JP7373467B2 - Plant cultivation method - Google Patents

Description

本発明は、養液を用いて植物を育成する水耕栽培に関するものである。 The present invention relates to hydroponic cultivation in which plants are grown using a nutrient solution.

農耕不適地での栽培、水の使用量が少ない、雑草がない、動物による被害がない、促成栽培の一種で収量が多い、清潔、輪作可能、無農薬可能、標準化容易、天候に左右されない、周年栽培可能、細菌が少ないなどの長所があるため、土を用いず植物を栽培する温室内での水耕栽培さらには団粒構造で植栽の保持力が強く培地内に空気を含む礫耕栽培の技術開発が進められて来た。 Cultivation in unsuitable land, low water consumption, no weeds, no damage from animals, high yield as a type of forced cultivation, cleanliness, crop rotation possible, no pesticides, easy standardization, unaffected by weather. Hydroponic cultivation in a greenhouse, which cultivates plants without soil, has advantages such as being able to be cultivated year-round and has fewer bacteria, as well as gravel cultivation, which has a compact structure that has a strong ability to hold plants, and which contains air in the medium. Cultivation technology has been developed.

しかし、多くの方式は養液の循環利用を採用していてひとたび養液が汚染されると系統全体が被害にあう危険性がある。また、溶液中に苔や藻類が発生して緑化し美観を損ねるのでアルミホイルなどの遮光手段を必要としている。更に植物を支える培地の再利用への配慮が乏しい。
この改善策として、
や に示す装置、方法が開発された。 However, many systems use cyclical use of the nutrient solution, and once the nutrient solution becomes contaminated, there is a risk that the entire system will be damaged. In addition, moss and algae grow in the solution, causing greening and spoiling the aesthetics, so light shielding means such as aluminum foil is required. Furthermore, there is little consideration given to the reuse of the culture medium that supports plants.
As an improvement measure,
or The following devices and methods were developed.

特開２００４－１３５５３４号公報Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2004-135534

特開２００４－２２９５３８号広報Publication of JP-A-2004-229538

本発明の解決しようとする課題は、
にあるようにポットはトレイ上を移動可能にしつつ光遮断不要にして栽培するが、養液を循環使用せずに使いきりとして養液の管理を容易にすること、また、 にあるように培地に礫を使用するが礫の再利用に際し礫と植物残渣の分別を容易にすること。更に、養液は緑化を防ぐため間欠供給するが培地が乾燥して植物が枯れないようにすることである。 The problem to be solved by the present invention is:
As shown in , the pot can be moved on the tray and cultivated without the need for light shielding, but the nutrient solution can be easily managed by being single-use instead of being recycled. Although gravel is used as a medium as described in , it is easy to separate gravel from plant residue when recycling gravel. Furthermore, the nutrient solution is supplied intermittently to prevent greening, but care must be taken to ensure that the medium does not dry out and the plants wither.

収穫後に培地を水で攪拌洗浄する際に植物残渣と礫を水に沈むか否かで分別可能にして再利用できるように比重が１を超える礫の培地を使用し、培地を収納するポットはその下部に給水用開孔を備えていて養液を水位差及び毛細管現象で摂取する。養液は間欠補給するとポットを複数個収納する略水平なトレイ上面は整合して乾燥状態を発生させることが可能なので苔や藻類の連続成長を間欠成長に変えることで養液の緑化を遅延ないし防止しながら植物を育成する簡便で清潔な礫耕式水耕方法を提供する。 After harvesting, when the medium is stirred and washed with water, plant residue and gravel can be separated by whether they sink in the water or not, so that they can be reused.We use a gravel medium with a specific gravity of over 1, and the pots used to store the medium are It is equipped with a water supply hole at the bottom, and the nutrient solution is taken in by the water level difference and capillary action. If the nutrient solution is replenished intermittently, the top surfaces of the nearly horizontal trays that house multiple pots will align and create a dry state.By changing the continuous growth of moss and algae to intermittent growth, the greening of the nutrient solution will not be delayed. To provide a simple and clean gravel-type hydroponic method for cultivating plants while preventing the above-mentioned problems.

