JP6229313B2 - Insert parts for blow molding - Google Patents
Insert parts for blow molding Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6229313B2 JP6229313B2 JP2013112400A JP2013112400A JP6229313B2 JP 6229313 B2 JP6229313 B2 JP 6229313B2 JP 2013112400 A JP2013112400 A JP 2013112400A JP 2013112400 A JP2013112400 A JP 2013112400A JP 6229313 B2 JP6229313 B2 JP 6229313B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- insert
- insert part
- molded product
- opening
- blow
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Landscapes
- Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Description
この発明は、ブロー成形時にインサートされるブロー成形用インサート部品に関する。 The present invention relates to an insert part for blow molding that is inserted at the time of blow molding.
図５に示すような、注入口を備えるタンク３を製造する場合、注入口１の部分について、特に高い精度を確保するために、開口５ｏを有する筒部５ａと、筒部５ａの周囲に設けられたフランジ部５ｂとを備えるインサート部品５を予め射出成形などで製造し、このインサート部品５をブロー成形用金型に配置した状態でブロー成形を行い、離型後に開口７ｏをドリル加工で形成することによってブロー成形品本体７にインサート部品５が融着されたブロー成形品を製造する場合がある（例えば特許文献１を参照）。 When manufacturing a tank 3 having an inlet as shown in FIG. 5, in order to ensure particularly high accuracy, a portion of the inlet 1 is provided around a cylindrical portion 5a having an opening 5o and the cylindrical portion 5a. The insert part 5 provided with the flange portion 5b is manufactured in advance by injection molding or the like, blow molding is performed in a state where the insert part 5 is placed in a blow molding die, and the opening 7o is formed by drilling after mold release. As a result, a blow molded product in which the insert part 5 is fused to the blow molded product main body 7 may be manufactured (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
タンク３内には水やガソリンなどが収容されるが、ブロー成形の条件によっては、インサート部品５とブロー成形品本体７の間の融着が不十分になってしまう場合があり、その場合、インサート部品の開口と、その開口に合わせて形成されるブロー成形品本体の開口の境界にわずかな隙間ができてしまい、この境界の隙間を伝って、毛細管減少によって、内容物の液体が滲み出てしまうことが分かった。 Water or gasoline is accommodated in the tank 3, but depending on the blow molding conditions, the fusion between the insert part 5 and the blow molded product body 7 may be insufficient. A slight gap is formed between the opening of the insert part and the opening of the blow molded product body that is formed in accordance with the opening, and the liquid in the contents oozes out by the capillary reduction through this boundary gap. I found out.
本発明はこのような事情に鑑みてなされたものであり、インサート部品とブロー成形品本体の境界面からの液体の滲み出しを抑制することができるブロー成形用インサート部品を提供するものである。 This invention is made | formed in view of such a situation, and provides the insert component for blow molding which can suppress the oozing of the liquid from the interface of an insert component and a blow molded product main body.
本発明によれば、開口を有する筒部と、前記筒部の周囲に設けられたフランジ部とを備え、ブロー成形によってブロー成形品本体に融着されるブロー成形用インサート部品であって、前記フランジ部の、前記ブロー成形品本体に融着される面に、前記開口を実質的に取り囲み且つ前記フランジ部よりも溶融されやすい易溶融部を備える、ブロー成形用インサート部品が提供される。 According to the present invention, there is provided a blow molding insert component comprising a cylindrical portion having an opening and a flange portion provided around the cylindrical portion, and being fused to a blow molded product body by blow molding, An insert part for blow molding is provided, which includes an easily melting portion that substantially surrounds the opening and is more easily melted than the flange portion on a surface of the flange portion that is fused to the blow molded product body.
本発明者は、内容物の液体の滲み出しを防ぐべく検討を行った結果、インサート部品の筒部を取り囲むように易溶融部を配置すると、易溶融部ではインサート部品が溶融しやすくなり、その結果、この部位ではインサート部品がブロー成形品本体に確実に融着され、毛管現象による液体の流れが止められ、液体の滲み出しが抑制されることを見出し、本発明の完成に到った。 As a result of studying to prevent the liquid from oozing out of the contents, the inventor has arranged the easy melting part so as to surround the cylindrical part of the insert part, and the insert part easily melts in the easy melting part. As a result, it was found that the insert part was reliably fused to the blow molded article body at this portion, the liquid flow due to capillary action was stopped, and the liquid oozing was suppressed, and the present invention was completed.
