。Therefore, the pressure resistance of the tank is improved by the wavy forming of the tank member, and the joint strength between the tank members 4a, 4b and the end plates 3a, 3b is improved by tightening with the claws 9. It has high pressure resistance.
また、タンク部材4a、4bの波状成形山部にチューブ
の挿入部を位置させることにより、チューブ1を深く挿
入しても、タンク内の断面積変化は比較的小さく、圧力
損失を抑えることができる。In addition, by locating the tube insertion portion at the wavy formed peaks of the tank members 4a and 4b, even if the tube 1 is inserted deeply, the change in cross-sectional area inside the tank is relatively small, and pressure loss can be suppressed. .
また、爪9による絞めにより、端板3a、3bとタンク
部材4a、4bとの接合面積をさほど大きく取らなくと
もよいため、凝縮器の厚さを抑えることができる。Further, due to the tightening by the claws 9, the joint area between the end plates 3a, 3b and the tank members 4a, 4b does not have to be very large, so the thickness of the condenser can be suppressed.
なお、上述の実施例では、タンク部材4a、4bにのみ
波状成形を施したが、端@3a、3bにも施してもよい
。また、端板3a、3bとタンク部材4a、4bとの接
合強度の向上には、上述の実施例の如き絞め加工に限ら
ず、スポット溶接、リベット止め等の手段を用いてもよ
い。In the above-described embodiment, only the tank members 4a and 4b are formed into a wave shape, but the ends @3a and 3b may also be formed into a wave shape. Further, to improve the bonding strength between the end plates 3a, 3b and the tank members 4a, 4b, not only the tightening process as in the above-mentioned embodiments but also spot welding, riveting, etc. may be used.
さらに言うまでもなく、本発明は、種々の変形をもって
実施できるものであり、種々の熱交換器に適用されうる
ちのである。Needless to say, the present invention can be implemented with various modifications and applied to various heat exchangers.
第1図は本発明を適用した一実施例の斜視図、第2図は
第1図のA矢視部分図、第3図は、第2図のB−B断面
矢視図、第4図は第2図のC−C断面斜視図、第5図は
第3図のD−D断面矢視図、第6図は第3図のE−E断
面矢視図である。
1・・・チューブ、2・・・フィン、3a、3b・・・
端板。
4a、4b・・・タンク部材、5.6・・・タンク、7
・・・入口バイブ、8・・・出口バイブ、9・・・切込
部(爪)。
代理人弁理士 岡 部 隆
? CC
つ
@ 4 図
第5図
1A
第60FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment to which the present invention is applied, FIG. 2 is a partial view taken along arrow A in FIG. 1, FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along line B-B in FIG. 2, and FIG. 5 is a sectional perspective view taken along the line CC in FIG. 2, FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along the line DD in FIG. 3, and FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along the line EE in FIG. 1...Tube, 2...Fin, 3a, 3b...
End plate. 4a, 4b... Tank member, 5.6... Tank, 7
... Entrance vibe, 8... Outlet vibe, 9... Notch (claw). Representative patent attorney Takashi Okabe? C.C.
@ 4 Figure 5 Figure 1A No. 60
Claims (6)
ーブと、 前記複数のチューブが挿入され、前記被熱交換流体を、
前記複数のチューブに流通させるタンクとを備える熱交
換器において、 前記タンクの前記チューブの挿入部が前記チューブの非
挿入部より太く形成されることを特徴とする熱交換器。(1) A plurality of parallel tubes through which a fluid to be heat exchanged passes, and the plurality of tubes are inserted and the fluid to be heat exchanged is
A heat exchanger comprising: a tank that allows the plurality of tubes to flow, wherein a portion of the tank into which the tubes are inserted is formed thicker than a portion where the tubes are not inserted.
に前記被熱交換流体が流入する空間を形成する第2壁材
とを備えることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第1項記載
の熱交換器。(2) The tank includes a first wall material into which the tube is inserted, and a space that is provided opposite to the first wall material and into which the heat exchange fluid flows between the first wall material and the first wall material. 2. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, further comprising: a second wall material forming a second wall material.
記第1壁材の前記チューブの挿入部に対向され、該波状
谷部が前記第1壁材の前記チューブの非挿入部に対向さ
れることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第2項記載の熱交
換器。(3) The second wall material is formed in a wavy shape, the wavy peaks are opposed to the tube insertion portions of the first wall material, and the wavy troughs are formed in the first wall material where the tube is not inserted. 3. The heat exchanger according to claim 2, wherein the heat exchanger is opposite to the first part.
される接合しろが形成され、前記波状山部間の前記波状
谷部の前記接合しろが、接合補強手段により前記第1壁
材と接合されることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第3項
記載の熱交換器。(4) A joining margin to be joined to the first wall material is formed on the peripheral edge of the second wall material, and the joining margin of the wavy trough between the wavy peaks is reinforced by the joining reinforcing means. 4. The heat exchanger according to claim 3, wherein the heat exchanger is joined to the first wall material.
突起部が前記第2壁材の前記波状谷部の接合しろと絞め
られて構成されることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第4
項記載の熱交換器。(5) The joint reinforcing means is characterized in that a protrusion formed on the first wall material is squeezed by a joining margin of the wavy trough of the second wall material. Fourth
Heat exchanger as described in section.