収穫後の培地の水洗時に植物残渣と礫を仕分け可能にして再利用できる礫の培地を使用し、培地を収納するポットはその下部に給水用開孔を備え養液を水位差および毛細管現象で摂取するが、養液は略水平なトレイ上面の乾燥を待って間欠補給するとトレイ上面は整合して乾燥状態が発生することで、苔や藻類による緑化を遅延ないし防止したので、簡便で清潔に植物を育成する礫耕式水耕方法が得られる。 We use a gravel culture medium that can be reused by separating plant residue and gravel when washing the culture medium with water after harvesting, and the pot that houses the culture medium has openings at the bottom for water supply, allowing the nutrient solution to flow through the water level difference and capillary action. However, when the nutrient solution is refilled intermittently after waiting for the almost horizontal top surface of the tray to dry, the top surface of the tray aligns and a dry state occurs, which delays or prevents greening due to moss and algae, making it easy and clean. A gravel-type hydroponic method for growing plants is obtained.

本発明の一実施例の斜視図と要部断面図A perspective view and a sectional view of essential parts of an embodiment of the present invention 本発明の他の実施例の正面図Front view of another embodiment of the invention

図１は本発明の一実施例の斜視図と要部断面図を示したもので培地となる礫３は耐水性のある合成樹脂製などのカップ状のポット２に収納されている。ポット２はその下部に給水用開孔４を備え養液を当初は水位差で次いで毛細管現象で摂取する。養液は間欠補給するとポット２を複数個収納する耐水材からなる周囲を縁取りされた略水平な平面状のトレイ１上面は整合して乾燥状態が発生するので苔や藻類の連続成長を阻害し、苔や藻類による緑化を遅延ないし防止して植物５を育成可能にしている。 FIG. 1 shows a perspective view and a sectional view of essential parts of an embodiment of the present invention, in which gravel 3 serving as a culture medium is stored in a cup-shaped pot 2 made of water-resistant synthetic resin or the like. The pot 2 has a water supply opening 4 in its lower part, and the nutrient solution is initially taken in by the water level difference and then by capillary action. When the nutrient solution is replenished intermittently, the upper surface of the tray 1, which is a substantially horizontal flat tray 1 with a border made of water-resistant material that houses a plurality of pots 2, is aligned and a dry state occurs, which inhibits the continuous growth of moss and algae. , the greening caused by moss and algae is delayed or prevented, thereby making it possible to grow the plants 5.

なお、トレイ１は耐水性のない平板と縁取り材を用いても樹脂フィルムで上部を覆うことで作成できる。 Note that the tray 1 can be made by covering the upper part with a resin film even if a flat plate and edging material that are not waterproof are used.

種をまくときは毛細管現象によって湿りをおびる高さに礫３の高さを設定するが表面が湿っていることは表面に苔が発生するおそれがあるので苔の発生を懸念する場合は植物５が丈夫になってから礫３を積み増しするとよい。他にも種をまくときは水位を高く設定するがその後は低めに設定して礫３上面を乾燥させる方法や、種をまいて発芽後根が湿った礫３に届くまでは上方から直接養液を給水してもよい。
給水用開孔４は礫３が落下しない程度の大きさでよいが植物５の根が給水用開孔４を通過してポット２から外へ延び、かつその根が太くなって給水用開孔４を塞いで養液が供給されなくなることがある。その際は外へ伸長した根を切断し更に釘などで根を押し上げて給水用開孔４を再開させる。または給水用開孔４を大きくして網を載せることで礫３の落下を防いでもよい。 When sowing seeds, set the height of gravel 3 to a height that will allow moisture to be absorbed by capillary action, but if the surface is moist, there is a risk that moss will grow on the surface, so if you are concerned about moss growing, set the height of gravel 3 It is best to add more gravel 3 after it becomes strong. Other methods include setting the water level high when sowing seeds, but then lowering the water level to dry the top surface of the gravel 3, and feeding seeds directly from above until the roots reach the moist gravel 3 after germination. You may also supply liquid.
The water supply hole 4 may be large enough to prevent the gravel 3 from falling, but if the roots of the plant 5 pass through the water supply hole 4 and extend outward from the pot 2, and the roots become thick, the water supply hole 4 may be blocked and the nutrient solution may not be supplied. In this case, the roots that have grown outward are cut off and the roots are pushed up with a nail or the like to reopen the water supply opening 4. Alternatively, the water supply openings 4 may be made larger and a net placed thereon to prevent the gravels 3 from falling.

