JP6555808B2 - Oxygen reduction catalyst evaluation method and selection method, and oxygen reduction catalyst - Google Patents
Oxygen reduction catalyst evaluation method and selection method, and oxygen reduction catalyst Download PDFInfo
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- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 73
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 title claims description 73
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 68
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims description 48
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 title claims description 39
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- 238000010187 selection method Methods 0.000 title description 8
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical group [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000010757 Reduction Activity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003775 Density Functional Theory Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910003077 Ti−O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 102100021164 Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000018459 dissociative disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004776 molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012900 molecular simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- UIZQFHQWIGAPHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-) titanium(4+) dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] UIZQFHQWIGAPHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 108010054220 vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Description
本発明は、酸素還元触媒の評価方法および選択方法並びに酸素還元触媒に関する。 The present invention relates to an oxygen reduction catalyst evaluation method and selection method, and an oxygen reduction catalyst.
特許文献１には、ニオブ、チタン、タンタルおよびジルコニウムからなる群から選択される少なくとも二種以上の遷移金属元素を含み、且つ白金を含まない金属酸化物材料からなる酸素還元触媒が開示されている。
特許文献２には固体高分子型燃料電池の正極として用いる酸素還元電極用の電極触媒として、ＺｒＣＮを酸化して得られるＺｒＣＮとＺｒＯ２が検出され、かつイオン化ポテンシャルが５．０〜６．０ｅＶである触媒が開示されている。さらに明細書内には、酸素欠陥の増加によってイオン化ポテンシャルが低下することが記述されており、表面に酸素欠陥のある状態を作ることが、酸素還元触媒能の向上には必要であると考えられる、と記述されている。つまり、イオン化ポテンシャルは酸素欠陥の存在の指標として用いられている。
また非特許文献１には酸素欠陥が酸化チタンに生じることにより酸素分子が表面に吸着するようになることが指摘されている。
Patent Document 1 discloses an oxygen reduction catalyst made of a metal oxide material containing at least two kinds of transition metal elements selected from the group consisting of niobium, titanium, tantalum and zirconium and not containing platinum. .
In Patent Document 2, ZrCN and ZrO 2 obtained by oxidizing ZrCN are detected as an electrode catalyst for an oxygen reduction electrode used as a positive electrode of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, and an ionization potential is 5.0 to 6.0 eV. A catalyst is disclosed. Furthermore, it is described in the specification that the ionization potential decreases due to an increase in oxygen defects, and it is considered necessary to improve the oxygen reduction catalytic ability to create a state having oxygen defects on the surface. , Is described. That is, the ionization potential is used as an indicator of the presence of oxygen defects.
Non-Patent Document 1 points out that oxygen molecules are adsorbed on the surface when oxygen defects occur in titanium oxide.
このように従来の金属酸化物を用いた燃料電池触媒の研究の方向性は、酸化物内に酸素欠陥を生成することにより触媒の性能を向上させるものであった。その点から、酸素欠陥が生成されると期待される元素種の置換以外は、理論的あるいは実験的に十分に検討がなされてこなかった。言い換えると従来の研究においては、元素の置換が重要ではなく、どれだけ酸素欠陥を作るか、が検討されてきただけであった Thus, the research direction of the conventional fuel cell catalyst using a metal oxide has been to improve the performance of the catalyst by generating oxygen defects in the oxide. In that respect, the theoretical and experimental studies have not been sufficiently conducted except for the substitution of the element species expected to generate oxygen defects. In other words, in previous research, element substitution was not important, and only how much oxygen defects were created has been studied.
本発明は上ルチル型もしくはアナターゼ型の結晶構造を持ち、元素が格子内に侵入したチタン酸化物の酸素還元触媒についての評価方法と酸素還元触媒の選択方法および触媒活性の高い酸素還元触媒を提供する。 The present invention provides an evaluation method for an oxygen reduction catalyst of a titanium oxide having an upper rutile type or anatase type crystal structure and an element entering the lattice, a method for selecting an oxygen reduction catalyst, and an oxygen reduction catalyst having high catalytic activity To do.
すなわち、本発明は以下の発明を含む。 That is, the present invention includes the following inventions.
