JP5916314B2 - Extruded pipe members such as aluminum alloy tanks for heat exchangers - Google Patents
Extruded pipe members such as aluminum alloy tanks for heat exchangers Download PDFInfo
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- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 13
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 38
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 38
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 17
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910018131 Al-Mn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910018125 Al-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910018461 Al—Mn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910018473 Al—Mn—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910018520 Al—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001192 hot extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910018084 Al-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018182 Al—Cu Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018192 Al—Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
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- Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
Description
本発明は、熱交換器に用いられるアルミニウム合金製の配管、ヘッダパイプ、マニフォールド、リキッドタンク、モジュレータタンク、レシーバタンク等のパイプ部材に関する。 The present invention relates to pipe members such as aluminum alloy pipes, header pipes, manifolds, liquid tanks, modulator tanks, receiver tanks and the like used in heat exchangers.
カーエアコンなどに用いられている熱交換器には、冷媒が通る配管、熱交換するためのチューブへ冷媒を分配するためのマニフォールド、冷媒の気液を分離するためのレシーバタンクなどのパイプ状の部材からなる部品が多数使用されている。
特許文献1には、コンデンサの一部を構成するヘッダパイプに結合ブラケットを介して結合されたリキッドタンクが示されている。
このリキッドタンクは高圧の冷媒が内部に入るため、高強度の材料であることが求められる。また、使用中の腐食による耐圧強度低下や冷媒漏れを防ぐために、優れた耐食性も求められている。
Heat exchangers used in car air conditioners have pipe-like shapes such as piping through which refrigerant flows, manifolds for distributing refrigerant to tubes for heat exchange, and receiver tanks for separating refrigerant gas and liquid. Many parts made of members are used.
Patent Document 1 discloses a liquid tank that is coupled to a header pipe constituting a part of a capacitor via a coupling bracket.
This liquid tank is required to be a high-strength material because high-pressure refrigerant enters the inside. In addition, excellent corrosion resistance is also required in order to prevent pressure strength reduction and refrigerant leakage due to corrosion during use.
ところで、このようなパイプ部材を製造する方法として、ポートホール押出法がある。このポートホール押出法は、マンドレルとダイスとがブリッジにより連結状態とされ、これらの間に形成される複数のポート穴を経由してアルミニウム合金素材を押し出してパイプを形成する方法である。アルミニウム合金素材はポート穴で分断された後に合流し、再び溶着して一体化するため、数本のウエルドラインと呼ばれる溶着部がパイプの長さ方向に沿う線状に形成される。 By the way, there is a porthole extrusion method as a method of manufacturing such a pipe member. This porthole extrusion method is a method in which a mandrel and a die are connected by a bridge, and an aluminum alloy material is extruded through a plurality of port holes formed therebetween to form a pipe. Since the aluminum alloy materials are separated by the port holes and merge, and are welded again to be integrated, several weld portions called weld lines are formed in a linear shape along the length direction of the pipe.
この押出法によって製造されたパイプ部材は、その後引抜き加工が施されればウエルドラインは消失するが、断面が円形でなく異形状である場合など、押出加工のまま製品となるものでは、ウエルドラインが残った状態となる。また、製造コスト低減のため、引抜き加工を省略する場合もある。
このようなパイプ部材において、環境問題対策から部材の更なる薄肉化や、より長い耐食寿命が求められているが、一般的に使用されているJIS3003合金を用いた押出パイプでは、それら要求特性を十分に満足することができず、ウエルドラインが優先的に腐食する傾向にある。
If the pipe member manufactured by this extrusion method is subsequently drawn, the weld line disappears, but if the cross-section is not circular but has an irregular shape, the weld line will be Will remain. In some cases, the drawing process is omitted to reduce the manufacturing cost.
In such a pipe member, there is a demand for further thinning of the member and a longer corrosion resistance life due to measures against environmental problems. However, in the extruded pipe using a JIS3003 alloy that is generally used, these required characteristics are It cannot be fully satisfied and the weld line tends to corrode preferentially.
本発明は、前記事情に鑑みてなされたもので、強度及び耐食性に優れ、薄肉化と長い耐食寿命を達成することを目的とする。 This invention is made | formed in view of the said situation, It is excellent in intensity | strength and corrosion resistance, and aims at achieving thickness reduction and a long corrosion-resistant lifetime.
上記のようなパイプ部材は、前述したように高圧の流体による圧力がかかるために強度が必要である。その強度向上のためにはCuの含有が効果的であり、Cuは、アルミニウムに固溶し、あるいはAl−Cu金属間化合物を析出して、固溶強化と析出強化により、強度を向上させる。一方、ウエルドラインが優先腐食する原因は、その界面で固溶成分が析出するためと考えられ、その主成分となる存在としてCuが挙げられる。
このため、Cuは強度向上のためには有効であるものの、その含有量が多いと耐食性を損なうことになる。
そこで、本発明は、Cuを主成分としては用いないこととし、強度向上とウエルドラインの優先腐食防止との両方の特性をともに満足させるために、以下の解決手段とした。
すなわち、本発明の熱交換器用アルミニウム合金製タンク等の押出パイプ部材は、Si:0.7〜1.2質量%、Mn:0.8〜1.7質量%、Fe:0.3質量%以下、Cu:0.01質量%以上0.05質量%以下、Mg:0.05質量%以下、Cr:0.05質量%以下、Zn:0.02質量%以上0.10質量%以下、Ti:0.01質量%以上0.05質量%以下であり、残部がAl及び不可避不純物からなることを特徴とする。
The pipe member as described above needs strength because pressure is applied by a high-pressure fluid as described above. In order to improve the strength, it is effective to contain Cu, and Cu dissolves in aluminum or precipitates an Al—Cu intermetallic compound to improve the strength by solid solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening. On the other hand, the cause of preferential corrosion of the weld line is thought to be due to the precipitation of a solid solution component at the interface, and Cu is an example of the main component.
For this reason, Cu is effective for improving the strength, but if its content is large, the corrosion resistance is impaired.
Therefore, the present invention does not use Cu as a main component, and has adopted the following solutions in order to satisfy both the properties of strength improvement and prevention of preferential corrosion of the weld line.
That is, extruded pipe members such as aluminum alloy tanks for heat exchangers of the present invention have Si: 0.7 to 1.2% by mass, Mn: 0.8 to 1.7% by mass, Fe: 0.3% by mass. Cu: 0.01% by mass or more and 0.05% by mass or less, Mg: 0.05% by mass or less, Cr: 0.05% by mass or less, Zn: 0.02% by mass or more and 0.10% by mass or less, Ti: 0.01 mass% or more and 0.05 mass% or less, and the balance is made of Al and inevitable impurities.
Siは、アルミニウム中に固溶して強度及び耐食性を向上させる。また、Siを含有させると、アルミニウム合金の融点を低下させる効果があり、押出時にポート穴で分断されて再び合流する際の溶着性が高められ、ウエルドラインを一体化させることができる。さらに、Al−Si系金属間化合物を生成して、これが再結晶の起点となり、結晶粒径を微細にすることで成形性を向上させる効果がある。しかしながら、Siの含有量が多くなり過ぎると、押出ダイスからのピックアップ発生により押出加工性が低下する。このため、Siの含有量は0.7〜1.2質量%とする。 Si dissolves in aluminum to improve strength and corrosion resistance. Further, when Si is contained, there is an effect of lowering the melting point of the aluminum alloy, the weldability at the time of extruding and rejoining at the port hole at the time of extrusion is enhanced, and the weld line can be integrated. Furthermore, an Al—Si-based intermetallic compound is generated, which serves as a starting point for recrystallization, and has an effect of improving the formability by reducing the crystal grain size. However, if the Si content is too high, the extrusion processability is reduced due to the pick-up from the extrusion die. For this reason, content of Si shall be 0.7-1.2 mass%.
Mnは、耐食性を低下させることなく強度向上させることができ、Cuを含有しないこととした分の強度向上をある程度補うことができる。また、SiとMnを同時に添加することで、微細なAl−Mn−Si系金属間化合物が形成されるので、強度向上に有利である。しかしながら、Mnは多過ぎると押出加工性が低下する。このため、Mnの含有量は0.8〜1.7質量%とする。
このように、Si、Mnを必須成分として上記の範囲の量で含有することにより、強度と耐食性とを向上させ、薄肉化と長い耐食寿命とを達成することができる。
Mn can improve the strength without reducing the corrosion resistance, and can compensate to some extent for the improvement in strength because it does not contain Cu. Further, by adding Si and Mn simultaneously, a fine Al—Mn—Si intermetallic compound is formed, which is advantageous in improving the strength. However, if there is too much Mn, the extrusion processability decreases. For this reason, content of Mn shall be 0.8-1.7 mass%.
Thus, by containing Si and Mn as essential components in an amount in the above range, strength and corrosion resistance can be improved, and thinning and a long corrosion life can be achieved.
Fe、Mg、Cr、Zn、Tiは、いずれも耐食性向上のために若干量であれば含まれていてもよい。しかし、Fe、Znは多過ぎると、腐食速度が増加して耐食性を低下させる。Mg、Cr、Tiは多過ぎると押出加工性の低下によりウエルドラインでの優先腐食を招く。また、Cuは、強度向上には有効であるが、前述したように、多過ぎると、粒界への析出量が多くなって粒界腐食が起こり易くなるとともに、ウエルドラインでの優先腐食が生じ、また、押出加工性も低下する。よって、それぞれ上記の含有量以下とする。 Fe, Mg, Cr, Zn, and Ti may all be included in a slight amount for improving corrosion resistance. However, if there is too much Fe and Zn, the corrosion rate increases and the corrosion resistance is lowered. If there is too much Mg, Cr, Ti, preferential corrosion in the weld line is caused due to a decrease in extrusion processability. Cu is effective for improving the strength. However, as described above, if the amount is too large, the amount of precipitation at the grain boundary increases and intergranular corrosion is likely to occur, and preferential corrosion at the weld line occurs. Moreover, the extrusion processability is also lowered. Accordingly, the content is set to be equal to or less than the above-described content.
本発明の熱交換器用アルミニウム合金製パイプ部材によれば、Si及びMnを所定量含有させたことにより、パイプ部材として必要な強度確保と押出加工に伴うウエルドラインでの優先腐食防止との両方の特性を満足するものとなり、薄肉化と長い耐食寿命とを達成することができる。 According to the aluminum alloy pipe member for a heat exchanger of the present invention, by containing a predetermined amount of Si and Mn, both the securing of strength necessary for the pipe member and the prevention of preferential corrosion in the weld line accompanying the extrusion process are achieved. It satisfies the characteristics, and can achieve thinning and a long corrosion resistance life.
以下、本発明に係る熱交換器用アルミニウム合金製パイプ部材の実施形態を説明する。
この熱交換器用アルミニウム合金製パイプ部材は、Si:0.7〜1.2質量%、Mn:0.8〜1.7質量%、残部がAl及び不可避不純物から構成される。
Hereinafter, embodiments of an aluminum alloy pipe member for a heat exchanger according to the present invention will be described.
This aluminum alloy pipe member for heat exchanger is composed of Si: 0.7 to 1.2% by mass, Mn: 0.8 to 1.7% by mass, and the balance is made of Al and inevitable impurities.
<Si>
Siは、アルミニウム中に固溶して強度及び耐食性を向上させる。また、Siを含有させると、アルミニウム合金の融点を低下させる効果があり、押出時にポート穴で分断されて再び合流する際の溶着性が高められ、ウエルドラインを一体化させることができる。このため、ウエルドラインの優先的な腐食を防止することができる。さらに、Al−Si系金属間化合物を生成して、これが再結晶の起点となり、結晶粒径を微細にすることで成形性を向上させる効果がある。しかしながら、Siの含有量が多くなり過ぎると、押出ダイスからのピックアップ発生により押出加工性が低下する。このため、Siの含有量は0.7〜1.2質量%とする。
<Si>
Si dissolves in aluminum to improve strength and corrosion resistance. Further, when Si is contained, there is an effect of lowering the melting point of the aluminum alloy, the weldability at the time of extruding and rejoining at the port hole at the time of extrusion is enhanced, and the weld line can be integrated. For this reason, preferential corrosion of the weld line can be prevented. Furthermore, an Al—Si-based intermetallic compound is generated, which serves as a starting point for recrystallization, and has an effect of improving the formability by reducing the crystal grain size. However, if the Si content is too high, the extrusion processability is reduced due to the pick-up from the extrusion die. For this reason, content of Si shall be 0.7-1.2 mass%.
<Mn>
Mnは、適切な量含有することにより、耐食性を低下させることなく、アルミニウムへの固溶強化とAl−Mn金属間化合物の析出強化とにより強度を向上させることができる。また、Mnの添加は組織をファイバー状にし易く、大きな強度を得ることができる。また、SiとMnを同時に添加することで、微細なAl−Mn−Si系金属間化合物が形成されるので、強度向上に有利である。その含有量が0.8質量%未満では十分な効果が得られない。しかし、1.7質量%を超えて多く含有し過ぎると、粗大なAl−Mn化合物が多数生成され、高温での変形抵抗が高くなって押出加工性が低下する。このため、Mnの含有量を0.8〜1.7質量%とする。
<Mn>
By containing an appropriate amount of Mn, the strength can be improved by solid solution strengthening in aluminum and precipitation strengthening of an Al—Mn intermetallic compound without lowering the corrosion resistance. Further, the addition of Mn makes it easy to make the structure into a fiber shape, and a large strength can be obtained. Further, by adding Si and Mn simultaneously, a fine Al—Mn—Si intermetallic compound is formed, which is advantageous in improving the strength. If the content is less than 0.8% by mass, sufficient effects cannot be obtained. However, if the content exceeds 1.7% by mass, a large amount of coarse Al—Mn compounds are produced, the deformation resistance at high temperature is increased, and the extrusion processability is lowered. For this reason, content of Mn shall be 0.8-1.7 mass%.
また、上記以外の成分については、Fe:0.3質量%以下、Cu:0.05質量%以下、Mg:0.05質量%以下、Cr:0.05質量%以下、Zn:0.10質量%以下、Ti:0.05質量%以下であるとよい。
Fe、Mg、Cr、Zn、Tiの成分は、いずれも耐食性向上のために若干量であれば含まれていてもよい。しかし、Feは多過ぎると、Al−Fe金属間化合物が多数生成され、腐食速度が増加して耐食性を低下させる。Znは多過ぎると、腐食速度が増加して耐食性を低下させる。Mg、Cr、Tiは多過ぎると押出加工性の低下によりウエルドラインでの優先腐食を招く。また、Cuは、強度向上には有効であるが、多過ぎると、粒界への析出量が多くなって粒界腐食が起こり易くなるとともに、ウエルドラインでの優先腐食が生じ、また、押出加工性も低下する。よって、それぞれ上記の含有量以下とする。
Moreover, about components other than the above, Fe: 0.3 mass% or less, Cu: 0.05 mass% or less, Mg: 0.05 mass% or less, Cr: 0.05 mass% or less, Zn: 0.10 It is good in it being less than mass% and Ti: 0.05 mass% or less.
The components of Fe, Mg, Cr, Zn, and Ti may be included in any amount so as to improve the corrosion resistance. However, if there is too much Fe, a large number of Al—Fe intermetallic compounds are produced, the corrosion rate increases, and the corrosion resistance decreases. If there is too much Zn, the corrosion rate increases and the corrosion resistance decreases. If there is too much Mg, Cr, Ti, preferential corrosion in the weld line is caused due to a decrease in extrusion processability. Further, Cu is effective in improving the strength, but if it is too much, the amount of precipitation at the grain boundary increases, and intergranular corrosion is likely to occur, and preferential corrosion occurs at the weld line, and extrusion processing The nature is also reduced. Accordingly, the content is set to be equal to or less than the above-described content.
このような組成のパイプ部材は、アルミニウム合金ビレットを半連続鋳造法によって作製し、熱間押出を行う、通常の製造方法によって製造される。このパイプ部材が前述したリキッドタンクのように、内周面が円形で外周部が異形状に形成され、部分的に肉厚が異なる断面形状のものである場合には、最も薄い部分の肉厚が0.5〜3.0mm程度に設定される。また、ヘッダパイプ等にろう付けによって固着される。
Si及びMnを所定量含有させたことにより、パイプ部材として必要な強度確保と押出加工に伴うウエルドラインでの優先腐食防止との両方の特性を満足するものとなり、薄肉化と長い耐食寿命とを達成することができる。
The pipe member having such a composition is manufactured by a normal manufacturing method in which an aluminum alloy billet is manufactured by a semi-continuous casting method and hot extrusion is performed. If this pipe member has a cross-sectional shape with a circular inner peripheral surface and an outer peripheral portion that is partially different in thickness, like the liquid tank described above, the thickness of the thinnest portion Is set to about 0.5 to 3.0 mm. Moreover, it adheres to a header pipe etc. by brazing.
By including a predetermined amount of Si and Mn, both the properties required to ensure the strength necessary for pipe members and the prevention of preferential corrosion in the weld line accompanying extrusion processing are satisfied. Can be achieved.
表1に示す組成のアルミニウム合金を使用して作製したビレットを用い、均質化処理、熱間押出を行って内径27mm、外径30mmのパイプ部材を作製した。
このパイプ部材に対して、表面品質、機械的特性、腐食深さをそれぞれ評価した。
表面品質は、パイプ部材を外観検査して、ピックアップの有無を確認した。
機械的特性としては、パイプ部材からJIS5号試験片を切り出して、JIS Z2241に規定する引張試験法にしたがって、引張強さを測定した。なお、引張り強さは、ろう付熱処理相当(600℃×3分)後のものである。
腐食深さは、ASTM G85規格のSWAATにて15日間暴露した後に断面を顕微鏡観察して腐食深さを測定した。
なお、比較例としてJIS3003合金により作製したパイプ部材についても評価した(No.16)。
これらの結果を表1に示す。
Using a billet produced using an aluminum alloy having the composition shown in Table 1, homogenization treatment and hot extrusion were performed to produce a pipe member having an inner diameter of 27 mm and an outer diameter of 30 mm.
The pipe member was evaluated for surface quality, mechanical properties, and corrosion depth.
As for the surface quality, the pipe member was visually inspected to confirm the presence or absence of pickup.
As mechanical properties, a JIS No. 5 test piece was cut out from the pipe member, and the tensile strength was measured according to the tensile test method specified in JIS Z2241. The tensile strength is that after brazing heat treatment (600 ° C. × 3 minutes).
The corrosion depth was measured by observing the cross section under a microscope for 15 days with ASTM G85 standard SWAAT and then measuring the corrosion depth.
In addition, the pipe member produced with the JIS3003 alloy was also evaluated as a comparative example (No. 16).
These results are shown in Table 1.
この表1に示されるように、実施例のパイプ部材は、パイプ部材の表面品質が高く、押出加工性に優れることがわかる。また、機械的強度が高く、腐食深さも小さいものであった。したがって、実施例のパイプ部材は、その高い強度と耐食性により、薄肉化と長い耐食寿命とを達成することができることがわかる。
なお、本発明は上記実施形態に限定されるものではなく、本発明の趣旨を逸脱しない範囲において種々の変更を加えることが可能である。
As shown in Table 1, it can be seen that the pipe member of the example has high surface quality of the pipe member and excellent extrudability. Further, the mechanical strength was high and the corrosion depth was small. Therefore, it can be seen that the pipe member of the example can achieve thinning and a long corrosion life due to its high strength and corrosion resistance.
In addition, this invention is not limited to the said embodiment, A various change can be added in the range which does not deviate from the meaning of this invention.
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HUE037672T2 (en) * | 2014-11-27 | 2018-09-28 | Hydro Aluminium Rolled Prod | Heat exchanger, use of an aluminium alloy and an aluminium tape and method for producing an aluminium tape |
JP6964498B2 (en) * | 2016-11-30 | 2021-11-10 | 三菱アルミニウム株式会社 | Manufacturing method of inner spiral grooved tube, heat exchanger and inner spiral grooved tube |
JP6986942B2 (en) * | 2016-11-30 | 2021-12-22 | 三菱アルミニウム株式会社 | Manufacturing method of heat transfer tube, heat exchanger and heat transfer tube |
JP6964497B2 (en) * | 2016-11-30 | 2021-11-10 | 三菱アルミニウム株式会社 | Manufacturing method of heat transfer tube, heat exchanger and heat transfer tube |
KR102578730B1 (en) * | 2021-07-14 | 2023-09-14 | (주)휘일 | Aluminum alloy with high corrosion resistance for receiver-drier |
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JPH06240398A (en) * | 1993-02-17 | 1994-08-30 | Furukawa Alum Co Ltd | High strength and high corrosion resistant aluminum alloy multilayer material for heat exchanger |
JP4577634B2 (en) * | 2000-09-07 | 2010-11-10 | 三菱アルミニウム株式会社 | Aluminum alloy extruded tube with brazing filler metal for heat exchanger |
JP4318929B2 (en) * | 2003-02-14 | 2009-08-26 | 株式会社デンソー | Aluminum alloy extruded tube and heat exchanger for heat exchanger |
JP4824358B2 (en) * | 2005-07-22 | 2011-11-30 | 株式会社デンソー | Aluminum alloy extruded material with excellent surface properties and method for producing the same, porous tube for heat exchanger, and method for producing heat exchanger incorporating the porous tube |
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