トレイ１は横方向にも奥行き方向にもポット２を複数個置ける広さを持たせると移動が自由になる。植物５が成長して大きくなったものに隣接して未熟で小さいものを配置可能なのでトレイ１の面積の利用効率が向上する。
植物５を収穫切断後に茎部に芽がありさらに成長するようであれば連続使用するが見込みがない時はポット２と礫３を洗浄して再利用すると更新が図られる。 Tray 1 can be moved freely if it has enough space to accommodate a plurality of pots 2 both horizontally and in depth. Since immature and small plants can be placed adjacent to the grown and large plants 5, the utilization efficiency of the area of the tray 1 is improved.
After harvesting and cutting the plant 5, if there are buds on the stem and it continues to grow, it can be used continuously, but if there is no hope, the pot 2 and gravel 3 can be washed and reused to renew the plant.

トレイ１上面が水平でないと高所に配置されたポット２の養液吸収終了後に低所のトレイ１上面乾燥までの時間が長期化し植物が枯れてしまう恐れがある。小粒軽石の培地を０．７～１．２リットル収容して湛水高さを０．５～１ｃｍとし点検補給ピッチを１日当たり１～２回として葉物野菜を育成した場合にはトレイ１上面の高低差を１ｍｍ程度に納めると高所に設置されたポット２の水分が絶えることなくトレイ１上面全面の乾燥を待つことができて植物５は枯れなかった。なお、ポット２の容量、植物種類、植物５の大きさ、礫３の条件などで必要な精度は変化する。 If the top surface of the tray 1 is not level, it will take a long time for the top surface of the tray 1 located at a low location to dry after the nutrient solution in the pot 2 located at a high location has been absorbed, and there is a risk that the plants may wither. When cultivating leafy vegetables by storing 0.7 to 1.2 liters of medium of small pumice, with a flooding height of 0.5 to 1 cm, and with an inspection and replenishment pitch of 1 to 2 times per day, the upper surface of tray 1 When the difference in height was kept to about 1 mm, the moisture in the pot 2 installed at a high place could not run out and the entire upper surface of the tray 1 could dry, and the plant 5 did not wither. Note that the required accuracy varies depending on the capacity of the pot 2, the type of plant, the size of the plant 5, the conditions of the gravel 3, etc.

礫３は水に沈むことと多孔質材の利用など保水力のあることが重要で軽石、火山礫、焼結セラミックス、ゼオライト、鹿沼土など比重が１を超える物が使われる。使用した軽石は２社のものを使用したがいずれも表面に気泡がない粉体の固形物で水に沈む種類であった。また、鹿沼土は硬度の高いものを選択すると比較的長期にわたって団粒形状を保ち粉化が遅く培地として使用可能である。表面が丸味を帯びて滑らかな小粒砂利は保水力がすくないので混合を少量に留めて使用することが望ましい。 It is important for the gravel 3 to sink in water and to use porous materials that have water retention capacity, so materials with a specific gravity of over 1 are used, such as pumice, volcanic lapilli, sintered ceramics, zeolite, and Kanuma soil. The pumice stones used were from two companies, and both were solid powders with no air bubbles on their surface and were of the type that would sink in water. In addition, if Kanuma soil is selected that has high hardness, it will retain its aggregate shape for a relatively long period of time and will not turn into powder easily, allowing it to be used as a culture medium. Small gravel with a rounded and smooth surface has a low water retention capacity, so it is desirable to mix it in a small amount.

培地の種類によって毛細管現象による湿り高さが異なる。湿り高さは湿ると色が濃くなるのでその境界を目視することで判別できる。湿り高さは時間の経過で上昇し変化するが一昼夜置いたときの湿る高さを測定した。各種培地の湿り高さの上昇値は小粒軽石：１０ｃｍ、黒色火山礫：８ｃｍ、小粒焼結セラミックス：９ｃｍ小粒ゼオライト：８ｃｍ表面が丸味を帯びて滑らかな小粒砂利：３ｃｍ小粒鹿沼土：１９ｃｍあった。なおここで小粒とは６ｍｍの篩を通り抜け２ｍｍの篩を通らないものとした。礫３の大きさは６ｍｍ制限されるものではなく植物５の種類や大きさなどによってはより大粒の礫３が好適である。 The height of wetting due to capillary action differs depending on the type of medium. The wet height can be determined by visually observing the boundary because the color becomes darker when it gets wet. The damp height increases and changes with the passage of time, but the damp height was measured after leaving it for one day and night. The increase in wet height of each culture medium was: small pumice: 10 cm, black volcanic lapilli: 8 cm, small sintered ceramics: 9 cm, small zeolite: 8 cm, small gravel with a rounded and smooth surface: 3 cm, small Kanuma soil: 19 cm. . Note that small particles are those that pass through a 6 mm sieve but do not pass through a 2 mm sieve. The size of the gravel 3 is not limited to 6 mm, and depending on the type and size of the plant 5, larger grains of gravel 3 are preferable.