［１］ ルチル型もしくはアナターゼ型の結晶構造を持つチタン酸化物の酸素還元触媒の評価方法であって、
前記チタン酸化物は、
不純物元素が結晶格子内に侵入しており、
前記侵入に由来する電子で占有された不純物準位を有し、
前記チタン酸化物の表面のチタン原子に酸素分子が吸着し、該酸素分子の２ｐ軌道と酸素分子が吸着した前記チタン原子の３ｄ軌道により作られる新しい混成軌道の準位を有し、
前記不純物準位と前記混成軌道の準位とをシミュレーション解析によって取得し、
前記不純物準位が前記混成軌道の準位よりもエネルギー準位が高く、かつ前記不純物準位と前記混成軌道の準位の差が大きくなるほど触媒活性が高いと評価する
ことを特徴とする酸素還元触媒の評価方法。
［２］ 前項［１］に記載の評価方法により、 種々の不純物元素について不純物準位と混成軌道の準位とを得、前記不純物元素の中から、不純物準位が混成軌道の準位よりもエネルギー準位が高く、かつ前記不純物準位と前記混成軌道の準位の差が大きくなる不純物元素を有する酸素還元触媒を選択する酸素還元触媒の選択方法。
［３］ ルチル型もしくはアナターゼ型の結晶構造を持つチタン酸化物の酸素還元触媒であって、前記チタン酸化物に金属元素が侵入していることを特徴とする酸素還元触媒。
[1] A method for evaluating an oxygen reduction catalyst for titanium oxide having a rutile or anatase crystal structure,
The titanium oxide is
Impurity elements have entered the crystal lattice,
Having an impurity level occupied by electrons derived from the penetration;
An oxygen molecule is adsorbed on a titanium atom on the surface of the titanium oxide, and has a new hybrid orbital level formed by a 2p orbit of the oxygen molecule and a 3d orbit of the titanium atom adsorbed by the oxygen molecule;
Obtaining the impurity level and the level of the hybrid orbital by simulation analysis,
The oxygen reduction characterized in that the impurity level is higher in energy level than the level of the hybrid orbital and the catalytic activity is higher as the difference between the level of the impurity level and the hybrid orbital is larger. Catalyst evaluation method.
[2] By the evaluation method described in [1], the impurity level and the level of the hybrid orbital are obtained for various impurity elements, and the impurity level is higher than the level of the hybrid orbital among the impurity elements. A method for selecting an oxygen reduction catalyst, wherein an oxygen reduction catalyst having an impurity element having a high energy level and a difference between the impurity level and the hybrid orbital level is increased.
[3] An oxygen reduction catalyst for a titanium oxide having a rutile-type or anatase-type crystal structure, wherein a metal element enters the titanium oxide.
本発明により、元素が格子内に侵入したチタン酸化物の酸素還元触媒を効率的に評価および前記他の元素の選択をすることができ、触媒活性の高い酸素還元触媒を得ることができる。 According to the present invention, an oxygen reduction catalyst of titanium oxide in which an element has entered the lattice can be efficiently evaluated and the other elements can be selected, and an oxygen reduction catalyst having high catalytic activity can be obtained.
本発明は、ルチル型もしくはアナターゼ型の結晶構造を持ち、元素が結晶格子内に侵入したチタン酸化物の酸素還元触媒の評価方法及び選択方法、並びに酸素還元触媒を含む。 The present invention includes a method for evaluating and selecting a titanium oxide oxygen reduction catalyst having a rutile-type or anatase-type crystal structure in which an element has entered a crystal lattice, and an oxygen reduction catalyst.
（評価方法）
本発明の評価方法は、ルチル型もしくはアナターゼ型の結晶構造を持つチタン酸化物の酸素還元触媒の評価方法であって、前記チタン酸化物は、不純物元素が結晶格子内に侵入しており、前記侵入に由来する電子で占有された不純物準位を有し、前記チタン酸化物の表面のチタン原子に酸素分子が吸着し、該酸素分子の２ｐ軌道と前記チタン原子の３ｄ軌道により作られる新しい混成軌道の準位を有し、前記不純物準位と前記混成軌道準位とをシミュレーション解析によって取得し、前記不純物準位が前記混成軌道の準位よりもエネルギー準位が高く、かつ前記不純物準位と前記混成軌道の準位の差が大きくなるほど触媒活性が高いと評価する。
(Evaluation method)
The evaluation method of the present invention is a method for evaluating an oxygen reduction catalyst of a titanium oxide having a rutile or anatase crystal structure, wherein the titanium oxide has an impurity element penetrating into a crystal lattice, A new hybrid which has an impurity level occupied by electrons derived from penetration and has an oxygen molecule adsorbed on a titanium atom on the surface of the titanium oxide and is formed by the 2p orbit of the oxygen molecule and the 3d orbit of the titanium atom. Having an orbital level, the impurity level and the hybrid orbital level are obtained by simulation analysis, the impurity level is higher in energy level than the hybrid orbital level, and the impurity level The higher the difference between the levels of the hybrid orbitals, the higher the catalytic activity.
