JP5398424B2 - Meteorological radar system and its precipitation intensity calculation method and program - Google Patents

Meteorological radar system and its precipitation intensity calculation method and program Download PDF

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JP5398424B2
JP5398424B2 JP2009194548A JP2009194548A JP5398424B2 JP 5398424 B2 JP5398424 B2 JP 5398424B2 JP 2009194548 A JP2009194548 A JP 2009194548A JP 2009194548 A JP2009194548 A JP 2009194548A JP 5398424 B2 JP5398424 B2 JP 5398424B2
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phase difference
precipitation intensity
radar
spatial resolution
polarizations
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文彦 水谷
将一 和田
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Description

本発明は、マルチパラメータレーダ（別名、二重偏波ドップラーレーダ）を用いて、ダム・河川・道路・下水道管理等における雨量算出などの気象防災に資する気象レーダシステムに係り、特に降水強度算出の分解能及び精度を向上させるための技術に関する。   The present invention relates to a weather radar system that contributes to weather disaster prevention, such as rainfall calculation in dams, rivers, roads, sewer management, etc., using multi-parameter radar (also known as dual polarization Doppler radar), and in particular, for calculating precipitation intensity. The present invention relates to a technique for improving resolution and accuracy.

従来の気象レーダシステムでは、比偏波間位相差（KDP）、レーダ反射因子（Z）、差分レーダ反射因子（ZDR）のうちいずれかの１つ観測パラメータに基づく方式によって降水強度算出が行われていた。また、予想される降水強度の強弱、あるいはクラッターレベルなどにより、３つの方式を切り替えることにより降水強度算出が行われていた（非特許文献１参照）。 In a conventional weather radar system, precipitation intensity is calculated using a method based on one of the observation parameters of phase difference between specific polarizations (K DP ), radar reflection factor (Z), and differential radar reflection factor (Z DR ). It was broken. Moreover, precipitation intensity calculation was performed by switching three methods according to the strength of the expected precipitation intensity or the clutter level (see Non-Patent Document 1).

しかしながら、比偏波間位相差（KDP）は得られる距離分解能が粗いこと、レーダ反射因子（Z）は降水強度の強弱の相対関係は維持するものの絶対的な精度が低いこと、レーダ反射因子（Z）と差分レーダ反射因子（ZDR）は降雨等による電波減衰時の精度が悪いことなどの問題があった。 However, the phase resolution between specific polarizations (K DP ) has a large distance resolution, and the radar reflection factor (Z) maintains the relative relationship between the strength of precipitation, but the absolute accuracy is low, the radar reflection factor ( Z) and differential radar reflectivity factor (Z DR ) have problems such as poor accuracy when the radio wave is attenuated due to rainfall.

V.N.Bringi and V.Chandrasekar, POLARIMETRIC DOPPLER WEATHER RADAR, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, p.517, 2001.V.N.Bringi and V.Chandrasekar, POLARIMETRIC DOPPLER WEATHER RADAR, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, p.517, 2001. 「気象と大気のレーダーリモートセンシング」深尾、浜津著、京都大学学術出版会、２００５年３月発行“Radar Remote Sensing of Weather and Atmosphere” by Fukao and Hamazu, Kyoto University Academic Press, published in March 2005

上述の如く、従来の気象レーダシステムでは、比偏波間位相差（KDP）、レーダ反射因子（Z）、差分レーダ反射因子（ZDR）のうちいずれか１つの観測パラメータに基づく方式によって降水強度算出が行われ、また、予想される降水強度の強弱、あるいはクラッターレベルなどにより、３つの方式を切り替えることにより降水強度算出が行われていたが、各観測パラメータには一長一短があり、精度のよい結果が安定して得られるものではないという問題があった。 As described above, in the conventional weather radar system, precipitation intensity is measured by a method based on one of the observation parameters among the phase difference between specific polarizations (K DP ), the radar reflection factor (Z), and the differential radar reflection factor (Z DR ). Calculations were made, and precipitation intensity was calculated by switching between the three methods depending on the strength of the expected precipitation intensity or the clutter level. However, each observation parameter has its advantages and disadvantages and is accurate. There was a problem that results could not be obtained stably.

本発明は、上記事情を考慮してなされたもので、高分解能かつ高精度な降水強度の算出を可能とする気象レーダシステムとその降水強度算出方法及びプログラムを提供することを目的とする。   The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a weather radar system, a precipitation intensity calculation method, and a program for calculating the precipitation intensity with high resolution and high accuracy.

本発明に係る気象レーダシステムとその降水強度算出方法及びプログラムは、上記目的を達成するために、以下のような手段を講じている。   The meteorological radar system and its precipitation intensity calculating method and program according to the present invention employ the following means in order to achieve the above object.