例えば軽くて作業性の良い小粒軽石を用いて植物５を育成する場合には培地高さを８ｃｍにして湛水高さを１ｃｍにすると培地表面は湿ることになり上面に種をまくと水分が供給されて発芽する。発芽後苔が発生することがあるが無視する場合はそのままにするが美観を意識する場合は植物５が丈夫になってから軽石を上部に散布して積層する。 For example, when growing plants 5 using small pumice stones that are light and easy to work with, if the medium height is set to 8 cm and the flooding height is set to 1 cm, the surface of the medium will become damp, and if seeds are sown on the top surface, moisture will be absorbed. is supplied and germinates. Moss may appear after germination, but if you want to ignore it, leave it as it is, but if you are concerned about aesthetics, sprinkle pumice on the top of the plant 5 and layer it after it becomes strong.

更に使用面積の効率向上のために種まき用の小型ポットに種をまき根が十分廻った状態で本ポット２に移植してもよいがこの場合は種まき用の培地に礫３以外の種類としてパーミキュライトやピートモスのように土でないものを使用すると大部分は水に沈むので再利用可能であり、礫３に混合しても弊害はない。 Furthermore, in order to improve the efficiency of the area used, the seeds may be sown in a small pot for seed sowing and transplanted to this pot 2 after the roots have fully grown, but in this case, permiculite as a type other than gravel 3 may be used in the seeding medium. If you use something other than soil, such as peat moss or peat moss, most of it will sink in water, so it can be reused, and there is no harm in mixing it with gravel 3.

収穫後に礫３を水で攪拌洗浄すると再利用が可能になる。先ずは大きな容器に礫３を入れ、水を加えて一晩置くと表層の礫３は当初は空気を含んでいて水に浮くものもあるが水と置換して水に沈む。また、定時間静置することは植物に吸収されなかった養分が希釈排出される効果が期待される。次いで水洗いをする。攪拌が終了して運動が止まった時に根や苔は水に浮くまたは水中に漂うが礫３は沈むので汚れた水を流すことで分別できる。水を何回か替えて洗浄し、水が澄んできたら水を切って礫３を乾燥と消毒をして再利用する。太陽光に曝すことが簡便である。乾燥後２ｍｍで粉粒を排除する。なお、排水は有機物を主成分とするものであり花木への水遣りに使うことができる。 If the gravel 3 is stirred and washed with water after harvesting, it can be reused. First, put gravel 3 in a large container, add water, and leave it overnight. Initially, the surface layer of gravel 3 contains air, and some of it floats on the water, but the water replaces it and it sinks in the water. In addition, allowing it to stand for a certain period of time is expected to have the effect of diluting and excreting nutrients that have not been absorbed by the plants. Next, wash with water. When the stirring is finished and the movement stops, the roots and moss will float or drift in the water, but the gravel 3 will sink, so they can be separated by draining dirty water. Wash by changing the water several times, and when the water becomes clear, drain the water, dry and disinfect the gravel 3, and reuse it. It is convenient to expose it to sunlight. After drying, remove the powder particles after 2 mm. The wastewater is mainly composed of organic matter and can be used for watering flowering trees.

合成樹脂製などの小型のトレイ１は水道蛇口へ持ち運び洗浄できる。大型の設備の場合は移動が困難で設備として水抜栓および排水システムを構築するとよい。苔や藻類の発生による弊害はほとんどないが美観を損なうことと苔や藻類の発生を防いでも時間の経過で塵埃が表面に積もるので食品を育成するものとして美観を保つためトレイ１を洗浄する。 A small tray 1 made of synthetic resin or the like can be carried to a water faucet for cleaning. If the equipment is large and difficult to move, it is recommended to construct a drain valve and drainage system as equipment. Although the growth of moss and algae has almost no harmful effects, it does spoil the aesthetic appearance, and even if the growth of moss and algae is prevented, dust accumulates on the surface over time, so the tray 1 is cleaned to maintain its aesthetic appearance as a food growing device.