以下、本発明の種々の実施形態を例示する。以下に示す実施形態は互いに組み合わせ可能である。
好ましくは、前記易溶融部は、薄肉突起で構成される。
好ましくは、前記薄肉突起は、肉厚１ｍｍ以下であり、かつ高さ０．５ｍｍ以上である。
好ましくは、前記薄肉突起は、前記開口を取り囲むリング形状である。
好ましくは、前記フランジ部は、拡径方向に向かって厚さが薄くなるテーパー面を周縁に備える。
好ましくは、前記テーパー面は、前記フランジ部の両面に設けられる。
Hereinafter, various embodiments of the present invention will be exemplified. The following embodiments can be combined with each other.
Preferably, the easily meltable part is constituted by a thin protrusion.
Preferably, the thin protrusion has a thickness of 1 mm or less and a height of 0.5 mm or more.
Preferably, the thin protrusion has a ring shape surrounding the opening.
Preferably, the flange portion is provided with a tapered surface at a peripheral edge, the thickness of which decreases in the diameter increasing direction.
Preferably, the tapered surface is provided on both surfaces of the flange portion.
以下、本発明の実施形態について説明する。以下に示す実施形態中で示した各種特徴事項は、互いに組み合わせ可能である。また、各特徴について独立して発明が成立する。 Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described. Various characteristic items shown in the following embodiments can be combined with each other. The invention is established independently for each feature.
図１及び図３に示すように、インサート部品５は、開口５ｏを有する筒部５ａと、筒部５ａの周囲に設けられたフランジ部５ｂとを備え、ブロー成形によってブロー成形品本体７に融着されるブロー成形用インサート部品である。フランジ部５ｂの、ブロー成形品本体７に融着される面５ｃには、開口５ｏを実質的に取り囲み且つフランジ部５ｂよりも溶融されやすい易溶融部５ｄが設けられる。 As shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, the insert part 5 includes a cylindrical part 5a having an opening 5o and a flange part 5b provided around the cylindrical part 5a, and is fused to the blow molded product body 7 by blow molding. It is an insert part for blow molding to be worn. A surface 5c of the flange portion 5b to be fused to the blow molded product body 7 is provided with an easily melting portion 5d that substantially surrounds the opening 5o and is more easily melted than the flange portion 5b.
インサート部品５は、予め射出成形などで製造された部品である。インサート部品５は、一例では全体が樹脂成形品であるが、少なくともフランジ部５ｂ及び易溶融部５ｄが樹脂で形成されていればインサート部品５をブロー成形品本体７に融着させることができるので、それ以外の部分は、樹脂以外の材料（例：金属）で形成してもよい。 The insert part 5 is a part manufactured in advance by injection molding or the like. Although the insert part 5 is entirely a resin molded product in one example, the insert part 5 can be fused to the blow molded product body 7 as long as at least the flange portion 5b and the easily meltable portion 5d are formed of resin. The other portions may be formed of a material other than resin (eg, metal).
易溶融部５ｄは、図２に示すブロー成形の際にパリソン１１の熱で溶融されてインサート部品５とブロー成形品本体７を確実に融着させるための部位である。易溶融部５ｄは、フランジ部５ｂよりも溶融しやすい部位であればよく、その具体的な構成は、特に限定されず、図１に示すようにブロー成形品本体７に融着される面５ｃに設けた薄肉突起で構成してもよく、フランジ部５ｂよりも低融点の材料からなる部位を面５ｃに設けてもよい。何れの場合でも、溶融状態のパリソン１１との接触によって易溶融部５ｄが溶融してインサート部品５とブロー成形品本体７の間の融着性が向上する。なお、易溶融部５ｄは、溶融によって大きく変形してブロー成形前の形状をとどめないようになってもよく、易溶融部５ｄの表面のみが溶融してその形状をほぼ維持したままブロー成形品本体７に融着してもよい。 The easily meltable portion 5d is a portion that is melted by the heat of the parison 11 during the blow molding shown in FIG. 2 to reliably fuse the insert part 5 and the blow molded product body 7 together. The easily meltable part 5d may be a part that is more easily melted than the flange part 5b, and the specific configuration thereof is not particularly limited, and a surface 5c to be fused to the blow molded product body 7 as shown in FIG. The surface 5c may be provided with a portion made of a material having a melting point lower than that of the flange portion 5b. In any case, the easily meltable part 5d is melted by contact with the melted parison 11, and the fusion property between the insert part 5 and the blow molded article body 7 is improved. The easily meltable portion 5d may be largely deformed by melting so as not to remain in the shape before blow molding, and only the surface of the easily meltable portion 5d is melted and the shape is substantially maintained while maintaining the shape. The main body 7 may be fused.