第１の態様は、水平偏波と垂直偏波のレーダ波を同時に送信し、その反射波を受信する送受信装置と、前記送受信装置の受信信号から二重偏波観測を行って偏波毎の受信電力を算出する信号処理装置と、前記受信電力をもとに前記レーダ波のビーム幅及びパルス幅に基づく第１空間分解能でレーダ反射因子（Z）を算出する手段と、前記受信電力の偏波間位相差（φDP）をもとに前記第１空間分解能より低い第２空間分解能で比偏波間位相差（KDP）を算出する手段と、前記比偏波間位相差（KDP）を前記レーダ反射因子（Z）に基づいて前記第１空間分解能に変換する変換手段と、前記変換手段で変換された比偏波間位相差（KDP）から前記第１空間分解能の降水強度（R（KDP）[mm/h]）を算出する手段とを具備するものである。 In the first aspect, a horizontally-polarized wave and a vertically-polarized radar wave are transmitted simultaneously, and a reflected wave is received. A signal processor for calculating received power; means for calculating a radar reflection factor (Z) with a first spatial resolution based on a beam width and a pulse width of the radar wave based on the received power; Means for calculating the specific polarization phase difference (K DP ) with a second spatial resolution lower than the first spatial resolution based on the inter-wave phase difference (φ DP ); and the specific polarization phase difference (K DP ) The conversion means for converting to the first spatial resolution based on the radar reflection factor (Z), and the precipitation intensity (R (K) of the first spatial resolution from the phase difference (K DP ) between the specific polarizations converted by the conversion means. DP ) [mm / h]).

第２の態様は、上記第１の態様において、前記変換手段は、前記比偏波間位相差（KDP）を、前記レーダ反射因子（Z）から求めた暫定の降水強度（R（Z）[mm/h]）に基づいて前記第１空間分解能に変換するものである。 A second mode is the provisional precipitation intensity (R (Z) [R] obtained from the radar reflection factor (Z) by calculating the phase difference between the specific polarizations (K DP ) in the first mode. mm / h]) to be converted into the first spatial resolution.

第３の態様は、上記第１又は２の態様において、前記偏波間位相差（φDP）の高周波成分を除去する手段をさらに具備するものである。 A third aspect further comprises means for removing a high frequency component of the inter-polarization phase difference (φ DP ) in the first or second aspect.

第４の態様は、上記第１乃至３のいずれかの態様において、前記レーダ反射因子（Z）の距離に対する減衰量を、前記偏波間位相差（φDP）を用いて補正する手段をさらに具備するものである。 According to a fourth aspect, in any one of the first to third aspects, further includes means for correcting an attenuation amount with respect to the distance of the radar reflection factor (Z) using the phase difference between polarizations (φ DP ). To do.

第５の態様は、上記第１乃至４のいずれかの態様において、前記降水強度（R（KDP）[mm/h]）を方位方向及び距離方向に平滑化する手段をさらに具備するものである。 A fifth aspect further includes means for smoothing the precipitation intensity (R (K DP ) [mm / h]) in the azimuth direction and the distance direction in any one of the first to fourth aspects. is there.

本発明によれば、高分解能かつ高精度な降水強度の算出を可能とする気象レーダシステムとその降水強度算出方法及びプログラムを提供することができる。   According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a weather radar system capable of calculating precipitation intensity with high resolution and high accuracy, and a precipitation intensity calculation method and program thereof.

本発明に係る気象レーダシステムの一実施形態を示すブロック構成図。1 is a block configuration diagram showing an embodiment of a weather radar system according to the present invention. 本発明に係る気象レーダシステムの他の構成例を示すブロック構成図。The block block diagram which shows the other structural example of the weather radar system which concerns on this invention. 図１に示した気象レーダシステムのデータ変換装置の処理の流れを示す処理系統図。The processing system figure which shows the flow of a process of the data converter of the weather radar system shown in FIG. 図３に示したローパスフィルタ処理を説明するための波形図。FIG. 4 is a waveform diagram for explaining the low-pass filter processing shown in FIG. 3. 図３に示した降水強度算出処理の詳細を示す図。The figure which shows the detail of the precipitation intensity | strength calculation process shown in FIG. 図３に示したスムージング処理の詳細を示す図。The figure which shows the detail of the smoothing process shown in FIG.

以下、図面を参照して本発明の実施の形態を詳細に説明する。なお、以下の図において、同符号は同一部分または対応部分を示す。   Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings, the same symbols indicate the same or corresponding parts.

図１は本発明の一実施形態として、マルチパラメータレーダを用いた気象レーダシステムの構成を示すブロック図である。このシステムは、空中線装置（アンテナ）１１、送信装置（水平偏波）１２、受信装置（水平偏波）１３、送信装置（垂直偏波）１４、受信装置（垂直偏波）１５、周波数変換装置（垂直偏波）１６、信号処理装置１７、監視制御装置１８、データ変換装置１９、データ表示装置２０、データ蓄積装置２１、データ通信装置２２、遠隔監視制御装置２３、及び遠隔表示装置２４を備える。   FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a weather radar system using a multi-parameter radar as an embodiment of the present invention. This system includes an antenna device (antenna) 11, a transmission device (horizontal polarization) 12, a reception device (horizontal polarization) 13, a transmission device (vertical polarization) 14, a reception device (vertical polarization) 15, and a frequency conversion device. (Vertically polarized wave) 16, a signal processing device 17, a monitoring control device 18, a data conversion device 19, a data display device 20, a data storage device 21, a data communication device 22, a remote monitoring control device 23, and a remote display device 24. .

ここで、図２に示すように、送信装置１２を水平偏波、垂直偏波共通とする構成にしてもよい。図１、図２ともに、例えば周波数変換装置１６を分離できるなどの構成もさらに考えられる。   Here, as shown in FIG. 2, the transmission device 12 may be configured to share the horizontal polarization and the vertical polarization. A configuration in which the frequency converter 16 can be separated, for example, is further conceivable in both FIG. 1 and FIG.

