JP5877451B2 - 多段極低温液圧タービンを用いた装置及び方法 - Google Patents
多段極低温液圧タービンを用いた装置及び方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5877451B2 JP5877451B2 JP2013521785A JP2013521785A JP5877451B2 JP 5877451 B2 JP5877451 B2 JP 5877451B2 JP 2013521785 A JP2013521785 A JP 2013521785A JP 2013521785 A JP2013521785 A JP 2013521785A JP 5877451 B2 JP5877451 B2 JP 5877451B2
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Images
Classifications
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- F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
- F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
- F25J1/0042—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by liquid expansion with extraction of work
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- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D15/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby
- F01D15/10—Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
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- H02K7/1807—Rotary generators
- H02K7/1823—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
- F25J2210/06—Splitting of the feed stream, e.g. for treating or cooling in different ways
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
- F25J2220/60—Separating impurities from natural gas, e.g. mercury, cyclic hydrocarbons
- F25J2220/62—Separating low boiling components, e.g. He, H2, N2, Air
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
- F25J2220/60—Separating impurities from natural gas, e.g. mercury, cyclic hydrocarbons
- F25J2220/64—Separating heavy hydrocarbons, e.g. NGL, LPG, C4+ hydrocarbons or heavy condensates in general
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
- F25J2220/60—Separating impurities from natural gas, e.g. mercury, cyclic hydrocarbons
- F25J2220/66—Separating acid gases, e.g. CO2, SO2, H2S or RSH
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
- F25J2220/60—Separating impurities from natural gas, e.g. mercury, cyclic hydrocarbons
- F25J2220/68—Separating water or hydrates
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2240/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
- F25J2240/02—Expansion of a process fluid in a work-extracting turbine (i.e. isentropic expansion), e.g. of the feed stream
- F25J2240/04—Multiple expansion turbines in parallel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2240/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
- F25J2240/30—Dynamic liquid or hydraulic expansion with extraction of work, e.g. single phase or two-phase turbine
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2240/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