易溶融部５ｄが薄肉突起で構成される場合、図１に示す肉厚Ｄは、例えば２ｍｍ以下であり、１ｍｍ以下が好ましい。また、図１に示す高さＨは、例えば０．３ｍｍ以上であり、０．５ｍｍ以上が好ましい。肉厚Ｄが大きすぎたり、高さＨが小さすぎたりすると、パリソン１１との接触時に易溶融部５ｄが十分に溶融しない場合があるからである。肉厚Ｄの下限は、特に限定されないが、あまりに薄すぎると易溶融部５ｄが破損しやすくなるので、肉厚Ｄは、０．１ｍｍ以上が好ましく、０．３ｍｍ以上がさらに好ましい。また、高さＨの上限は、特に限定されないが、あまりにも高いとブロー成形品本体７を突き抜けてしまうので、高さＨは、３ｍｍ以下が好ましく、２ｍｍ以下がさらに好ましい。別の観点では、高さＨは、ブロー成形品本体７の肉厚以下が好ましく、肉厚の２／３以下がさらに好ましい。 In the case where the easily meltable portion 5d is formed of thin projections, the thickness D shown in FIG. 1 is, for example, 2 mm or less, and preferably 1 mm or less. Moreover, the height H shown in FIG. 1 is 0.3 mm or more, for example, and 0.5 mm or more is preferable. This is because if the thickness D is too large or the height H is too small, the easily meltable part 5d may not be sufficiently melted when contacting the parison 11. The lower limit of the wall thickness D is not particularly limited, but if it is too thin, the easily meltable part 5d is likely to be damaged. Therefore, the wall thickness D is preferably equal to or greater than 0.1 mm, and more preferably equal to or greater than 0.3 mm. Further, the upper limit of the height H is not particularly limited, but if it is too high, the blow molded product main body 7 is penetrated, and therefore the height H is preferably 3 mm or less, and more preferably 2 mm or less. From another viewpoint, the height H is preferably equal to or less than the thickness of the blow molded article body 7, and more preferably equal to or less than 2/3 of the thickness.
また、易溶融部５ｄは、開口５ｏを実質的に取り囲むものであるが、「開口５ｏを実質的に取り囲む」とは、図１（ｂ）に示すように、リング形状の１つの易溶融部５ｄが開口５ｏを完全に取り囲む場合のみならず、図４に示すように、複数の易溶融部５ｄが開口５ｏの周囲にリング状に配置されている場合も含む。後者の場合でも、易溶融部５ｄが溶融することによってリング状の融着部が形成されて液体の滲み出しを抑制することが可能であるからである。 Further, the easily melting portion 5d substantially surrounds the opening 5o, and “substantially surrounding the opening 5o” means one ring-shaped easily melting portion as shown in FIG. This includes not only the case where 5d completely surrounds the opening 5o, but also the case where a plurality of easily meltable portions 5d are arranged in a ring shape around the opening 5o as shown in FIG. This is because even in the latter case, the meltable portion 5d is melted to form a ring-shaped fused portion, thereby preventing the liquid from oozing out.
また、フランジ部５ｂは、拡径方向に向かって厚さが薄くなるテーパー面（Ｃ面カット形状）５ｅを周縁５ｆに備えている。テーパー面５ｅは、フランジ部５ｂの両面に設けられる。このような構成により、フランジ部５ｂの周縁での厚さが非常に薄くなり、その分だけフランジ部５ｂが溶融されやすくなって、インサート部品５とブロー成形品本体７の間の融着性が向上する。 Moreover, the flange part 5b is provided with the taper surface (C surface cut shape) 5e which becomes thin toward the diameter-expanding direction in the periphery 5f. The tapered surfaces 5e are provided on both surfaces of the flange portion 5b. With such a configuration, the thickness at the periphery of the flange portion 5b becomes very thin, and the flange portion 5b is easily melted by that much, and the fusion property between the insert part 5 and the blow molded product body 7 is improved. improves.
次に、図２を用いて、インサート部品５を用いてブロー成形品を製造する方法について説明する。
まず、図２（ａ）に示すように、分割金型１３ａ，１３ｂの一方の所定位置にインサート部品５をセットする。従来のインサート部品５は、ブロー成形品本体７との融着性を高めるためにインサート部品５を余熱することが必須であったが、本実施形態ではインサート部品５が易溶融部５ｄを備えるので、インサート部品５を余熱せずに、金型に配置することができる。なお、融着性をさらに高めるために、インサート部品５を余熱することもできる。
Next, a method of manufacturing a blow molded product using the insert part 5 will be described with reference to FIG.