上記構成において、遠隔監視制御装置２３からの監視制御信号が監視制御装置１８を通して信号処理装置１７に送られると、信号処理装置１７内では、内部に格納されている種信号のデジタルデータが発生され、Ｄ／Ａ変換された後、水平偏波、垂直偏波の送信ＩＦ信号として周波数変換装置１６に送られ、それぞれＲＦ信号にアップコンバートされる。   In the above configuration, when a monitoring control signal from the remote monitoring control device 23 is sent to the signal processing device 17 through the monitoring control device 18, digital data of a seed signal stored therein is generated in the signal processing device 17. After the D / A conversion, the signals are transmitted to the frequency conversion device 16 as horizontal polarization and vertical polarization transmission IF signals, and are up-converted to RF signals, respectively.

周波数変換装置１６で得られた水平偏波、垂直偏波の送信ＲＦ信号は、送信装置１２、１４により遠距離の観測可能な送信電力に増幅される。増幅された水平偏波、垂直偏波の２波は、空中線装置１１より空間に同時に送出される。   The horizontally-polarized and vertically-polarized transmission RF signals obtained by the frequency converter 16 are amplified by the transmitters 12 and 14 to transmission power that can be observed over a long distance. The amplified two waves of horizontal polarization and vertical polarization are simultaneously sent from the antenna device 11 to the space.

空間上の降水からの水平偏波、垂直偏波による反射波はいずれも上記空中線装置１１にて水平偏波／垂直偏波別に捕捉され、それぞれ受信装置１３，１５にて受信され、周波数変換装置１６でＩＦ信号に変換された後、共に信号処理装置１７に送られる。   Both the horizontally polarized waves and the reflected waves caused by the vertically polarized waves from the precipitation in the space are captured by the antenna device 11 for each of the horizontally polarized waves and the vertically polarized waves, respectively, and received by the receiving devices 13 and 15, respectively. After being converted into an IF signal at 16, both are sent to the signal processing device 17.

信号処理装置１７は、水平偏波／垂直偏波に送られた水平偏波／垂直偏波の受信ＩＦ信号をそれぞれＡ／Ｄ変換し、Ｉ／Ｑ検波した後、受信電力（水平偏波、垂直偏波）、水平偏波と垂直偏波との間の偏波間位相差、偏波間相互相関、及びドップラ速度を算出する機能を持つ。   The signal processing device 17 performs A / D conversion on the received IF signal of horizontal polarization / vertical polarization sent to the horizontal polarization / vertical polarization, performs I / Q detection, and then receives received power (horizontal polarization, Vertical polarization), a function of calculating a phase difference between polarizations between a horizontal polarization and a vertical polarization, a cross-correlation between polarizations, and a Doppler velocity.

データ変換装置１９は、信号処理装置１７で得られる受信電力から比偏波間位相差（KDP）やレーダ反射因子（Z）などの複数の観測パラメータを算出し、これら複数の観測パラメータを用いて降水強度（R）を算出する。具体的な処理の内容は後述する。 The data conversion device 19 calculates a plurality of observation parameters such as a specific polarization phase difference (K DP ) and a radar reflection factor (Z) from the received power obtained by the signal processing device 17, and uses these plurality of observation parameters. Precipitation intensity (R) is calculated. Specific processing contents will be described later.

データ表示装置２０はデータ変換装置１９で解析されたデータを表示する。データ蓄積装置２１はデータ変換装置１９で解析されたデータを蓄積する。データ通信装置２２はレーダサイト外に通信手段を講じてデータ変換装置１９で解析されたデータを転送する。遠隔表示装置２４はレーダサイトから転送されてきたデータを表示、または解析等を実施する。また、遠隔監視制御装置２３は監視制御装置１８と同様にレーダシステムの監視が可能である。   The data display device 20 displays the data analyzed by the data conversion device 19. The data storage device 21 stores the data analyzed by the data conversion device 19. The data communication device 22 takes communication means outside the radar site and transfers the data analyzed by the data conversion device 19. The remote display device 24 displays or analyzes the data transferred from the radar site. The remote monitoring control device 23 can monitor the radar system in the same manner as the monitoring control device 18.

上記構成による気象レーダシステムにおいて、図３を参照して本発明に係る降水強度算出方法を説明する。
図３は上記気象レーダシステムのデータ変換装置１９に用いられる降水強度算出方法の処理の流れを示す処理系統図である。この方法は、比偏波間位相差（KDP）から降水強度（R）を算出する過程において、低分解能（第２空間分解能）で算出される比偏波間位相差（KDP）を、高分解能（第１空間分解能）で算出されるレーダ反射因子（Z）に基づいて高分解能に変換することを特徴とする。なお、図３において、通常の算出方式は、非特許文献２の「気象と大気のレーダーリモートセンシング（深尾ほか）」に準ずる。 In the weather radar system having the above configuration, the precipitation intensity calculating method according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
FIG. 3 is a processing system diagram showing the flow of processing of the precipitation intensity calculation method used in the data converter 19 of the weather radar system. The method, in the process of calculating the precipitation intensity (R) from the ratio polarization phase difference (K DP), a low-resolution ratio polarizations phase difference calculated by (second spatial resolution) (K DP), high resolution Conversion to high resolution is performed based on the radar reflection factor (Z) calculated by (first spatial resolution). In FIG. 3, the normal calculation method is based on “Radar Remote Sensing of Weather and Atmosphere (Fukao et al.)” Of Non-Patent Document 2.

