JP7416399B2 - アルツハイマー病モデル非ヒト動物及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
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Description
〔1〕アルツハイマー病モデル非ヒト動物におけるドレブリン遺伝子がヘテロノックアウトされたことを特徴とする遺伝子組換え非ヒト動物。
〔2〕ドレブリン遺伝子が、ドレブリンA遺伝子及びドレブリンE遺伝子であることを特徴とする上記〔1〕に記載の遺伝子組換え非ヒト動物。
〔3〕アルツハイマー病モデル非ヒト動物が、脳におけるアミロイドβの蓄積を伴うアルツハイマー病モデル非ヒト動物であることを特徴とする上記〔1〕又は〔2〕に記載の遺伝子組換え非ヒト動物。
〔4〕アルツハイマー病モデル非ヒト動物が、アルツハイマー病モデルマウスであることを特徴とする上記〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれかに記載の遺伝子組換え非ヒト動物。
〔5〕アルツハイマー病モデルマウスが、5xFADマウスであることを特徴とする上記〔4〕に記載の遺伝子組換え非ヒト動物。
〔6〕アルツハイマー病モデル非ヒト動物と、ドレブリン遺伝子のノックアウト非ヒト動物とを交配させることを特徴とする、アルツハイマー病を発症する遺伝子組換え非ヒト動物を作製する方法。
〔7〕以下のステップ(a)及び(b)を備えたこと特徴とするアルツハイマー病の治療用及び/又は予防用薬剤のスクリーニング方法。
(a)上記〔1〕~〔5〕のいずれかに記載の遺伝子組換え非ヒト動物へ被検物質を投与するステップ;
(b)アルツハイマー病に対する治療及び/又は予防効果を評価するステップ;
Dbn1遺伝子のエクソン3(GGCTCTGTACACATACGAGGATGGCTCAGATGACCTCAAGCTTGCAGCGTCAGGAG;配列番号1)が欠失したDXKOマウスは、ドレブリンフロックスマウスと、TLCN-Creマウス(Fuse et al., Biochem BiophysRes Commun. 2004 Jun 4;318(3):665-72)との交配によって作製した。作製方法の概略を図1Aに示す。以下、作製方法を具体的に述べる。
野生型(WT)、DXKOヘテロマウス(DXKO+/-)、DXKOホモマウス(DXKO-/-)それぞれの大脳皮質をSDS-サンプルバッファーでホモジェナイズして熱処理後、湿重量100μgおよび50μg分のホモジェネートをアクリルアミドゲルで電気泳動しPVDF膜に転写後、ドレブリン抗体(M2F6ハイブリドーマ上清(Shirao and Obata,1986;非特許文献9)、RRID: AB_2532045)を用いて検出を行った。また、ローディング・コントロールとしてはβ-アクチンを用い、抗アクチン抗体(Sigma-Aldrich A5441、シグマアルドリッチ社製)で検出を行った。
野生型(WT)、DXKOヘテロマウス(Het)、DXKOホモマウス(KO)の海馬神経細胞を96ウェルプレート上で培養し、培養21日目に固定、ドレブリン抗体(M2F6ハイブリドーマ上清(Shirao and Obata,1986;非特許文献9)、RRID: AB_2532045)、抗MAP2抗体(Sigma-Aldrich M4403、シグマアルドリッチ社製)を用いた免疫細胞染色、並びにDAPIを用いて核染色を行った後、IN Cell Analyzer 2200(GE Healthcare社製)を用いて撮像した。生存神経細胞数、樹状突起長、ドレブリンの集積像数(総ドレブリンクラスター数、ドレブリンクラスター密度)を、IN Cell Developer Toolbox v1.9(GE Healthcare社製)を用い、Hanamuraらの方法(Hanamura et al., J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2019Jul 2:106607. doi: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106607)により自動解析した。
96ウェルプレートを用いて、野生型及びDXKOヘテロマウス(ヘテロ型)の凍結マウス海馬神経細胞を3週間培養後、50μMグルタミン酸で10分間処理してから固定した。ドレブリン抗体(M2F6ハイブリドーマ上清(Shirao and Obata,1986;非特許文献9)、RRID: AB_2532045)でドレブリンクラスター数を検出した。写真撮影および解析はHanamuraら(Hanamura et al., J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2019Jul 2:106607. doi: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106607)及びMitsuokaら(J PharmacolToxicol Methods. 2019 May 10:106583. doi: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106583)の方法に従い、IN Cell Analyzer 2200(GE Healthcare社製)を用いて行った。
5-1 野生型とDXKOホモマウスの比較