図２は本発明の他の実施例の正面図を示したもので複数段の棚にトレイ１を設置する例で棚の梁は透かし構造としトレイ１は無色透明の合成樹脂で構成すると上部からの光が下部へより多く届く。また図示するように養液供給を配管と弁を用いてシステム化すると作業が容易になる。ポット２は移動可能で最上段に示すように大きな植物５のポット２に隣接して小さな植物５のポット２や発芽前のポット２を配置するとトレイ１面積の有効利用が可能である。 FIG. 2 shows a front view of another embodiment of the present invention, in which the tray 1 is installed on a plurality of shelves, and the beams of the shelf have an openwork structure, and the tray 1 is made of colorless and transparent synthetic resin. more light reaches the bottom. Furthermore, as shown in the figure, the work becomes easier if the nutrient solution supply is systemized using piping and valves. The pot 2 is movable, and the area of the tray 1 can be effectively utilized by arranging the pot 2 of the small plant 5 or the pot 2 before germination adjacent to the pot 2 of the large plant 5 as shown in the top row.

省力化を図り自動化するには非導電性のトレイ１上平面に図１に示すように電極対６を設置すると抵抗値は湛液状態では低く、湿潤状態では高く、更に乾燥状態では絶縁状態になるので抵抗値を検出して制御に利用できる。内側側面にも電極対６を設置して液面高さ検出器とし、弁を電磁弁にしてパソコンなどを用いた制御システムを構成すれば養液供給の省力自動管理が可能になる。
植物５に水分供給を減らしてストレスを与える農法を採用する場合は乾燥後の養液供給までの時間を長めに制御する。 In order to save labor and achieve automation, if a pair of electrodes 6 is installed on the flat surface of the non-conductive tray 1 as shown in Figure 1, the resistance value will be low in a flooded state, high in a wet state, and insulated in a dry state. Therefore, the resistance value can be detected and used for control. If a pair of electrodes 6 is also installed on the inner side surface to serve as a liquid level height detector, and the valve is a solenoid valve, a control system using a personal computer or the like is constructed, thereby making it possible to automatically manage the supply of nutrient solution in a labor-saving manner.
When adopting an agricultural method that reduces the water supply to the plants 5 to give them stress, the time required to supply the nutrient solution after drying is controlled to be longer.

養液は液耕用のものを液耕用の濃度で使用可能でその都度規定濃度になるよう浄水で希釈後容器やタンクに保管すれば良いので特別の管理は不要である。 Nutrient solution for hydroponic use can be used at the same concentration as for hydroponic use, and no special management is required as it can be diluted with purified water each time to the specified concentration and then stored in a container or tank.

本法を採用すると設備投資する機器が少なく金額も少ないので害虫の侵入を防ぐ温室やビニールハウス、日光が届く建屋内空き部屋等があれば清浄な無農薬野菜類の生産が少ない投資額で可能になる。遊休地があれば都市近郊での地産地消が実現できる。特に高齢化が進む中山間地域での高齢者による清潔軽作業での現金獲得手段として有効である。また、介護施設などで利用者に与える軽作業にも適していて植物の成長を観察することで精神の安寧を得ることが期待される。 If this method is adopted, there will be less equipment to invest in and the amount will be lower, so if you have a greenhouse or plastic greenhouse that prevents pests from entering, or a vacant room in a building that can receive sunlight, you can produce clean pesticide-free vegetables with less investment. become. If there is idle land, local production for local consumption can be realized in the suburbs of cities. It is particularly effective as a means of earning cash for elderly people doing light cleanliness work in hilly and mountainous areas where the population is aging. It is also suitable for light work given to users at nursing care facilities, etc., and is expected to provide mental peace of mind by observing the growth of plants.

１ トレイ
２ ポット
３ 礫
４ 給水用開孔
５ 植物
６ 電極対 1 Tray 2 Pot 3 Gravel 4 Water supply hole 5 Plant
6 Electrode pair

Claims (1)

上面が略水平なトレイの上に、下部に給水用開孔を備えた複数の植物栽培用ポットを積載し、該ポットには礫を再利用するために洗浄する際に水に沈む比重が１を超える礫の培地を収納し、トレイ上面は養液の間欠供給によって湛液状態と養液をポットの底から供給しない乾燥状態を反復させる植物栽培方法。 A plurality of plant cultivation pots each having a water supply hole at the bottom are placed on a tray whose upper surface is approximately horizontal. A method of cultivating plants in which the top of the tray is repeatedly filled with water by intermittent supply of nutrient solution, and a dry state in which nutrient solution is not supplied from the bottom of the pot .

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