レーダ反射因子算出処理１０１では、レーダ方程式に基づいて水平偏波の受信電力（PrH）からレーダ反射因子（ZH）を算出する。（ZH）の分解能は、方位方向は水平ビーム幅、距離方向はパルス幅に相当する。この（ZH）の分解能を高分解能と呼ぶものとする。 In the radar reflection factor calculation processing 101, the radar reflection factor (Z H ) is calculated from the received power (Pr H ) of the horizontally polarized wave based on the radar equation. The resolution of (Z H ) corresponds to the horizontal beam width in the azimuth direction and the pulse width in the distance direction. This (Z H ) resolution is called high resolution.

ローパスフィルタ処理１０２では、偏波間位相差（φDP）を距離方向にIIRやFIR等のローパスフィルタを用いてフィルタリングする。偏波間位相差（φDP）は、可能な限り高周波成分を取り除くため、方位方向のヒット平均数を多く取ることとなる。この影響で、方位方向にもレーダの一定のヒット数を取ることで、水平ビーム幅以上のビーム幅にてデータが生成される。さらに、距離方向に高周波成分が存在するため、このまま偏波間位相差（φDP）の距離微分である比偏波間位相差（KDP）を算出すると、ノイズ成分の多く含むデータとなる。このため、ローパスフィルタ処理１０２にて、偏波間位相差（φDP）の距離方向の高周波成分を取り除く。この様子を図４に示す。図４において、（ａ）がフィルタ処理前、（ｂ）がフィルタ処理後を示したもので、横軸に距離（r）をとり、縦軸に偏波間位相差（φDP）を示している。 In the low-pass filter process 102, the phase difference (φ DP ) between the polarizations is filtered in the distance direction using a low-pass filter such as IIR or FIR. For the phase difference between polarizations (φ DP ), in order to remove as high frequency components as possible, a large average number of hits in the azimuth direction is taken. As a result, by taking a certain number of radar hits in the azimuth direction, data is generated with a beam width greater than or equal to the horizontal beam width. Further, since a high-frequency component exists in the distance direction, if the specific polarization phase difference (K DP ), which is the distance derivative of the polarization phase difference (φ DP ), is calculated as it is, the data includes a lot of noise components. For this reason, the low-pass filter processing 102 removes the high-frequency component in the distance direction of the phase difference between the polarizations (φ DP ). This is shown in FIG. In FIG. 4, (a) shows the pre-filter processing, (b) shows the post-filter processing, the horizontal axis indicates the distance (r), and the vertical axis indicates the inter-polarization phase difference (φ DP ). .

減衰補正処理１０３では、レーダ反射因子（ZH）について、当該領域までの水平偏波、垂直偏波それぞれの電波減衰量を偏波間位相差（φDP）から推定し、これを補正する。具体的には、下記式により補正後のレーダ反射因子（ZH）を求める。なお、αは定数とする。補正前の地点rにおけるレーダ反射因子をZH(r)´とすると、
10log10ZH(r)＝10log10ZH(r)´−α(φDP(r)−φDP(0))
と算出できる。また、偏波間位相差（φDP）には、上記ローパスフィルタ処理１０２でのフィルタ処理後の値を用いるとよい。 In the attenuation correction process 103, the radar attenuation factor (Z H ) is estimated from the phase difference (φ DP ) between the polarizations of the horizontally polarized waves and the vertically polarized waves up to the region, and is corrected. Specifically, the radar reflectivity factor (Z H ) after correction is obtained by the following equation. Α is a constant. If the radar reflection factor at the point r before correction is Z H (r) ′,
10log 10 Z H (r) = 10 log 10 Z H (r) ´−α (φ DP (r) −φ DP (0))
And can be calculated. Further, the value after the filter processing in the low-pass filter processing 102 may be used for the inter-polarization phase difference (φ DP ).

比偏波間位相差算出処理１０４では、偏波間位相差（φDP）を距離微分することにより比偏波間位相差（KDP）を求める。２点間の総雨量に相当する比偏波間位相差（KDP）は、距離方向の２地点r1，r2のフィルタ通過後の偏波間位相差をφDP(r1)，φDP(r2)とすると、次式により算出できる。
KDP＝｛φDP(r2)-φDP(r1)｝／｛２（ｒ2−ｒ1）｝
ここで、上記図４（ｂ）に示したように、偏波間位相差（φDP）の高周波成分を取り除く際には距離方向の分解能が低下するので、２地点r1，r2間の距離（L＝r2−r1）をローパスフィルタ通過後の距離方向の分解能に設定する。Lの大きさはローパスフィルタの分解能による。また、上記偏波間位相差（φDP）を算出する際に水平ビーム幅以上のビーム幅にてデータが生成されるため、方位方向にも分解能が低下する。ゆえに、ここで求められる比偏波間位相差（KDP）は、距離方向及び方位方向において分解能が低下したものとなる。ここでの比偏波間位相差（KDP）の分解能を低分解能と呼ぶものとする。 In the specific polarization phase difference calculation process 104 calculates the ratio polarizations retardation (K DP) by a distance differential polarization phase difference (phi DP). The relative polarization phase difference (K DP ) corresponding to the total rainfall between the two points is expressed as φ DP (r 1 ), φ DP (r 2 ) after passing through the filters at two points r1 and r2 in the distance direction. ), It can be calculated by the following equation.
K DP = {φ DP (r 2 ) −φ DP (r 1 )} / {2 (r 2 −r 1 )}
Here, as shown in FIG. 4B, when removing the high-frequency component of the inter-polarization phase difference (φ DP ), the resolution in the distance direction decreases, so the distance between the two points r1 and r2 (L = R2-r1) is set to the resolution in the distance direction after passing through the low-pass filter. The magnitude of L depends on the resolution of the low-pass filter. In addition, when calculating the phase difference between polarizations (φ DP ), data is generated with a beam width greater than or equal to the horizontal beam width, so the resolution also decreases in the azimuth direction. Therefore, the specific polarization phase difference (K DP ) obtained here has reduced resolution in the distance direction and the azimuth direction. The resolution of the phase difference between specific polarizations (K DP ) here is called low resolution.