野生型(WT)とDXKOホモマウス(Homo)のマウスのスパイン安定性を比較するために、Thy-1プロモーターの下流でYFPを発現するトランスジェニックマウスと交配して作製したマウス(35~57週齢)に対して、三種混合麻酔薬による深麻酔下で頭蓋骨を薄く削ることで観察窓とするThin skull法を適用し、多光子励起レーザー走査型顕微鏡(FVMPE-RS,Olympus社製)を用いて、大脳新皮質体性感覚野の主に5層の錐体神経細胞から伸びた尖端樹状突起のうち1層の樹状突起スパインを観察した。これらは基本的にはTakatsuruらの方法(BrainRes. 2009 Oct 19;1294:45-51)に基づいて行った。最初に観察した後、6時間後に再び観察し、6時間の間で起こるスパインの新生、消失を調べたところ、スパインの安定性に差はないことが示唆された(表1)。
野生型(WT)とDXKOヘテロマウス(Hetero)のマウスのスパイン安定性を比較するために、Thy-1プロモーターの下流でGFPを発現するトランスジェニックマウスと交配し、ケタミン・キシラジン混液による深麻酔下でThin skull法を適用し、多光子励起レーザー走査型顕微鏡を用いて、大脳新皮質体性感覚野の主に5層の錐体神経細胞から伸びた尖端樹状突起のうち1層の樹状突起スパインを観察した。これらについても上述のTakatsuruらの方法に基づいて行った。これらのマウス(9~17週齢)について、1週間で起こるスパインの新生、消失を調べたところ、DXKOヘテロマウスでは高い割合で起こることが判り、DXKOヘテロマウスでは野生型マウスよりもスパインが不安定になっていることが示唆された。
野生型(WT)、DXKOヘテロマウス(Het)、DXKOホモマウス(KO)(8カ月齢)を、4rpm(0秒)から始まり40rpm(300秒)まで回転速度を徐々に加速しながら回転する直径32mmのホイール上に乗せて、落下するまでの時間を測定した。5回トレーニング行ったのち、6回目で落ちるまでの時間を測定結果とした。1日3回の試行を2日間続けて行い、平均値を算出した。
図6Aに示すY字型迷路を用い、野生型(WT)、DXKOヘテロマウス(ヘテロ型)、DXKOホモマウス(ホモ型)(8カ月齢)の行動変化を解析した。Y字型迷路は、灰色のプラスチックの中央プラットフォームと3本のアームからなり、各アームは幅3cm(底部)・12cm(上部)×高さ13cm×長さ40cmとした。かかるY字型迷路の中央プラットフォームにマウスを置き、5分間自由に探索させた。アームへの侵入回数を自発運動の指標とし、以下の式(1)で計算される自発的交替行動率を空間作業記憶の指標とした。
自発的交替行動率(%)=[(自発的交替行動)/(総侵入回数-2)]×100
・・・(1)
※自発的交替行動:3回連続して異なるアームへ進入した回数
アルツハイマー病モデルマウスとして、5xFADマウス(MMRRC034848、ジャクソンラボラトリー)を用い、DXKOホモマウスと掛け合わせることにより5xFAD遺伝子とドレブリン遺伝子(+/-)をヘテロに持つマウス(5xFAD/DXKO+/-)を作製した。ここで、5xFADマウスとは、ニューロン特異的マウスThy-1プロモーターの転写制御下、スウェーデン(Swedish)(K670NとM671L)、フロリダ(Florida)(I716V)及びロンドン(London)(V717I)に変異を持つヒトAPP695cDNA、及びヒトPS1cDNA(M146LとL286Vの変異)を過剰発現し、脳へのアミロイドβ蛋白質の蓄積が促進しているマウスである(Oakley,H. et al.,J Neurosci, 26, 10129-10140, 2006)。
実施例8で作製した5xFAD/DXKO+/-マウスと5xFADのマウスの、脳へのアミロイドβ蓄積を比較した。5xFAD/DXKO+/-マウスと5xFADのマウス(15週齢)から抽出した湿重量500μgの大脳皮質(Cx)及び海馬(Hipp)のホモジェネートを電気泳動し、抗アミロイドβ抗体(バイオレジェンド社製)でウェスタンブロットを行った。
PSD95(postsynaptic density protein 95)は、シナプス後部の主要な足場タンパク質であり、シナプス後肥厚部(postsynaptic density;PSD)において最も豊富に存在しているタンパク質の一つである。NR2A-D、GluR6、ニューロリギン、nNOSなど様々な分子と相互作用し、シナプス機能の維持や可塑性などに寄与すると考えられている。
本発明により作製されるモデル動物(AD動物)はアミロイド斑の沈着促進などというアルツハイマー病の病理所見に加えて、老化というアルツハイマー病の最大のリスクファクターを有するため、ヒトのアルツハイマー病の今までにない良いモデル動物となり、アルツハイマー病などの認知症の創薬に用いることができる。
本発明で作製するモデル動物から調整した培養神経細胞はシナプスにおけるドレブリンの集積が高齢者のヒトと同様に50%程度まで減少しているので、高齢者に発症するアルツハイマー病の患者神経細胞のモデル細胞として使うことができ、アルツハイマー病などの認知症の創薬に用いることができる。
したがって、本発明の、医療・製薬分野における産業上の利用可能性は極めて高い。
Claims (2)
- アルツハイマー病モデル遺伝子組換え非ヒト動物であって、前記動物の野生型と比較して、ドレブリン発現量が半減し、かつ、前記動物におけるドレブリン遺伝子がヘテロノックアウトされた、遺伝子組換え非ヒト動物。
- 5xFADマウスにおけるドレブリン遺伝子がヘテロノックアウトされたことを特徴とする、遺伝子組換えマウス。
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