上記シミュレーション解析は、例えば、第一原理計算を行うシミュレーションソフトを用いて実施することができる。より具体的には市販のシミュレーションソフトとしてＶＡＳＰ， Ｄｍｏｌ３， ＣＡＳＴＥＰ等が挙げられる。 The simulation analysis can be performed using, for example, simulation software that performs a first principle calculation. More specifically, commercially available simulation software includes VASP, Dmol 3 , CASTEP and the like.
なお、本明細書内では「不純物準位が混成軌道の準位よりも低く、かつ前記不純物準位と前記混成軌道の準位の差が大きくなる」ことを、「不純物準位が混成軌道の準位よりも浅くなる」と言うことがある。 In this specification, “impurity level is lower than the level of the hybrid orbital and the difference between the level of the impurity level and the hybrid orbital is large”, Sometimes it is shallower than the level. "
（選択方法）
本発明の選択方法は、前記評価方法により、種々の侵入元素について不純物準位と混成軌道の準位とを得、前記侵入元素から、不純物準位が混成軌道の準位よりもエネルギー準位が高く、かつ前記不純物準位と前記混成軌道の準位の差が大きくなる不純物元素を有する酸素還元触媒を選択する。これにより、活性の高い酸素還元触媒を選択することができる。
(Selection method)
The selection method of the present invention obtains impurity levels and hybrid orbital levels for various intruding elements by the evaluation method, and the impurity levels from the intrusive elements have energy levels higher than those of the hybrid orbitals. An oxygen reduction catalyst having an impurity element that is high and has a large difference between the impurity level and the hybrid orbital level is selected. Thereby, a highly active oxygen reduction catalyst can be selected.
前記選択方法により、活性の高い酸化還元触媒が得られる理論原理を記述する。不純物準位が混成軌道の準位よりも浅い場合、不純物準位から混成軌道に電子が移動する。この現象はチタン酸化物から酸素分子へのバックドネーションの機構となる。この混成軌道は酸素分子の反結合性軌道２ｐπ＊が含まれているので、混成軌道への電子の移動は、酸素の結合解離を易化する。ゆえに、前記選択方法により、活性の高い酸素還元触媒を選択することができる。 The theoretical principle that a highly active redox catalyst can be obtained by the selection method will be described. When the impurity level is shallower than the level of the hybrid orbital, electrons move from the impurity level to the hybrid orbital. This phenomenon becomes a mechanism of back donation from titanium oxide to oxygen molecules. Since this hybrid orbital includes an antibonding orbital 2pπ * of oxygen molecules, the movement of electrons to the hybrid orbital facilitates the bond dissociation of oxygen. Therefore, a highly active oxygen reduction catalyst can be selected by the selection method.
（酸素還元触媒）
本発明の酸素還元触媒は、前記選択方法で選択される。具体例としては、ルチル型もしくはアナターゼ型の結晶構造を持つチタン酸化物の酸素還元触媒であって、前記酸化物に金属元素が侵入している。酸素還元能の観点から、最も好ましくはＳｂの侵入であり、Ｓｂ以下の序列としてＳｂ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｇａ＞Ｓｃ＞Ｔｉ＞Ｃａ＞Ｇｅ＞Ａｓ＞Ｖ＞Ｃｏ＞Ｆｅ＞Ｎｉ＞Ｃｒ＞Ｍｎ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｋの順に好ましい。
このように金属元素が格子内侵入することにより、酸素還元活性の高い触媒が得られる。
(Oxygen reduction catalyst)
The oxygen reduction catalyst of the present invention is selected by the selection method. As a specific example, an oxygen reduction catalyst of titanium oxide having a rutile or anatase type crystal structure, a metal element invades the oxide. From the viewpoint of oxygen reduction ability, Sb intrusion is most preferable, and Sb>Zn>Ga>Sc>Ti>Ca>Ge>As>V>Co>Fe>Ni>Cr>Mn> Cu as the order below Sb. It is preferable in the order of> K.