分解能変換処理１０５では、低分解能の比偏波間位相差（KDP）をレーダ反射因子（Z）に基づいて高分解能に変換する。図５に示すように、比偏波間位相差（KDP）は低空間分解能であるが、降水強度との相関が高い。一方、レーダ反射因子（Z）は、空間分解能が高いが、降水強度の絶対値との相関は低く、その地点付近の相対的な値となる。そこで、低分解能の比偏波間位相差（KDP）を高分解能のレーダ反射因子（Z）に基づいて高分解能に変換する。ここでは、以下の２通りの変換手法を用いる。 In the resolution conversion process 105, the phase difference (K DP ) of the low resolution relative polarization is converted to a high resolution based on the radar reflection factor (Z). As shown in FIG. 5, the specific polarization phase difference (K DP ) has a low spatial resolution, but has a high correlation with precipitation intensity. On the other hand, the radar reflection factor (Z) has a high spatial resolution, but has a low correlation with the absolute value of precipitation intensity, and is a relative value near that point. Therefore, the low-resolution phase difference between specific polarizations (K DP ) is converted to high resolution based on the high-resolution radar reflection factor (Z). Here, the following two conversion methods are used.

（第１の変換手法）
具体的に図５の例を用いて説明する。上記比偏波間位相差算出処理１０４において、KDP法により距離1.5km、方位2度当たりの低分解能での総雨量（KDP）が求められ、これを下記式より、高分解能のレーダ反射因子（ZH）に基づいて、距離150m、方位1度単位の雨量に振り分ける。なお、高分解能の方位方向のメッシュ番号i＝1〜m、距離方向のメッシュ番号j＝1〜nとする。

Figure 0005398424
(First conversion method)
This will be specifically described with reference to the example of FIG. In the above-mentioned phase difference calculation processing 104 between specific polarizations, the total rainfall (K DP ) at a low resolution per distance of 1.5 km and a heading of 2 degrees is obtained by the K DP method. Based on (Z H ), it distributes the rainfall to a distance of 150 m and a heading of 1 degree. It is assumed that the mesh number i = 1 to m in the azimuth direction with high resolution and the mesh number j = 1 to n in the distance direction.
Figure 0005398424

Figure 0005398424
Figure 0005398424

つまり、上記求められた比偏波間位相差（KDP）に各地点（i,j）のレーダ反射因子（ZH（i,j））の比率を掛け合わせたものをその地点の比偏波間位相差（KDP（i,j））とする。 That is, the ratio between the specific polarizations at each point (i, j) multiplied by the ratio of the radar reflection factor (Z H (i, j)) at each point (i, j) multiplied by the phase difference (K DP ) obtained above. Let it be the phase difference (K DP (i, j)).

（第２の変換手法）
第２の変換手法は、先ず、レーダ反射因子（ZH）からZH元（i,j）の距離150m、方位1度単位の高分解能で暫定の降水強度（RZ）を求める。ここで、レーダ反射因子Zを用いた降水量算出においては下記式が知られている。なお、B及びβは、定数であり、例えば、Bは200、βは1.6とする。
Z＝B×Rβ
上記式より、
R（Z）＝（Z/B）-β
そして、KDP法により求められた距離1.5km、方位2度当たりの低分解能での総雨量を、下記式に示すように、暫定の降水強度（R（Z））に基づいて、ZH元（i,j）の距離150m、方位1度単位の雨量に振り分ける。

Figure 0005398424
(Second conversion method)
In the second conversion method, first, a provisional precipitation intensity (R Z ) is obtained with a high resolution of a distance of 150 m from the radar reflection factor (Z H ) to a Z H element (i, j) in a unit of 1 degree. Here, in the precipitation calculation using the radar reflection factor Z, the following equation is known. B and β are constants. For example, B is 200 and β is 1.6.
Z = B × R β
From the above formula,
R (Z) = (Z / B) -β
Then, K DP method the distance obtained 1.5 km, the total rainfall in the low resolution per azimuth twice, as shown in the following formula, based on the precipitation intensity interim (R (Z)), Z H source (I, j) distance 150m, direction 1 degree unit rain.
Figure 0005398424

Figure 0005398424
Figure 0005398424

つまり、上記求めらた比偏波間位相差（KDP）に各地点（i,j）の暫定の降水強度（R（Z）（i,j））の比率を掛け合わせたものをその地点の比偏波間位相差（KDP（i,j））とする。 In other words, the value obtained by multiplying the ratio of the specific polarization phase (K DP ) obtained above with the ratio of the provisional precipitation intensity (R (Z) (i, j)) at each point (i, j) The phase difference between specific polarizations (K DP (i, j)).

降水強度算出処理１０６では、上記分解能変換処理１０５で変換された高分解能の比偏波間位相差（KDP）から高分解能の降水強度（R（KDP））を算出する。具体的には次式で計算される。なお、fは送信周波数[GHz]、b2は定数（たとえば0.85）とする。
R（KDP（i,j）＝129×（KDP（i,j）/f)b2
スムージング処理１０７では、方位方向及び距離方向でデータのスムージング処理を行ってつなぎ目の段差のないデータとする。スムージング手法は、例えば、下記の２つの手法を用いる。 In the precipitation intensity calculation process 106, the high resolution precipitation intensity (R (K DP )) is calculated from the high resolution specific polarization phase difference (K DP ) converted by the resolution conversion process 105. Specifically, it is calculated by the following formula. Note that f is a transmission frequency [GHz] and b2 is a constant (for example, 0.85).
R (K DP (i, j) = 129 × (K DP (i, j) / f) b2
In the smoothing process 107, data is smoothed in the azimuth direction and the distance direction to obtain data having no joint step. As the smoothing method, for example, the following two methods are used.

（第１のスムージング手法）
第１のスムージング手法は、図６に示すように、高分解能メッシュに対して、距離方向及び方位方向にずらした互い異なる４パターンの低分解能メッシュを配置するものである。比偏波間位相差算出処理１０４では、この４パターンの低分解能メッシュについて、それぞれ比偏波間位相差（KDP）を求めることにより、４パターンの比偏波間位相差（KDP）についての高分解能の降水強度（R（KDP））を算出することができる。そして、スムージング処理１０７において、４パターンの高分解能の降水強度（R（KDP））から図６に示すように、各低分解能メッシュの中央付近の値を採用することにより、平滑化された降水強度（R（KDP））を求めることができる。または、４パターンで重複するメッシュについて加重平均をとるようにしてもよい。 (First smoothing method)
As shown in FIG. 6, the first smoothing method arranges four different low resolution meshes shifted in the distance direction and the azimuth direction with respect to the high resolution mesh. In the specific polarization phase difference calculation process 104, the low resolution meshes of the four patterns, by calculating each ratio polarization phase difference (K DP), a high resolution for the specific polarization phase difference of four patterns (K DP) Precipitation intensity (R (K DP )) can be calculated. Then, in the smoothing processing 107, smooth precipitation is obtained by adopting values near the center of each low-resolution mesh as shown in FIG. 6 from four patterns of high-resolution precipitation intensity (R (K DP )). The strength (R (K DP )) can be determined. Or you may make it take a weighted average about the mesh which overlaps with 4 patterns.

（第２のスムージング手法）
第２のスムージング手法は、比偏波間位相差算出処理１０４において、低分解能の比偏波間位相差（KDP）を算出する際に、隣接する低分解能メッシュの比偏波間位相差（KDP）と比して一定以上の差を持たないように拘束条件を設ける方法である。例えば、他の周辺メッシュ領域の比偏波間位相差（KDP）の値±10％以内で決定する。 (Second smoothing method)
The second smoothing technique, the ratio polarizations phase difference calculation process 104, when calculating the ratio polarization phase difference of a low resolution (K DP), relative polarization phase difference of adjacent low resolution mesh (K DP) This is a method of providing constraint conditions so as not to have a difference greater than a certain level. For example, it is determined within ± 10% of the value of phase difference between specific polarizations (K DP ) of other surrounding mesh regions.

以上述べたように、本実施形態では、低空間分解能であるが降水強度との相関が高い性質を持つ比偏波間位相差（KDP）を、空間分解能が高いが降水強度の絶対値との相関は低く、その地点付近の相対的な値となるレーダ反射因子（Z）に基づいて高分解能に変換し、高分解能に変換された比偏波間位相差（KDP）から降水強度（R（KDP））を算出するようにしている。したがって、上記の降水強度算出方法によれば、高空間分解能でかつ高精度な降水強度（R）を算出することができる。 As described above, in the present embodiment, the phase difference between specific polarizations (K DP ), which has a low spatial resolution but a high correlation with precipitation intensity, is expressed as the absolute value of precipitation intensity with high spatial resolution. correlation is low, then converted to high resolution on the basis of radar reflectivity factor (Z) as a relative value in the vicinity of the point, precipitation intensity from the converted specific polarized waves retardation high resolution (K DP) (R ( K DP )) is calculated. Therefore, according to the above precipitation intensity calculation method, it is possible to calculate precipitation intensity (R) with high spatial resolution and high accuracy.

尚、本発明は上記実施形態そのままに限定されるものではなく、実施段階ではその要旨を逸脱しない範囲で構成要素を変形して具体化できる。また、本発明によれば、上記実施形態に開示されている複数の構成要素の適宜な組み合わせにより、種々の発明を形成できる。例えば、実施形態に示される全構成要素から幾つかの構成要素を削除してもよい。さらに、異なる実施形態にわたる構成要素を適宜組み合わせてもよい。   Note that the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment as it is, and can be embodied by modifying the constituent elements without departing from the scope of the invention in the implementation stage. Further, according to the present invention, various inventions can be formed by appropriately combining a plurality of constituent elements disclosed in the embodiment. For example, some components may be deleted from all the components shown in the embodiment. Furthermore, constituent elements over different embodiments may be appropriately combined.

１１…空中線装置（アンテナ）、１２…送信装置（水平偏波）、１３…受信装置（水平偏波）、１４…送信装置（垂直偏波）、１５…受信装置（垂直偏波）、１６…周波数変換装置（水平偏波）、１７…信号処理装置、１８…監視制御装置、１９…データ変換装置、２０…データ表示装置、２１…データ蓄積装置、２２…データ通信装置、２３…遠隔監視制御装置、２４…遠隔表示装置、１０１…レーダ反射因子算出処理、１０２…ローパスフィルタ、１０３…減衰補正処理、１０４…比偏波間位相差算出処理、１０５…分解能変換処理、１０６…降水強度算出処理、１０７…スムージング処理。   DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 11 ... Antenna apparatus (antenna), 12 ... Transmission apparatus (horizontal polarization), 13 ... Reception apparatus (horizontal polarization), 14 ... Transmission apparatus (vertical polarization), 15 ... Reception apparatus (vertical polarization), 16 ... Frequency conversion device (horizontal polarization), 17 ... signal processing device, 18 ... monitoring control device, 19 ... data conversion device, 20 ... data display device, 21 ... data storage device, 22 ... data communication device, 23 ... remote monitoring control Device ... 24 Remote display device 101 ... Radar reflection factor calculation process 102 ... Low pass filter 103 ... Attenuation correction process 104 ... Specific polarization phase difference calculation process 105 ... Resolution conversion process 106 ... Precipitation intensity calculation process 107: Smoothing processing.

Claims (15)