First, as shown in FIG. 2A, the insert part 5 is set at one predetermined position of the divided molds 13a and 13b. In the conventional insert component 5, it was essential to preheat the insert component 5 in order to enhance the fusion property with the blow molded product body 7. However, in this embodiment, the insert component 5 includes the easily meltable portion 5 d. The insert part 5 can be placed in the mold without remaining heat. In addition, in order to further improve the fusion property, the insert part 5 can be preheated.
次に、図２（ａ）に示すように、分割金型１３ａ，１３ｂの間に溶融状態のパリソン１１を配置し、図２（ｂ）に示すように、分割金型１３ａ，１３ｂを閉じた状態で金型内にエアを吹き込むことによってパリソン１１を金型内で膨張させて金型の内面形状に沿った形状のブロー成形品本体７が形成される。この際、パリソン１１の熱によってインサート部品５の易溶融部５ｄが溶融されてインサート部品５とブロー成形品本体７が確実に融着される。 Next, as shown in FIG. 2 (a), the parison 11 in a molten state is disposed between the divided molds 13a and 13b, and the divided molds 13a and 13b are closed as shown in FIG. 2 (b). By blowing air into the mold in this state, the parison 11 is expanded in the mold to form the blow molded product body 7 having a shape along the inner surface shape of the mold. At this time, the easy melting part 5d of the insert part 5 is melted by the heat of the parison 11, and the insert part 5 and the blow molded product body 7 are reliably fused.
次に、得られたブロー成形品を金型から取り出し、図２（ｃ）及び図３に示すように、インサート部品５の開口５ｏに連通するように、ブロー成形品本体７に開口７ｏを形成すべくドリル加工を行い、ブロー成形品の製造を完了する。 Next, the obtained blow molded product is taken out from the mold, and an opening 7o is formed in the blow molded product body 7 so as to communicate with the opening 5o of the insert part 5 as shown in FIGS. Complete drilling and complete blow molding.
このようにして得られたブロー成形品では、図３に示すように、インサート部品５の開口５ｏとブロー成形品本体７の開口７ｏの間の境界面Ｘから、ブロー成形品の外側でのインサート部品５とブロー成形品本体７の境界面Ｙの間にある易溶融部５ｄにおいてインサート部品５とブロー成形品本体７が確実に融着しているのでブロー成形品の内部の液体の滲み出しが抑制される。さらに、インサート部品５の周縁５ｆにテーパー面５ｅが設けられているので、インサート部品５の周縁５ｆにおいてもインサート部品５とブロー成形品本体７が融着しやすく、液体の滲み出しがさらに確実に抑制される。 In the blow-molded product thus obtained, as shown in FIG. 3, the insert on the outside of the blow-molded product from the boundary surface X between the opening 5o of the insert component 5 and the opening 7o of the blow-molded product body 7 is performed. Since the insert part 5 and the blow-molded product body 7 are securely fused at the easy melting part 5d between the boundary surface Y of the part 5 and the blow-molded product body 7, the liquid oozes out inside the blow-molded product. It is suppressed. Furthermore, since the taper surface 5e is provided on the peripheral edge 5f of the insert part 5, the insert part 5 and the blow molded article body 7 are easily fused even at the peripheral edge 5f of the insert part 5, and the liquid oozes more reliably. It is suppressed.
上記方法によって製造可能なブロー成形品としては、水やガソリンなどを収容するタンクや、注入口を有するパイプなど、開口を有するインサート部品を用いる種々のブロー成形品が挙げられる。 Examples of blow-molded products that can be produced by the above method include various blow-molded products that use insert parts having openings such as tanks that contain water, gasoline, etc., pipes that have injection ports, and the like.
１：注入口
３：タンク
５：インサート部品
７：ブロー成形品本体
１１：パリソン
１３ａ，１３ｂ：分割金型
1: Injection port 3: Tank 5: Insert part 7: Blow molded product body 11: Parison 13a, 13b: Split mold
Claims (7)
前記フランジ部の、前記ブロー成形品本体に融着される底面に、前記開口を取り囲み且つ前記フランジ部よりも溶融されやすい易溶融部を備え、
前記フランジ部は、厚さが一定の基部と、前記基部の周縁に設けられた周縁部を備え、
前記周縁部には、拡径方向に向かって厚さが薄くなるテーパー面が両面に設けられ、
前記易溶融部は、前記開口の縁よりも径方向外側において、前記基部に設けられる、ブロー成形用インサート部品。 A blow molding insert component comprising a cylindrical portion having an opening and a flange portion provided around the cylindrical portion, and fused to a blow molded product body by blow molding,
On the bottom surface of the flange portion, which is fused to the blow molded product main body, includes an easy-melting portion that surrounds the opening and is more easily melted than the flange portion,
The flange portion includes a base portion having a constant thickness and a peripheral portion provided on a peripheral edge of the base portion.