、その両翼部が折り曲げられて前記係合突起を形成する
ことを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第5項記載の熱交換器
。(6) The heat exchanger according to claim 5, wherein the first wall material is formed to have a substantially U-shaped cross section, and both wing portions thereof are bent to form the engagement protrusion. vessel.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP27451687A JPH01114697A (en) | 1987-10-29 | 1987-10-29 | Heat exchanger |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP27451687A JPH01114697A (en) | 1987-10-29 | 1987-10-29 | Heat exchanger |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP3646992A Division JPH0560485A (en) | 1992-02-24 | 1992-02-24 | Refrigerant condenser |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH01114697A true JPH01114697A (en) | 1989-05-08 |
JPH0571876B2 JPH0571876B2 (en) | 1993-10-08 |
Family
ID=17542787
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP27451687A Granted JPH01114697A (en) | 1987-10-29 | 1987-10-29 | Heat exchanger |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPH01114697A (en) |
Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0379086U (en) * | 1989-11-27 | 1991-08-12 | ||
JPH0387080U (en) * | 1989-12-07 | 1991-09-04 | ||
JPH0396585U (en) * | 1990-01-19 | 1991-10-02 | ||
JPH08296990A (en) * | 1996-05-02 | 1996-11-12 | Zexel Corp | Manufacture of header pipe of parallel flow type heat exchanger |
JPH081640U (en) * | 1996-04-26 | 1996-12-03 | 株式会社ゼクセル | Heat exchanger header structure |
JPH081639U (en) * | 1996-04-26 | 1996-12-03 | 株式会社ゼクセル | Heat exchanger header structure |
JP2002275772A (en) * | 2001-03-21 | 2002-09-25 | Kanai Hiroaki | Steel cord for reinforcing tire and the tire |
JP2006027441A (en) * | 2004-07-16 | 2006-02-02 | Yokohama Rubber Co Ltd:The | Pneumatic radial-ply tire |
JP2007024350A (en) * | 2005-07-13 | 2007-02-01 | Sanden Corp | Heat exchanger |
US7395853B2 (en) * | 2004-10-01 | 2008-07-08 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Heat exchanger assembly for a motor vehicle |
JP2009515127A (en) * | 2005-11-02 | 2009-04-09 | ヴァレオ システム テルミク | Enhanced manifold for heat exchanger header tank and header tank with such manifold |
CN101858672A (en) * | 2010-06-29 | 2010-10-13 | 三花丹佛斯(杭州)微通道换热器有限公司 | Heat exchanger with improved heat exchange property |
JP2015087055A (en) * | 2013-10-30 | 2015-05-07 | 株式会社デンソー | Heat exchanger |
JP2018028431A (en) * | 2017-11-21 | 2018-02-22 | 株式会社デンソー | Heat exchanger |
CN109696076A (en) * | 2017-10-20 | 2019-04-30 | 马勒国际有限公司 | The collecting tank of heat exchanger |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2059562A (en) * | 1979-09-21 | 1981-04-23 | Berti P M | Liquid-type evaporator |
-
1987
- 1987-10-29 JP JP27451687A patent/JPH01114697A/en active Granted
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2059562A (en) * | 1979-09-21 | 1981-04-23 | Berti P M | Liquid-type evaporator |
Cited By (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0379086U (en) * | 1989-11-27 | 1991-08-12 | ||
JPH0387080U (en) * | 1989-12-07 | 1991-09-04 | ||
JPH0396585U (en) * | 1990-01-19 | 1991-10-02 | ||
JPH081640U (en) * | 1996-04-26 | 1996-12-03 | 株式会社ゼクセル | Heat exchanger header structure |
JPH081639U (en) * | 1996-04-26 | 1996-12-03 | 株式会社ゼクセル | Heat exchanger header structure |
JPH08296990A (en) * | 1996-05-02 | 1996-11-12 | Zexel Corp | Manufacture of header pipe of parallel flow type heat exchanger |
JP2002275772A (en) * | 2001-03-21 | 2002-09-25 | Kanai Hiroaki | Steel cord for reinforcing tire and the tire |
JP2006027441A (en) * | 2004-07-16 | 2006-02-02 | Yokohama Rubber Co Ltd:The | Pneumatic radial-ply tire |
US7395853B2 (en) * | 2004-10-01 | 2008-07-08 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Heat exchanger assembly for a motor vehicle |
JP2007024350A (en) * | 2005-07-13 | 2007-02-01 | Sanden Corp | Heat exchanger |
JP4663434B2 (en) * | 2005-07-13 | 2011-04-06 | サンデン株式会社 | Heat exchanger |
JP2009515127A (en) * | 2005-11-02 | 2009-04-09 | ヴァレオ システム テルミク | Enhanced manifold for heat exchanger header tank and header tank with such manifold |
CN101858672A (en) * | 2010-06-29 | 2010-10-13 | 三花丹佛斯(杭州)微通道换热器有限公司 | Heat exchanger with improved heat exchange property |
JP2015087055A (en) * | 2013-10-30 | 2015-05-07 | 株式会社デンソー | Heat exchanger |
US10598444B2 (en) | 2013-10-30 | 2020-03-24 | Denso Corporation | Heat exchanger |
CN109696076A (en) * | 2017-10-20 | 2019-04-30 | 马勒国际有限公司 | The collecting tank of heat exchanger |
JP2018028431A (en) * | 2017-11-21 | 2018-02-22 | 株式会社デンソー | Heat exchanger |
Also Published As
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JPH0571876B2 (en) | 1993-10-08 |
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