Thus, a metal element penetrates into the lattice, whereby a catalyst having a high oxygen reduction activity is obtained.
本発明では、酸素還元能の観点から、酸素還元触媒中の侵入元素の侵入割合は、０．１原子％より大きいことが好ましく、３原子％以上であることがより好ましく、結晶構造が変化しない範囲で高含有率であることがさらに好ましい。なお、本発明において、侵入元素の侵入割合とは、侵入原子の数／チタン原子の数で求められる。また、前記結晶構造の変化には、格子定数が変化することを含めない。前記結晶構造は、Ｘ線回折により確認することができる。 In the present invention, from the viewpoint of oxygen reduction ability, the intrusion ratio of the intruding element in the oxygen reduction catalyst is preferably greater than 0.1 atomic%, more preferably 3 atomic% or more, and the crystal structure does not change. More preferably, the content is high in the range. In the present invention, the intrusion ratio of the intruding element is obtained by the number of intruding atoms / the number of titanium atoms. The change in the crystal structure does not include a change in lattice constant. The crystal structure can be confirmed by X-ray diffraction.
以下に本発明の実施例を示し、本発明をより具体的に説明する。なお、これらは説明のための単なる例示であって、本発明はこれらによって何ら制限されるものではない。 Examples of the present invention will be described below to describe the present invention more specifically. Note that these are merely illustrative examples, and the present invention is not limited by these.
本実施例で用いた計算の条件を以下にまとめる。 The calculation conditions used in this example are summarized below.
（分子シミュレーション解析用のソフトウェア）
本計算には、第一原理電子状態計算ソフトウェアであるＡｃｃｅｌｒｙｓ社製Ｄｍｏｌ３ ｖｅｒｓｉｏｎ ６．１を用いた。
(Software for molecular simulation analysis)
In this calculation, Dmol 3 version 6.1 manufactured by Accelrys, which is first principle electronic state calculation software, was used.
（触媒表面モデル）
触媒表面モデルとして、ルチル型酸化チタン（１１０）面のスラブモデル（本発明では「酸化チタンスラブモデル」と言うことがある）を用いた。酸化チタンスラブモデルは、（４ｕｎｉｔ ｘ ２ｕｎｉｔ）の大きさの面を持ち、深さ方向に４層とし、３次元周期境界条件を課した。下層の２層の原子をルチル型酸化チタンの結晶位置に固定し計算を行った。例えば図１を用いて説明すると、図の中での上面が触媒表面であり、酸素分子は触媒表面のチタン原子に吸着し、吸着酸素分子となる。
(Catalyst surface model)
As the catalyst surface model, a slab model of rutile titanium oxide (110) surface (in the present invention, sometimes referred to as “titanium oxide slab model”) was used. The titanium oxide slab model has a surface with a size of (4 units x 2 units), has four layers in the depth direction, and imposes a three-dimensional periodic boundary condition. Calculation was performed with the atoms of the lower two layers fixed at the crystal position of the rutile-type titanium oxide. For example, referring to FIG. 1, the upper surface in the figure is the catalyst surface, and oxygen molecules are adsorbed on titanium atoms on the catalyst surface to become adsorbed oxygen molecules.
（計算条件）
ｓｐｉｎ ｐｏｌａｒｉｚｅｄ ｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｔｈｅｏｒｙを基にしており、汎関数はＧＧＡ−ＲＰＢＥを用いた。各原子に対して、Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ Ｃｏｒｅ Ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｓを与え、計算基底関数はＤＮＰを用い、Ｋ点のサンプリングはΓ点のみで行った。
状態密度（以下ＤＯＳと記す）および部分状態密度（以下ＰＤＯＳと記す）の計算において、電子で占有されていない軌道の数は、フェルミ準位からエネルギー準位の浅くなる方へ１２個で計算した。
(Calculation condition)
Based on spin polarized density functional theory, GGA-RPBE was used as the functional. Effective Core Potentials were given to each atom, DNP was used as the calculation basis function, and sampling of the K point was performed only at the Γ point.
In the calculation of the density of states (hereinafter referred to as DOS) and the partial density of states (hereinafter referred to as PDOS), the number of orbitals not occupied by electrons was calculated as 12 from the Fermi level to the shallower energy level. .
