JP5797655B2 - 消化管障害のためのオピオイド受容体アンタゴニストの使用 - Google Patents
消化管障害のためのオピオイド受容体アンタゴニストの使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5797655B2 JP5797655B2 JP2012529934A JP2012529934A JP5797655B2 JP 5797655 B2 JP5797655 B2 JP 5797655B2 JP 2012529934 A JP2012529934 A JP 2012529934A JP 2012529934 A JP2012529934 A JP 2012529934A JP 5797655 B2 JP5797655 B2 JP 5797655B2
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Description
本出願は、2009年9月18日に出願された仮出願第61/243,616号の35U.S.C.§119(e)に基づく利益を主張し、その内容は引用により本明細書に組み込まれる。
痛みは、人々が診療を求める最も一般的な理由である。軽度から中等度の痛みは、通常、アセトアミノフェンおよび非ステロイド系抗炎症薬で治療される。オピオイド鎮痛薬は、主に中枢神経系(「CNS」)に見られる内因性μ−(ミュー)、δ−(デルタ)および/またはκ−(カッパ)オピオイド受容体のアゴニストであり、中等度から重度の急性および慢性の痛みに対して処方される。オピオイド鎮痛薬を長期間使用すると、身体的依存がもたらされることがあり得、鎮静、意識混濁、悪心、嘔吐、便秘および掻痒などの副作用を有する。
本開示により、対象(動物またはヒトであり得る)に、OICまたはOBDの症状が緩和されるのに有効な量の5−(2−メトキシ−4−{[2−(テトラヒドロ−ピラン−4−イル)−エチルアミノ]−メチル}−フェノキシ)−ピラジン−2−カルボキサミド(化合物I)および/またはその薬学的に許容され得る塩を投与することにより、オピオイド鎮痛を低減させることなく、または中枢性オピオイド離脱症状を誘起することなく、対象のOICまたはOBDを治療または予防する方法を提供する。さらに、本開示により、オピオイド鎮痛を低減させることなく、または中枢性オピオイド離脱症状を誘起することなくOICまたはOBDの症状を緩和するための、医薬の調製のための5−(2−メトキシ−4−{[2−(テトラヒドロ−ピラン−4−イル)−エチルアミノ]−メチル}−フェノキシ)−ピラジン−2−カルボキサミド(化合物I)および/またはその薬学的に許容され得る塩の使用を提供する。本明細書に記載の発明は、一部において、既知のオピオイド受容体アンタゴニストであるナルトレキソンおよびアルビモパンに匹敵する効力を有するオピオイド受容体アンタゴニストである化合物Iが、ヒトにおいて充分に末梢作用(peripheralized)し、鎮痛を障害することなく、または中枢性オピオイド離脱症状を誘起することなくOICまたはOBDを有効に治療することが可能であるという、本発明者の驚くべき知見に基づいている。
本開示は、μ−、δ−および/またはκ−オピオイド受容体を、有効量の5−(2−メトキシ−4−{[2−(テトラヒドロ−ピラン−4−イル)−エチルアミノ]−メチル}−フェノキシ)−ピラジン−2−カルボキサミド(化合物I)と接触させることを含む、CNSと比べて末梢系においてμ−、δ−および/またはκ−オピオイド受容体の活性を選択的にモジュレートする方法に関する。化合物Iは、以前に、効力のある中枢活性オピオイドアンタゴニストであると報告されている。米国特許第7,381,719号(これは、引用によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる)参照。種々の実施形態において、本開示は、末梢系のμ−、δ−および/またはκ−オピオイド受容体の活性化と関連している病状を治療または予防する方法に関する。特定の実施形態では、本開示は、μ−オピオイド受容体の活性化と関連している末梢系における病状を治療または予防する方法に関する。
一部の特定の実施形態において、本開示は、対象に式(I):
末梢選択的オピオイド受容体アンタゴニストとしてのその活性のため、化合物Iは、末梢系のオピオイド受容体の選択的拮抗によって緩和され得る病状を治療または予防するためのヒト用医薬および獣医薬に好都合に有用である。化合物Iは、末梢オピオイド受容体の阻害を必要とする任意の対象に投与され得る。一部の実施形態において、化合物Iは、末梢μ−オピオイド受容体の選択的拮抗によって緩和され得る病状の治療または予防に好都合に有用である。種々の実施形態において、化合物Iは、限定されないが、術後イレウス、術後悪心および嘔吐、オピオイド誘発性悪心および嘔吐、オピオイド誘発性呼吸抑制、オピオイド誘発性便秘、オピオイド誘発性腸管機能不全、慢性特発性便秘、便秘型過敏性腸症候群、腸偽性閉塞、胃排出遅延、経腸栄養不耐性、麻薬性イレウス、腸の閉塞、術後の消化器回復の加速およびオピオイド誘発性鼓脹から選択される病状の治療または予防に有用である。一部の好ましい実施形態において、化合物Iは、対象の胃腸運動障害の治療または予防に有用である。一部の特定の実施形態では、対象はヒトである。