The peripheral edge portion is provided on both sides with tapered surfaces whose thickness decreases in the diameter-enlarging direction ,
The easy melting portion in the radial direction outward from the edge of the opening, Ru is provided on the base part, the insert part for blow molding.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013112400A JP6229313B2 (en) | 2013-05-28 | 2013-05-28 | Insert parts for blow molding |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013112400A JP6229313B2 (en) | 2013-05-28 | 2013-05-28 | Insert parts for blow molding |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2014231165A JP2014231165A (en) | 2014-12-11 |
| JP6229313B2 true JP6229313B2 (en) | 2017-11-15 |
Family
ID=52124865
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013112400A Active JP6229313B2 (en) | 2013-05-28 | 2013-05-28 | Insert parts for blow molding |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP6229313B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3366459B1 (en) * | 2015-10-23 | 2020-05-13 | Yachiyo Industry Co., Ltd. | Welding method and welding structure |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5511492B2 (en) * | 1972-06-13 | 1980-03-25 | ||
| JPS58185535U (en) * | 1982-06-03 | 1983-12-09 | 日産自動車株式会社 | resin tank |
| JP3285952B2 (en) * | 1992-08-24 | 2002-05-27 | キョーラク株式会社 | Insertion method in blow molding |
| JP2003236920A (en) * | 2002-02-13 | 2003-08-26 | Yazaki:Kk | Insert part fusion-bonding molding method to blow molded object |
| JP2014046676A (en) * | 2012-09-04 | 2014-03-17 | Fts:Kk | Attachment structure for insert member of blow molding item |
| JP2014104693A (en) * | 2012-11-29 | 2014-06-09 | Fts:Kk | Fitting structure of insert member of blow molded part |
-
2013
- 2013-05-28 JP JP2013112400A patent/JP6229313B2/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2014231165A (en) | 2014-12-11 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP6189419B2 (en) | Cap manufacturing method | |
| JP4437833B2 (en) | Resin molding apparatus, resin molding method and resin container | |
| EP3366459B1 (en) | Welding method and welding structure | |
| JP2017105497A5 (en) | ||
| JP6229313B2 (en) | Insert parts for blow molding | |
| JP6028743B2 (en) | Resin spacer, insert molded product, and manufacturing method thereof | |
| JP2007269358A (en) | Shaping method of vessel | |
| JP2019188895A (en) | Fuel tank | |
| JP5829983B2 (en) | Delivery pipe forming method | |
| US10759572B2 (en) | Pourer and manufacturing method for same | |
| JP7215712B2 (en) | Manufacturing method of tank with manhole and manhole body | |
| CN104582935A (en) | Moulded product and method | |
| JP5223257B2 (en) | Method for producing resin hollow molded body | |
| JP2012106419A (en) | Mold for injection molding, molding, and method of manufacturing molding | |
| JP6030326B2 (en) | Manufacturing method by supercritical foam injection molding | |
| TWI613062B (en) | Welding method of resin molded article | |
| CN105658407B (en) | Foot for accessories and container accessories, and container manufacturing method | |
| JP2013028359A (en) | Method for molding synthetic resin bottle, and synthetic resin bottle | |
| JP2013006341A (en) | Resin injection molded article and injection molding method of the same | |
| JP5471197B2 (en) | Manufacturing method for forming hollow body by DSI molding | |
| JP4876871B2 (en) | Method for producing plastic molded article having rubber film on outer peripheral surface of peripheral wall | |
| JP6544022B2 (en) | Blow molding die for thermoplastic resin bottle and manufacturing method | |
| WO2011037241A1 (en) | Container and manufacturing method for same | |
| JP5789395B2 (en) | Mold | |
| JP2008307806A (en) | Injection molding method |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20160512 |
|
| A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20170208 |
|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20170214 |
|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20170330 |
|
| A02 | Decision of refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02 Effective date: 20170523 |
|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20170818 |
|
| A911 | Transfer to examiner for re-examination before appeal (zenchi) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A911 Effective date: 20170825 |
|
| TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20170919 |
|
| A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20171002 |
|
| R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 6229313 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |