JP7100102B2 - リチウム複合酸化物およびこれを含むリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム複合酸化物およびこれを含むリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7100102B2 JP7100102B2 JP2020187922A JP2020187922A JP7100102B2 JP 7100102 B2 JP7100102 B2 JP 7100102B2 JP 2020187922 A JP2020187922 A JP 2020187922A JP 2020187922 A JP2020187922 A JP 2020187922A JP 7100102 B2 JP7100102 B2 JP 7100102B2
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- primary particles
- composite oxide
- lithium composite
- lithium
- positive electrode
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims description 128
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 136
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 126
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 36
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- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
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- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 claims description 17
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- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
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- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
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- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
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- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 46
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
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- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 21
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- GQYHUHYESMUTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium niobate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Nb](=O)=O GQYHUHYESMUTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000686 lithium vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940099596 manganese sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011702 manganese sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000007079 manganese sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N monofluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC=C1 PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940053662 nickel sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000484 niobium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011301 petroleum pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 229920001384 propylene homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021435 silicon-carbon complex Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011867 silicon-carbon complex material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ε-Caprolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCO1 PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Description
M2は、P、Sr、Ba、B、Ti、Zr、Mn、Al、W、Ce、Hf、Ta、Cr、F、Mg、Cr、V、Fe、Zn、Si、Y、Ga、Sn、Mo、Ge、Nd、GdおよびCuから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
M1とM2は、互いに異なる元素であり、
0.5≦w≦1.5、0≦x≦0.50、0≦y≦0.20、0≦z≦0.20、0≦z’≦0.20である。
本発明の一態様によれば、リチウムの吸蔵および放出が可能な一次粒子および前記一次粒子が凝集した二次粒子を含むリチウム複合酸化物が提供される。前記リチウム複合酸化物は、リチウム二次電池の正極活物質として役割をすることができる。
M2は、P、Sr、Ba、B、Ti、Zr、Mn、Al、W、Ce、Hf、Ta、Cr、F、Mg、Cr、V、Fe、Zn、Si、Y、Ga、Sn、Mo、Ge、Nd、GdおよびCuから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
M1とM2は、互いに異なる元素であり、
0.5≦w≦1.5、0≦x≦0.50、0≦y≦0.20、0≦z≦0.20、0≦z’≦0.20である。
本発明の他の態様によれば、正極集電体と、前記正極集電体上に形成された正極活物質層とを含む正極が提供され得る。ここで、前記正極活物質層は、正極活物質として、上述した本発明の多様な実施例によるリチウム複合酸化物を含むことができる。
(1)実施例1