（構造決定工程）
本実施例で利用した酸化チタンスラブモデル構造および物理量は以下の構造決定工程と呼ぶ４つの工程それぞれより得た。
(Structure determination process)
The titanium oxide slab model structure and physical quantity used in this example were obtained from each of the four steps referred to as the structure determination step below.
構造決定工程（１）
酸素分子が吸着していない、酸化チタンスラブモデルで、元素が格子内に侵入した構造を初期構造とし、構造最適化を実行し、最適化された構造を得た。該最適化された構造のＤＯＳを所得した。該ＤＯＳにおけるフェルミ準位を不純物準位として所得した。さらに、前記最適化された構造の全エネルギーの値を所得した。
Structure determination process (1)
In the titanium oxide slab model in which oxygen molecules are not adsorbed, the structure in which the element entered the lattice was taken as the initial structure, and the structure was optimized to obtain an optimized structure. Earned DOS with the optimized structure. The Fermi level in the DOS was obtained as an impurity level. Furthermore, the total energy value of the optimized structure was obtained.
構造決定工程（２）
構造決定工程（１）で得られた構造の触媒表面に、酸素分子を近づけた構造を初期構造とし、構造最適化を実行し、最適化された構造を得た。該最適化された構造のＤＯＳおよび吸着酸素分子のＰＤＯＳを所得した。吸着酸素分子の２ｐπ＊軌道および吸着されているＴｉ原子の３ｄｚ２、および吸着酸素分子の２ｐπ＊および吸着されているＴｉ原子の３ｄｙｚであることが確認された軌道の準位を、吸着酸素分子の酸素分子の２ｐ軌道と吸着されているＴｉ原子の３ｄ軌道により作られる新しい混成軌道の準位として取得した。なお、前記混成軌道の準位が複数取得できる場合は吸着酸素分子の２ｐπ＊および吸着されているＴｉ原子の３ｄｙｚであることが確認された軌道の準位を採用した。軌道の由来は、分子軌道図から確認できる。さらに、また前記最適化された構造の全エネルギーの値を所得した。
Structure determination process (2)
A structure in which oxygen molecules were brought close to the catalyst surface having the structure obtained in the structure determination step (1) was used as an initial structure, and the structure was optimized to obtain an optimized structure. The optimized structure DOS and adsorbed oxygen molecule PDOS were obtained. The adsorbed oxygen molecules represent the 2pπ * orbit of the adsorbed oxygen molecule and 3dz 2 of the adsorbed Ti atom, and the orbital level confirmed to be 2pπ * of the adsorbed oxygen molecule and 3dyz of the adsorbed Ti atom. It was obtained as a new hybrid orbital level created by 2p orbitals of oxygen molecules and 3d orbitals of adsorbed Ti atoms. When a plurality of hybrid orbital levels can be obtained, the orbital levels confirmed to be 2pπ * of adsorbed oxygen molecules and 3dyz of adsorbed Ti atoms were employed. The origin of the orbit can be confirmed from the molecular orbital diagram. In addition, the total energy value of the optimized structure was also obtained.
構造決定工程（３）
構造決定工程（２）で得られた構造の吸着酸素分子の酸素間距離を伸ばした構造を初期構造とし、構造最適化を実行し、酸素原子間距離とＴｉ‐Ｏ間の距離を比較したときに、酸素原子間距離のほうが長い最適化された構造を得た。
Structure determination process (3)
When the structure obtained by the structure determination step (2) with the extended oxygen distance of the adsorbed oxygen molecules is taken as the initial structure, the structure optimization is performed, and the distance between oxygen atoms and the distance between Ti-O are compared. In addition, an optimized structure with a longer distance between oxygen atoms was obtained.
構造決定工程（４）
構造決定工程（２）および（３）で得られたそれぞれの最適化された構造を酸素分子解離反応の始状態および終状態とし、ＬＳＴ／ＱＳＴ法を実行し、構造決定工程（２）で得られた最適化された構造と構造決定工程（３）で得られた最適化された構造を結ぶ遷移状態の構造を得た。該遷移状態の構造の全エネルギーの値を所得した。該全エネルギーの値から構造決定工程（２）で得られた全エネルギーの値を差し引き、それを酸素結合解離の活性化障壁とした。
Structure determination process (4)
The respective optimized structures obtained in the structure determination steps (2) and (3) are set as the initial and final states of the oxygen molecule dissociation reaction, the LST / QST method is executed, and the structure determination steps (2) are obtained. A transition state structure connecting the optimized structure thus obtained and the optimized structure obtained in the structure determination step (3) was obtained. The total energy value of the transition state structure was obtained. The total energy value obtained in the structure determination step (2) was subtracted from the total energy value, and this was used as an activation barrier for oxygen bond dissociation.
（活性化障壁）
構造決定工程（４）で得られる活性化障壁は酸素解離の活性化障壁である。触媒能の高い酸素還元触媒を得るべく、活性化障壁が小さくなる侵入元素を選択する。
(Activation barrier)
The activation barrier obtained in the structure determination step (4) is an oxygen dissociation activation barrier. In order to obtain an oxygen reduction catalyst having a high catalytic ability, an intruding element having a small activation barrier is selected.
実施例１：
侵入元素として、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｓｃ、Ｔｉ、Ｖ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｇａ、Ｇｅ、Ａｓ及びＳｂのそれぞれについて、前記構造決定工程（１）から（２）を実行し、その侵入割合が３．１２５％である酸化チタンスラブモデルでの、不純物準位及び混成軌道の準位を得た。本実施例で用いた酸化チタンスラブモデルの構造を図１に示した。図１の酸化チタンスラブモデルでは挿入金属元素が触媒表面から３および４層目に２個存在する。これらの酸化チタンスラブでの不純物準位、混成軌道の準位及びそれらの差を表１に示した。
Example 1:
For each of K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, and Sb as intruding elements, the structure determination steps (1) to (2) Then, impurity levels and hybrid orbital levels were obtained in the titanium oxide slab model with the penetration rate of 3.125%. The structure of the titanium oxide slab model used in this example is shown in FIG. In the titanium oxide slab model of FIG. 1, there are two inserted metal elements in the third and fourth layers from the catalyst surface. Table 1 shows impurity levels, hybrid orbital levels, and their differences in these titanium oxide slabs.
比較例１：
侵入元素として、Ｃａ、Ｆｅ、及びＳｂのそれぞれについて、前記構造決定工程（１）から（４）を実行し、その侵入割合が３．１２５％である酸化チタンスラブモデルでの、酸素結合解離の活性化障壁を得た。本比較例で用いた酸化チタンスラブモデルは実施例１と同じである。これらの酸化チタンスラブモデルでの酸素結合解離の活性化障壁を表１にまとめた。
Comparative Example 1:
For each of Ca, Fe, and Sb as intrusion elements, the structure determination steps (1) to (4) are executed, and the oxygen bond dissociation in the titanium oxide slab model in which the intrusion ratio is 3.125%. An activation barrier was obtained. The titanium oxide slab model used in this comparative example is the same as in Example 1. The activation barriers for oxygen bond dissociation in these titanium oxide slab models are summarized in Table 1.
なお、前記不純物準位および前記混成軌道の準位を得る時間は、前記活性化障壁の計算時間に比べいずれも約１／４であった。 The time for obtaining the impurity level and the level of the hybrid orbital was about ¼ of the calculation time of the activation barrier.
比較例２：
チタン元素に他の元素が侵入されていない酸化チタンスラブモデルでの酸素結合解離の活性化障壁を、構造決定工程（１）から（４）を実行し、得た。その結果を表１にまとめた。該酸化チタンスラブモデルの構造を図２に示した。
Comparative Example 2:
An activation barrier for oxygen bond dissociation in a titanium oxide slab model in which no other element has entered the titanium element was obtained by executing the structure determination steps (1) to (4). The results are summarized in Table 1. The structure of the titanium oxide slab model is shown in FIG.
表１にまとめた、実施例１および比較例２の不純物準位および混成軌道準位を比較することにより、本発明における酸素還元触媒の選択法に基づくと金属が侵入している酸化チタンが活性の高い触媒として選択される。さらに、酸素還元活性の高い方から、序列としてＳｂ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｇａ＞Ｓｃ＞Ｔｉ＞Ｃａ＞Ｇｅ＞Ａｓ＞Ｖ＞Ｃｏ＞Ｆｅ＞Ｎｉ＞Ｃｒ＞Ｍｎ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｋが導かれた。この序列と表１の酸素結合解離の活性化障壁の計算結果は一致している。表１の結果として、元素侵入に由来する不純物準位が吸着酸素分子の２ｐ軌道と吸着酸素分子が吸着したチタン原子の３ｄ軌道により作られる新しい混成軌道の準位よりも浅くなる酸素還元触媒として、前記序列の順に、前記金属元素が侵入した酸素還元触媒が選択された。 By comparing the impurity levels and hybrid orbital levels of Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 summarized in Table 1, the titanium oxide invading the metal is active according to the selection method of the oxygen reduction catalyst in the present invention. Is selected as a high catalyst. Furthermore, Sb> Zn> Ga> Sc> Ti> Ca> Ge> As> V> Co> Fe> Ni> Cr> Mn> Cu> K was derived from the higher oxygen reduction activity as an order. The calculated result of the activation barrier of oxygen bond dissociation in Table 1 is consistent with this order. As a result of Table 1, as an oxygen reduction catalyst, the impurity level derived from element penetration becomes shallower than the level of the new hybrid orbital formed by the 2p orbit of adsorbed oxygen molecules and the 3d orbit of titanium atoms adsorbed by adsorbed oxygen molecules. The oxygen reduction catalyst into which the metal element invaded was selected in the order of the order.