- F25J2240/40—Expansion without extracting work, i.e. isenthalpic throttling, e.g. JT valve, regulating valve or venturi, or isentropic nozzle, e.g. Laval
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
- F25J2270/90—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Description
本出願は、2010年7月30日出願の米国特許仮出願第61/369,481号「多段極低温流体タービンを用いた装置及び方法」の優先権を主張するが、その開示内容全体は参照によって本明細書に組み込まれている。
図1は、液化天然ガス(LNG)プラントのブロック図である。図1に示すように、原料のままのガス供給102は、ガス処理プラント104で処理できる。ガス処理プラント104は、酸性ガス(CO2及びH2S等の)、並びに水及び重質炭化水素(エタン、エチレン、C3異性体、及び高炭素化合物)、及び他の不純物を除去できる。処理された天然ガス106は、LNGプラント108で冷却及び液化される。処理ガス106の一部は、ガスタービン内で燃焼して、LNGプラント108に動力を供給することができ、例えば、LNGプラント108の冷却/凝縮部110の冷媒圧縮機を駆動する。生成されたLNG112は、その後、貨物積載地に移送され、前述のように、LNG112は船舶又は他のLNG輸送船に積み込まれ、エネルギ消費地へ運ばれる。図2において、LNGプラント108の冷却/凝縮部110を詳細に説明する。
図4は、液体タービン発電機400の概略図である。液体タービン発電機400の基本的な構成要素は、プロセス液体入口404及び液体出口406結合部を備えるタービン402を含む。可変周波数発電機480は、連結軸410を介してタービンに402に連結することができる。発生した電力412は、周波数変換器又は可変周波数駆動部(VFD)414に送ることができ、周波数は、電力網416に供給される前に電力網周波数(例えば、50又は60ヘルツ)と一致するように調整される。VFD416を使用することで、液体タービン402の速度は、発電を最適にするように調整できる。しかしながら、発電機408は、VFD414による作動に限定されない。例示的な実施形態において、液体タービン402は、定速モードで運転され、発電機408は、直接電力網416に接続される。このことは、VFD414が故障した場合に運転を継続する上で有用である。更に、定速タービンのデザインは、システムのコストを低減するために選択できる。この場合、液体タービン402は、調節可能な入口案内翼と共に使用してタービンの作動効率を改善できる。発電機408は、液体タービン402とは別個の容器にあってもよく、そうでなくてもよい。
前述したように、本発明の例示的な実施形態は、直列又は直列−並列配置の多段タービンを使用して、総圧力の降下及び特定のプロセスに関する質量流の要件を実現する。プロセスは、任意の形式、構成、又はデザインとすることができる。プロセス液体は、炭化水素又は非炭化水素とすることができる。例示的な実施形態において、プロセス液体は、LNG等の炭化水素である。任意の液体タービンの入口及び出口におけるプロセス液体の熱力学的特性は、例えば、高い温度は高い圧力に相当する、又は低い温度は低い圧力に相当するという組み合わせに依存する。流体質量流は、出口からの所望の圧力及び温度に依存する。換言すれば、同じ流量に関して、液体タービンの長い直列配置は、液体タービンの短い直列配置よりも、低い温度及び圧力をもたらすことになる。
表1:直列配置のタービンを横切る圧力降下
前述したタービンの予備化は、正常モード及び故障バイパスモードの両方においてタービンを制御する制御システムを使用する。制御システムは、直列配置の多段タービンの始動及び停止、正常なプラント作動、プラント負荷の変更、及びタービン故障時の作動変更を制御するようにデザインされている。
Claims (19)
- 液体タービンから電気を発生させる方法であって、
第1の直列配置において結合された第1の複数の液体タービンを通って高圧液体流を流す段階であって、前記直列配置のタービン内の第1のタービンの後で、液体タービンの各々の入口が先行する液体タービンの出口に結合され、前記第1の複数の液体タービンは発電機を含む、段階と、
前記高圧液体流からエネルギを除去して低圧液体流を形成することで、前記第1の直列配置から電気を発生させる段階と、
故障している前記第1の複数の液体タービンの中の何れか1つをバイパスさせるとともに、前記第1の直列配置の残りのタービンで電気の発生を継続させる段階と、
前記複数の液体タービンの一つに結合された発電機から可変周波数駆動部を駆動する段階と、
前記可変周波数駆動部が故障した場合に、
前記複数の液体タービンの一つの速度を調整して、発電機周波数を電力網周波数と同期させる段階と、
前記発電機の出力を電力網へ直接接続する段階と、を含む方法。 - 液体タービンがパイパスされる場合に、前記第1の直列配置からの合計電気出力を一定値に維持する段階を更に含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 液体タービンがバイパスされる場合に、前記第1の直列配置からの前記低圧液体流の圧力、温度、及び質量流量を維持する段階を更に含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の直列配置の前で前記高圧液体流の一部を取り除く段階と、
第2の直列配置において結合された第2の複数の液体タービンを通って前記高圧液体流の一部を流す段階であって、前記直列配置のタービン内の第1のタービンの後で、液体タービンの各々の入口が先行する液体タービンの出口に結合され、前記第2の直列配置は前記第1の直列配置と並列である、段階と、
前記高圧液体流の一部からエネルギを除去して低圧液体流を形成することで、前記第2の直列配置から電気を発生させる段階と、
を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記高圧液体流は、液化天然ガスから成る、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 液化天然ガス(LNG)を生成する段階を更に含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 液化天然ガス(LNG)を生成する方法であって、
第1の直列配置において結合された第1の複数の液体タービンを通ってLNGの高圧流を流す段階と、
前記LNGの高圧流の圧力を低下させてLNGの低圧流を形成することで、電気を発生させる段階と、
故障している前記第1の複数の液体タービンの中の何れか1つをバイパスさせるとともに、前記第1の直列配置からの電気の発生を継続させる段階と、
前記複数の液体タービンの一つに結合された発電機から可変周波数駆動部を駆動する段階と、
前記可変周波数駆動部が故障した場合に、
前記複数の液体タービンの一つの速度を調整して、発電機周波数を電力網周波数と同期させる段階と、
前記発電機の出力を電力網へ直接接続する段階と、を含む方法。 - 第2の直列配置に結合された第2の複数の液体タービンを通ってLNGの高圧流の一部を流す段階であって、前記第2の直列配置は前記第1の直列配置と並列である、段階と、
前記LNGの高圧流の一部からエネルギを除去するとともに、圧力を低下させてLNGの低圧流を形成することによって、前記第2の複数の液体タービンで電気を発生させる段階と、
を更に含む、請求項7に記載の方法。 - 液化天然ガス(LNG)プラントであって、
第1の複数の液体タービン膨張器を備え、
前記第1の複数の膨張器は第1の直列配置にあり、第1の液体タービン膨張器の後で、前記第1の直列配置の膨張器の各々の入口は、先行する液体タービン膨張器に結合され、
前記第1の複数の液体タービン膨張器のいずれもが、液体の圧力を低下させることにより生成されたエネルギで電気を発生する発電機を備え、
前記第1の複数の液体タービン膨張器のいずれもが、前記LNGプラントが作動継続することを可能にしながらバイパスされるように構成され、
少なくとも部分的に前記液体タービン膨張器からのセンサ測定値に基づいて、液体タービン膨張器をパイパスするように構成される自動制御システムを更に備え、前記センサ測定値は、発電機に連結された可変周波数駆動部の故障検出を含む、LNGプラント。 - 第2の複数の液体タービン膨張器を更に備え、
前記第2の複数の液体タービン膨張器は第2の直列配置にあり、第1の液体タービン膨張器の後で、前記第2の直列配置の膨張器の各々の入口は先行する液体タービン膨張器に結合され、
前記第2の複数の液体タービン膨張器のいずれもが、液体の圧力を低下させることにより液体から除去されたエネルギで電気を発生するように構成された発電機を備え、
前記第1の直列配置は前記第2の直列配置と並列であり、
前記第2の複数の液体タービン膨張器のいずれもが、前記LNGプラントが作動継続することを可能にしながらバイパスされるように構成される、請求項9に記載のLNGプラント。 - 前記液体は、LNG、冷媒、又は両方である、請求項9に記載のLNGプラント。
- 前記センサ測定値は、振動センサのハイレベルを含む、請求項9に記載のLNGプラント。
- 液化天然ガス(LNG)プラントであって、
第1の複数の液体タービン膨張器を備え、
前記第1の複数の膨張器は第1の直列配置にあり、第1の液体タービン膨張器の後で、前記第1の直列配置の膨張器の各々の入口は、先行する液体タービン膨張器に結合され、
前記第1の複数の液体タービン膨張器のいずれもが、液体の圧力を低下させることにより生成されたエネルギで電気を発生する発電機を備え、
前記第1の複数の液体タービン膨張器のいずれもが、前記LNGプラントが作動継続することを可能にしながらバイパスされるように構成され、
発電機の各々に連結された可変周波数駆動部と、
前記可変周波数駆動部をバイパスして、前記発電機を直接電力網に接続するように構成される自動制御システムと、
を更に備える、LNGプラント。 - 前記第1の複数のタービンの少なくとも1つは、並列に結合された予備タービンを備え、前記予備タービンは、前記第1の複数のタービンの1つの代わりにオンラインとなるように構成される、請求項9に記載のLNGプラント。
- 前記第1の複数のタービンのいずれの内部構成要素も同じデザインである、請求項9に記載のLNGプラント。
- 前記第1の直列配置と前記第2の直列配置との間に結合部を更に備え、
前記結合部は、各直列配置の第1のタービンの後で、各直列配置の最終タービンの前に配置され、
前記結合部は、前記第1の直列配置と前記第2の直列配置との間の液体流通を可能にするように構成される、請求項10に記載のLNGプラント。 - 前記発電機の全てに連結される単一の可変周波数駆動部を更に備える、請求項9に記載のLNGプラント。
- 電力網に直接接続される少なくとも1つの発電機と、
第1のタービン、最終のタービン、又は両方に配置される可変周波数駆動部と、
を更に備える、請求項9に記載のLNGプラント。 - 前記第1の複数のタービンの発電機の全ては、直接電力網に接続される、請求項9に記載のLNGプラント。
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CA2805087C (en) | 2017-02-28 |
EP2603753A4 (en) | 2018-04-04 |
CA2805087A1 (en) | 2012-02-02 |
US10648729B2 (en) | 2020-05-12 |
US20170003072A1 (en) | 2017-01-05 |
AU2011283126A1 (en) | 2013-02-14 |
AU2016202793A1 (en) | 2016-05-19 |
AU2016202793B2 (en) | 2017-02-16 |
US20200232704A1 (en) | 2020-07-23 |
JP2013540925A (ja) | 2013-11-07 |
AU2011283126C1 (en) | 2017-09-14 |
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