対象に投与する場合、化合物Iは、薬学的に許容され得る担体または賦形剤を含む組成物の一成分として投与され得る。化合物Iを含む組成物は経口投与されるものであり得る。また、該組成物は任意の他の簡便な経路によっても、例えば、注入またはボーラス注射によって、上皮もしくは粘膜皮膚の内層を通る吸収によって投与され得(例えば、経口、経直腸および腸粘膜など)、第2の治療活性薬剤(例えば、緩下薬、便軟化薬またはオピオイド鎮痛薬)と一緒に投与してもよい。投与は、全身性であっても局所性であってもよい。種々の送達系が知られており(例えば、リポソーム、微粒子、マイクロカプセル、多重粒子(multiparticulate)、カプセルなどへの封入)、化合物Iを投与するために使用され得る。
ヒトのOICまたはOBDの治療に有効な化合物Iの量は、薬物動態データおよび薬理データから、多くの理論的解釈に基づいた計算−例えば、(i)OICにおけるヒト有効性試験での化合物Iの薬物動態データおよび薬理データと、末梢作用オピオイド受容体アンタゴニストであるアルビモパンでの薬物動態データおよび薬理データとの比較、または(ii)μ−オピオイド受容体に対する化合物IのKi以上の最大遊離血漿濃度(Cmax)がもたらされるであろう化合物Iの用量に基づいた計算(実施例2において後述する)を用いて外挿した。多くの理論的解釈を用いて、CNSのμ−オピオイド受容体を拮抗することなく、したがって、オピオイド鎮痛を低減させることなく、または中枢性オピオイド離脱症状をもたらすことなくOICまたはOBDを治療するのに有効な化合物Iの全身用量は、およそ0.1mg/日であると算出され、QDまたはBIDのいずれかで投与する。上記のようにして薬物動態データおよび薬理データから外挿したOICまたはOBDを治療するのに有効な化合物Iの量は、OICを有する対象のフェーズI臨床試験において、およそ0.1mg/日であると確認された。
実施例1:非臨床モデルにおける化合物Iの薬物動態および薬理学
ナルトレキソンと比較したCNSにおける化合物Iの効力
ラットに刺激性ホルマリンと10mg/kgのモルヒネを皮下注射した。鎮痛薬の量は、ラットがホルマリン注射部位を舐める、または該注射事象を気にする回数の減少によって決定した。ラットに、0.02mg/kgのナルトレキソン(皮下投与)または1、3もしくは10mg/kgの化合物I(経口投与)のいずれかを投与し、該化合物がモルヒネの鎮痛効果を逆転させる能力を調べた。ナルトレキソンは、ラットのCNSにおけるモルヒネの効果の逆転において、化合物Iよりもおよそ100倍大きい効力を有することがわかった(図1)。ナルトレキソンと化合物Iは、μ−オピオイド受容体に対して同等の親和性を有する。別の実験では、化合物Iがラットにおいて高い経口バイオアベイラビリティを有することが示されている。ホルマリン試験でのオピオイド受容体アンタゴニストによるモルヒネ誘発性鎮痛の逆転は、主に、中枢媒介性効果であると考えられる。この効力の相違は、化合物Iが、ナルトレキソンよりもCNS内への通過レベルが顕著に低いことを示唆する。
マウスに、10μg/kgのモルヒネの脳室内投与または1mg/kgのモルヒネの皮下投与のいずれかを行った。モルヒネによって誘導される消化管(GI)通過の阻害を該化合物が逆転させる能力を調べるため、マウスにおいて、活性炭粉末の消化管通過の度合を化合物Iの非存在下、および種々の経口用量の化合物Iの存在下で測定した。CNSにモルヒネを直接投与したマウスにおいて、GI通過阻害を逆転させるのに必要な化合物Iの最小有効用量は約3.0mg/kgの経口用量であると測定された(図2)。対照的に、モルヒネを全身性投与したマウスにおいて、GI通過阻害を逆転させるのに必要な化合物Iの有効用量は約0.16mg/kgの経口用量であると測定された。したがって、化合物Iは、GI通過の遅滞におけるモルヒネの中枢効果と比べ、GI通過の遅滞におけるモルヒネの末梢効果の逆転において約20倍大きい効力を有した。これは、化合物Iが、CNSよりも末梢系のオピオイド受容体拮抗において約20倍有効であったことを示唆する。
野生型またはP−糖タンパク質(P−gp)ノックアウトマウスに、2.5mg/kgの化合物Iを静脈内投与した。マウスを致死させ、血中および脳内の化合物Iの量を標準的な手法を用いて解析した。この実験の結果により、野生型マウスの血漿中には脳内よりも17倍多くの化合物Iが見られることが示された。さらに、化合物Iの血液脳関門通過は、P−gpトランスポーターが欠損しているノックアウトマウスで7倍〜19倍高かった。この実験の結果により、化合物IがP−gpによって積極的にCNSから排出され、CNSからの化合物Iの定常的排除がもたらされること、したがって、化合物Iはマウスにおいて有意に末梢作用することが示された。