共沈法(co-precipitation method)により球形のNi0.91Co0.08Mn0.01(OH)2水酸化物前駆体を合成した。90L級の反応器で硫酸ニッケル、硫酸コバルトおよび硫酸マンガンを91:8:1のモル比で混合した1.5Mの複合遷移金属硫酸水溶液に25wt%のNaOHと30wt%のNH4OHを投入した。反応器内のpHは、11.5を維持させ、この際の反応器の温度は、60℃に維持し、不活性ガスであるN2を反応器に投入して、製造された前駆体が酸化しないようにした。合成撹拌の完了後に、Filter press(F/P)装備を利用して洗浄および脱水を進めて、Ni0.91Co0.08Mn0.01(OH)2水酸化物前駆体を収得した。
焼成時にB含有原料物質(H3BO3)をNb含有原料物質(Nb2O5)と共に混合したことを除いて、実施例1と同一にリチウム複合酸化物を製造した。B含有原料物質(H3BO3)は、全体組成物のうち1.0mol%になるように混合した。
焼成時にAl含有原料物質(Al(OH)3)をNb含有原料物質(Nb2O5)と共に混合したことを除いて、実施例1と同一にリチウム複合酸化物を製造した。Al含有原料物質(Al(OH)3)は、全体組成物のうち1.0mol%になるように混合した。
実施例1の方法で合成した前駆体にLiOHを混合した後、焼成炉でO2雰囲気を維持しつつ、700℃まで分当たり1℃で昇温して10時間熱処理した後、自然冷却して、リチウム複合酸化物を得た。
実施例1の方法で合成された前駆体にLiOHおよびB含有原料物質(H3BO3)を一緒に混ぜた後、焼成して、リチウム複合酸化物を製造した。具体的に、前駆体にLiOH、H3BO3を混合した後、焼成炉でO2雰囲気を維持しつつ、700℃まで分当たり1℃で昇温して10時間熱処理した後、自然冷却して、リチウム複合酸化物を得た。前記B含有原料物質(H3BO3)は、焼成前に全体組成物のうち1mol%になるように混合した。
焼成時にB含有原料物質(H3BO3)の代わりにAl含有原料物質(Al(OH)3)を混合したことを除いて、実施例5と同じ方法で正極リチウム複合酸化物を製造した
前記Nb含有原料物質(Nb2O5)を焼成前に全体組成物のうち1mol%になるように混合したことを除いて、実施例1と同一にリチウム複合酸化物を製造した。
LiOHおよびNb含有原料物質(Nb2O5)を混合した後、750℃で焼成したことを除いて、実施例1と同一にリチウム複合酸化物を製造した。
焼成前にLiOHを全体金属と1.05モル比になるように混合したことを除いて、実施例1と同一にリチウム複合酸化物を製造した。
前記Nb含有原料物質(Nb2O5)を前記リチウム複合酸化物に対して1mol%になるように混合したことを除いて、実施例3と同一にリチウム複合酸化物を製造した。
図2は、実施例1によるリチウム複合酸化物を構成する一次粒子に対する透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)イメージおよび標識された領域に対する回折パターンを示すものである。
前記製造例によって製造されたリチウム複合酸化物に対してX線回折(XRD)分析を行って、リチウム複合酸化物のうちニオビウム(Nb)含有酸化物が存在するか否かを確認した。XRD分析は、Cu Kαradiation(1.540598Å)を利用したBruker D8 Advance回折計(diffractometer)を利用して行った。
(1)リチウム二次電池の製造
前記製造例によって製造されたリチウム複合酸化物それぞれ94wt%、カーボンブラック(carbon black)3wt%、PVDFバインダー3wt%をN-メチル-2ピロリドン(NMP)30gに分散させて、正極スラリーを製造した。前記正極スラリーを厚み15μmの正極集電体であるアルミニウム(Al)薄膜に塗布および乾燥し、ロールプレス(roll press)を実施して、正極を製造した。正極のローディングレベルは、10mg/cm2であり、電極密度は、3.2g/cm3であった。
製造されたリチウム二次電池(コインセル)に対して25℃で0.15Cの定電流(CC)で4.25Vになるまで充電し、その後、4.25Vの定電圧(CV)で充電して、充電電流が0.05mAhになるまで1回目の充電を行った。その後、20分間放置した後、0.1Cの定電流で3.0Vになるまで放電して、1サイクル目の放電容量を測定した。第1充放電時の充電容量、放電容量および充放電効率を下記の表3に示す。
製造されたリチウム二次電池(コインセル)に対して25℃で1Cの定電流(CC)で3.0~4.25Vの駆動電圧の範囲内で充・放電を100回実施した。これにより、常温での充放電100回実施後、初期容量に対する100サイクル目の放電容量の比率であるサイクル容量維持率(capacity retention)を測定した。
Claims (10)
- リチウムの吸蔵および放出が可能な一次粒子および前記一次粒子が凝集した二次粒子を含むリチウム複合酸化物であって、
前記一次粒子は、下記の化学式1
Li w Ni 1-(x+y+z+z’) Co x M1 y M2 z Nb z’ O 2 (化学式1)
(化学式1中、M1は、MnおよびAlから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
M2は、P、Sr、Ba、B、Ti、Zr、Mn、Al、W、Ce、Hf、Ta、Cr、F、Mg、V、Fe、Zn、Si、Y、Ga、Sn、Mo、Ge、Nd、GdおよびCuから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
M1とM2は、互いに異なる元素であり、
0.5≦w≦1.5、0≦x≦0.50、0≦y≦0.20、0≦z≦0.20、0≦z’≦0.20であり、
x+y+z+z’≦40である。)で表され、
前記一次粒子間の界面および前記二次粒子の表面から選ばれる領域のうち少なくとも一部にニオビウム(Nb)含有酸化物が存在し、
前記一次粒子内の結晶構造中の(003)面の面間距離(d1)と前記一次粒子間の界面内結晶構造中の(400)面の面間距離(d2)は、下記の関係式1を満たす、リチウム複合酸化物。
d1>d2 (関係式1) - 前記一次粒子内の結晶構造中の(003)面の面間距離(d1)は、0.40nm以上である、請求項1に記載のリチウム複合酸化物。
- 前記一次粒子間の界面内結晶構造中の(400)面の面間距離(d2)は、0.30nm以下である、請求項1に記載のリチウム複合酸化物。
- 前記一次粒子内にニオビウム(Nb)がドープされた、請求項1に記載のリチウム複合酸化物。
- 前記一次粒子内ニオビウム(Nb)は、前記一次粒子の表面部から前記一次粒子の中心部に向かって減少する濃度勾配を示す、請求項4に記載のリチウム複合酸化物。
- 前記一次粒子の表面のうち少なくとも一部をカバーする第1コーティング層を含み、かつ
前記第1コーティング層は、ニオビウム(Nb)含有酸化物を含む、請求項1に記載のリチウム複合酸化物。 - 前記第1コーティング層は、下記の化学式2で表される酸化物をさらに含む、請求項76に記載のリチウム複合酸化物。
LiaM3bOc (化学式2)
(化学式2中、M3は、Ni、Mn、Co、P、Sr、Ba、B、Ti、Zr、Mn、Al、W、Nb、Fe、Cu、Mo、Cr、Zn、Na、K、Ca、Mg、Pt、Au、Eu、Sm、Ce、V、Ta、Sn、Hf、Ce、GdおよびNdから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、0≦a≦10、0≦b≦8、2≦c≦13である。) - 前記二次粒子の表面のうち少なくとも一部をカバーする第2コーティング層を含み、かつ
前記第2コーティング層は、下記の化学式3で表される酸化物を含む、請求項1に記載のリチウム複合酸化物。
LiaM4bOc (化学式3)
(化学式3中、M4は、Ni、Mn、Co、P、Sr、Ba、B、Ti、Zr、Mn、Al、W、Nb、Fe、Cu、Mo、Cr、Zn、Na、K、Ca、Mg、Pt、Au、Eu、Sm、Ce、V、Ta、Sn、Hf、Ce、GdおよびNdから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、0≦a≦10、0≦b≦8、2≦c≦13である) - X線回折のリートベルト(Rietveld)解析から得られるc軸の長さが14.177Å超過14.218Å未満である、請求項1に記載のリチウム複合酸化物。
- 請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム複合酸化物を含む正極が使用されたリチウム二次電池。
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