なお、活性化障壁の計算は、構造決定工程（３）で示した通り、遷移状態の構造を決定する必要があり、この計算時間は構造決定工程（１）などで得られる最適化された構造を決定するための計算時間と比較し非常に多くの時間が必要である。それに比べ、本発明ではより短い時間で評価することができ、活性の高い酸素還元触媒を効率的に選択することができる。 The calculation of the activation barrier needs to determine the structure of the transition state as shown in the structure determination step (3), and this calculation time is an optimized structure obtained in the structure determination step (1) and the like. It takes a lot of time compared to the calculation time to determine. In contrast, in the present invention, evaluation can be performed in a shorter time, and a highly active oxygen reduction catalyst can be efficiently selected.
したがって上記結果より、金属元素が侵入したチタン酸化物は、吸着酸素分子の２ｐ軌道と吸着酸素分子が吸着したチタン原子の３ｄ軌道により作られる新しい混成軌道の準位よりも不純物準位の軌道のエネルギーが浅く、酸素還元能が高いと考えられる。 Therefore, from the above results, the titanium oxide invaded by the metal element has a more orbital impurity level than the new hybrid orbital level formed by the 2p orbit of adsorbed oxygen molecules and the 3d orbit of titanium atoms adsorbed by adsorbed oxygen molecules. It is considered to have low energy and high oxygen reducing ability.
本発明によれば、元素の侵入により得られる活性の高い酸素還元触媒が得られ、燃料電池等に好ましく利用することできる。
According to the present invention, a highly active oxygen reduction catalyst obtained by intrusion of elements is obtained, and can be preferably used for a fuel cell or the like.
Claims (2)
前記チタン酸化物は、
不純物元素が結晶格子内に侵入しており、
前記侵入に由来する電子で占有された不純物準位を有し、
前記チタン酸化物の表面のチタン原子に酸素分子が吸着し、該酸素分子の２ｐ軌道と酸素分子が吸着した前記チタン原子の３ｄ軌道により作られる新しい混成軌道の準位を有し、
前記不純物準位と前記混成軌道の準位とをシミュレーション解析によって取得し、
前記不純物準位が前記混成軌道の準位よりもエネルギー準位が高く、かつ前記不純物準位と前記混成軌道の準位の差が大きくなるほど触媒活性が高いと評価する
ことを特徴とする酸素還元触媒の評価方法。 A method for evaluating an oxygen reduction catalyst for titanium oxide having a rutile or anatase crystal structure,
The titanium oxide is
Impurity elements have entered the crystal lattice,
Having an impurity level occupied by electrons derived from the penetration;
An oxygen molecule is adsorbed on a titanium atom on the surface of the titanium oxide, and has a new hybrid orbital level formed by a 2p orbit of the oxygen molecule and a 3d orbit of the titanium atom adsorbed by the oxygen molecule;
Obtaining the impurity level and the level of the hybrid orbital by simulation analysis,
The oxygen reduction characterized in that the impurity level is higher in energy level than the level of the hybrid orbital and the catalytic activity is higher as the difference between the level of the impurity level and the hybrid orbital is larger. Catalyst evaluation method.
According to the evaluation method of claim 1, an impurity level and a hybrid orbital level are obtained for various impurity elements, and the energy level of the impurity element is higher than that of the hybrid orbital among the impurity elements. A method for selecting an oxygen reduction catalyst, which selects an oxygen reduction catalyst having an impurity element that is high and has a large difference between the impurity level and the hybrid orbital level.
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