上記の非臨床動物試験は、化合物Iがマウスとラットにおいて、ある程度の末梢作用を示すこと、さらに、化合物IがCNSから排除される主な機構がわかり始めたこと、すなわち、化合物Iが流出トランスポーターP−gpの基質であることを示す。しかしながら、重要な疑問は、このデータがヒトとの関連性を有するかどうか、およびヒトの病状を治療に対する化合物Iの治療有用性に対してどのような影響を有するのかである。
CNSのオピオイド受容体拮抗がもたらされる化合物Iの最小用量の決定は、単回用量および反復用量フェーズ1臨床試験で測定された中枢性オピオイド受容体拮抗の薬力学的マーカーに対する化合物Iの既報の効果、すなわち、モルヒネ誘発性縮瞳の逆転(瞳孔の直径に対する効果)ならびに副腎皮質刺激ホルモン(ACTH)およびコルチゾールの増加を調べることにより直接的に取り組んだ。モルヒネ誘発性縮瞳の逆転の閾値と関連する化合物Iの実測値全身用量は10mgであった。同様に、ACTHおよびコルチゾールの増加の閾値と関連する化合物Iの実測値全身用量は10〜25mgであった。次いで、中枢性オピオイド受容体拮抗のための全身用量の控えめな推定値を、このような実測値閾値用量を半分ログ係数(half−log factor)(すなわち、3倍)少なくすることにより調べた。したがって、CNSのオピオイド受容体の薬理学的関連拮抗と関連する化合物Iの最小用量は、控えめに見積もって約3mg〜約10mgの範囲であった。
OICまたはOBDの治療に対する化合物Iの有効用量を調べるためのアプローチはいくつかある。以下に4つの概要を示す。アプローチによるが、OICまたはOBDの治療に対する化合物Iの有効用量の計算において、いくつかの基本的仮定を行った:(i)μ−オピオイド受容体は、化合物IがOICまたはOBDの治療において有効性をもたらす主要標的であるが、他のオピオイド受容体も役割を果たし得る。(ii)末梢系における化合物Iの全身性存在(CNSには非存在)により、OICまたはOBDの治療において充分にロバストな有効性がもたらされる。したがって、計算は、考えられ得る腸組織での経表面または局所効果(これらも有効性に寄与している可能性はある)とは反対に全身性血漿濃度に基づいていた。(iii)化合物Iの薬物動態特性、特に経口バイオアベイラビリティは、健常志願者とOICまたはOBDを有する患者で、ほぼ類似している。(iv)化合物Iの薬物動態パラメータ(特に、Cmax、半減期(t1/2)および曲線下面積(AUC)は、およそ1mgから0.05mgの漸減用量範囲において継続的に用量比例的である。仮定(iii)と(iv)は、化合物Iが1mg〜100mgの用量範囲でヒトにおいて高度に一貫性のある用量比例的経口薬物動態を有することが示されたため、妥当であった。さらに、後続の実験では、化合物Iが、0.1mg/kg〜0.5mg/kgの用量範囲でカニクイザルにおいて、およそ100%の経口バイオアベイラビリティを有することが示された。
フェーズI反復投与漸増用量臨床試験の目的は、持続的な非癌性疼痛に対する慢性オピオイド療法の結果、オピオイド誘発性便秘(OIC)を有する対象に対して1日2回(BID)投与された反復投与漸増用量の化合物Iの安全性、耐容性、薬物動態、および臨床効果を評価することであった。試験の第1の部は無作為二重盲検プラセボ対照比較反復投与漸増用量試験とし、試験中、対象に4つの経口用量の試験薬物適用を2日間にわたって行い、この間、試験施設に拘束した。各々0.10mg、0.25mg、0.35mg、0.50mgおよび0.75mg BIDの用量コホートに4例の対象を含め、無作為化は、プラセボ治療(n=1)に対して化合物I治療(n=3)の3:1比で不均衡とした。0.75mg BIDコホートには2例の対象しか含めなかった。臨床効果の評価には以下の測定値を含め、これらを、試験薬物適用の初回投与の直後から開始して3日目に退院するまで評価した:(i)初回投与の試験薬物適用後、最初の便通までの時間、(ii)便通の回数、ならびに(iii)便通快適スコア、便の重量および便の粘稠度(対象が試験施設に拘束されている間に起こった各便通は、Bristol Stool Scaleによって測定した)。
Claims (4)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US24361609P | 2009-09-18 | 2009-09-18 | |
US61/243,616 | 2009-09-18 | ||
PCT/US2010/049311 WO2011035142A1 (en) | 2009-09-18 | 2010-09-17 | Use of opioid receptor antagonist for gastrointestinal tract disorders |
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JP2013505260A JP2013505260A (ja) | 2013-02-14 |
JP2013505260A5 JP2013505260A5 (ja) | 2013-11-07 |
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EP (1) | EP2477627B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5797655B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20120092592A (ja) |
CN (2) | CN104958298A (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2010295464B2 (ja) |
BR (1) | BR112012006069A8 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2774021A1 (ja) |
CL (1) | CL2012000676A1 (ja) |
CO (1) | CO6531453A2 (ja) |
HK (1) | HK1210959A1 (ja) |
IL (1) | IL218679A0 (ja) |
MX (1) | MX342548B (ja) |
NZ (1) | NZ598783A (ja) |
PE (1) | PE20120991A1 (ja) |
RU (1) | RU2561873C2 (ja) |
TW (1) | TW201118084A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2011035142A1 (ja) |
ZA (1) | ZA201201954B (ja) |
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ES2548782T3 (es) | 2012-12-28 | 2015-10-20 | Instytut Medycyny Doswiadczalnej I Klinicznej Im Miroslawa Mossakowskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk | Peptidomiméticos y su aplicación |
WO2017198339A1 (en) | 2016-05-20 | 2017-11-23 | Laboratorios Del Dr. Esteve, S.A. | Tetrahydropyran and thiopyran derivatives having multimodal activity against pain |
CN106117190B (zh) * | 2016-06-21 | 2019-03-29 | 山东川成医药股份有限公司 | 一种倍福普兰的合成方法 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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RU2012115450A (ru) | 2013-10-27 |
BR112012006069A8 (pt) | 2017-10-10 |
CN102695508A (zh) | 2012-09-26 |
HK1210959A1 (en) | 2016-05-13 |
CA2774021A1 (en) | 2011-03-24 |
US20110071163A1 (en) | 2011-03-24 |
MX342548B (es) | 2016-10-04 |
EP2477627B1 (en) | 2018-08-15 |
ZA201201954B (en) | 2012-11-28 |
EP2477627A1 (en) | 2012-07-25 |
NZ598783A (en) | 2013-07-26 |
PE20120991A1 (es) | 2012-08-01 |
BR112012006069A2 (pt) | 2016-03-29 |
AU2010295464A1 (en) | 2012-04-12 |
IL218679A0 (en) | 2012-05-31 |
MX2012003310A (es) | 2012-07-17 |
TW201118084A (en) | 2011-06-01 |
CN104958298A (zh) | 2015-10-07 |
AU2010295464B2 (en) | 2015-11-26 |
WO2011035142A1 (en) | 2011-03-24 |
RU2561873C2 (ru) | 2015-09-10 |
KR20120092592A (ko) | 2012-08-21 |
CL2012000676A1 (es) | 2012-10-19 |
JP2013505260A (ja) | 2013-02-14 |
CO6531453A2 (es) | 2012-09-28 |
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