水平偏波と垂直偏波のレーダ波を同時に送信し、その反射波を受信する送受信装置と、
前記送受信装置の受信信号から二重偏波観測を行って偏波毎の受信電力を算出する信号処理装置と、
前記受信電力をもとに前記レーダ波のビーム幅及びパルス幅に基づく第１空間分解能でレーダ反射因子（Z）を算出する手段と、
前記受信電力の偏波間位相差（φDP）をもとに前記第１空間分解能より低い第２空間分解能で比偏波間位相差（KDP）を算出する手段と、
前記比偏波間位相差（KDP）を前記レーダ反射因子（Z）に基づいて前記第１空間分解能に変換する変換手段と、
前記変換手段で変換された比偏波間位相差（KDP）から前記第１空間分解能の降水強度（R（KDP）[mm/h]）を算出する手段と
を具備することを特徴とする気象レーダシステム。 A transmission / reception device that simultaneously transmits horizontally polarized waves and vertically polarized radar waves, and receives the reflected waves;
A signal processing device that performs dual polarization observation from the received signal of the transmitting / receiving device and calculates received power for each polarization; and
Means for calculating a radar reflection factor (Z) with a first spatial resolution based on a beam width and a pulse width of the radar wave based on the received power;
Means for calculating a phase difference (K DP ) between specific polarizations with a second spatial resolution lower than the first spatial resolution based on the phase difference between polarizations (φ DP ) of the received power;
Conversion means for converting the phase difference between specific polarizations (K DP ) to the first spatial resolution based on the radar reflection factor (Z);
Means for calculating the precipitation intensity (R (K DP ) [mm / h]) of the first spatial resolution from the phase difference between the specific polarizations (K DP ) converted by the conversion means. Weather radar system. 前記変換手段は、前記比偏波間位相差（KDP）を、前記レーダ反射因子（Z）から求めた暫定の降水強度（R（Z）[mm/h]）に基づいて前記第１空間分解能に変換することを特徴とする請求項１記載の気象レーダシステム。 And the converting means, the ratio polarizations phase difference (K DP), the precipitation intensity provisional obtained from the radar reflectivity factor (Z) (R (Z) [mm / h]) of the first spatial resolution based on the The meteorological radar system according to claim 1, wherein 前記偏波間位相差（φDP）の高周波成分を除去する手段をさらに具備することを特徴とする請求項１又は２記載の気象レーダシステム。 The weather radar system according to claim 1, further comprising means for removing a high-frequency component of the inter-polarization phase difference (φ DP ). 前記レーダ反射因子（Z）の距離に対する減衰量を、前記偏波間位相差（φDP）を用いて補正する手段をさらに具備することを特徴とする請求項１乃至３のいずれかに記載の気象レーダシステム。 The weather according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising means for correcting an attenuation amount with respect to a distance of the radar reflection factor (Z) by using the phase difference (φ DP ) between the polarizations. Radar system. 前記降水強度（R（KDP）[mm/h]）を方位方向及び距離方向に平滑化する手段をさらに具備することを特徴とする請求項１乃至４のいずれかに記載の気象レーダシステム。 The weather radar system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising means for smoothing the precipitation intensity (R (K DP ) [mm / h]) in the azimuth direction and the distance direction. 水平偏波と垂直偏波のレーダ波を同時に送信し、その反射波を受信する送受信装置と、前記送受信装置の受信信号から二重偏波観測を行って偏波毎の受信電力を算出する信号処理装置とを備える気象レーダシステムに用いられる方法であって、
前記受信電力をもとに前記レーダ波のビーム幅及びパルス幅に基づく第１空間分解能でレーダ反射因子（Z）を算出する過程と、
前記受信電力の偏波間位相差（φDP）をもとに前記第１空間分解能より低い第２空間分解能で比偏波間位相差（KDP）を算出する過程と、
前記比偏波間位相差（KDP）を前記レーダ反射因子（Z）に基づいて前記第１空間分解能に変換する変換過程と、
前記変換過程で変換された比偏波間位相差（KDP）から前記第１空間分解能の降水強度（R（KDP）[mm/h]）を算出する過程と
を具備することを特徴とする降水強度算出方法。 A transmitter / receiver that transmits horizontal and vertically polarized radar waves simultaneously and receives the reflected waves, and a signal that calculates the received power for each polarization by performing dual polarization observation from the received signal of the transmitter / receiver A method used in a weather radar system comprising a processing device,
Calculating a radar reflection factor (Z) with a first spatial resolution based on a beam width and a pulse width of the radar wave based on the received power;
Calculating the phase difference between specific polarizations (K DP ) with a second spatial resolution lower than the first spatial resolution based on the phase difference between polarizations of the received power (φ DP );
Converting the phase difference between specific polarizations (K DP ) into the first spatial resolution based on the radar reflection factor (Z);
And a step of calculating precipitation intensity (R (K DP ) [mm / h]) of the first spatial resolution from the phase difference (K DP ) between the specific polarizations converted in the conversion process. Precipitation intensity calculation method. 前記変換過程は、前記比偏波間位相差（KDP）を、前記レーダ反射因子（Z）から求めた暫定の降水強度（R[mm/h]）に基づいて前記第１空間分解能に変換することを特徴とする請求項６記載の降水強度算出方法。 The conversion process converts the phase difference between specific polarizations (K DP ) into the first spatial resolution based on provisional precipitation intensity (R [mm / h]) obtained from the radar reflection factor (Z). The precipitation intensity calculating method according to claim 6. 前記偏波間位相差（φDP）の高周波成分を除去する過程をさらに具備することを特徴とする請求項６又は７記載の降水強度算出方法。 The precipitation intensity calculation method according to claim 6 or 7, further comprising a step of removing a high-frequency component of the inter-polarization phase difference (φ DP ). 前記レーダ反射因子（Z）の距離に対する減衰量を、前記偏波間位相差（φDP）を用いて補正する過程をさらに具備することを特徴とする請求項６乃至８のいずれかに記載の降水強度算出方法。 The precipitation according to any one of claims 6 to 8, further comprising a step of correcting an attenuation amount with respect to a distance of the radar reflection factor (Z) by using the phase difference (φ DP ) between the polarizations. Strength calculation method. 前記降水強度（R[mm/h]）を方位方向及び距離方向に平滑化する過程をさらに具備することを特徴とする請求項６乃至９のいずれかに記載の降水強度算出方法。   The precipitation intensity calculation method according to claim 6, further comprising a step of smoothing the precipitation intensity (R [mm / h]) in an azimuth direction and a distance direction. 水平偏波と垂直偏波のレーダ波を同時に送信し、その反射波を受信する送受信装置と、前記送受信装置の受信信号から二重偏波観測を行って偏波毎の受信電力を算出する信号処理装置とを備える気象レーダシステムを制御するコンピュータに、
前記受信電力をもとに前記レーダ波のビーム幅及びパルス幅に基づく第１空間分解能でレーダ反射因子（Z）を算出する処理と、
前記受信電力の偏波間位相差（φDP）をもとに前記第１空間分解能より低い第２空間分解能で比偏波間位相差（KDP）を算出する処理と、
前記比偏波間位相差（KDP）を前記レーダ反射因子（Z）に基づいて前記第１空間分解能に変換する変換過程と、
前記変換処理で変換された比偏波間位相差（KDP）から前記第１空間分解能の降水強度（R（KDP）[mm/h]）を算出する処理と
を実行させることを特徴とする降水強度算出プログラム。 A transmitter / receiver that transmits horizontal and vertically polarized radar waves simultaneously and receives the reflected waves, and a signal that calculates the received power for each polarization by performing dual polarization observation from the received signal of the transmitter / receiver A computer for controlling a weather radar system including a processing device;
Processing for calculating a radar reflection factor (Z) with a first spatial resolution based on a beam width and a pulse width of the radar wave based on the received power;
A process of calculating a specific inter-polarization phase difference (K DP ) with a second spatial resolution lower than the first spatial resolution based on the inter-polarization phase difference (φ DP ) of the received power;
Converting the phase difference between specific polarizations (K DP ) into the first spatial resolution based on the radar reflection factor (Z);
And a process of calculating precipitation intensity (R (K DP ) [mm / h]) of the first spatial resolution from the phase difference between specific polarizations (K DP ) converted by the conversion process. Precipitation intensity calculation program. 前記変換処理は、前記比偏波間位相差（KDP）を、前記レーダ反射因子（Z）から求めた暫定の降水強度（R（Z）[mm/h]）に基づいて前記第１空間分解能に変換することを特徴とする請求項１１記載の降水強度算出プログラム。 In the conversion process, the phase difference (K DP ) between the specific polarizations is calculated based on the provisional precipitation intensity (R (Z) [mm / h]) obtained from the radar reflection factor (Z). The precipitation intensity calculation program according to claim 11, wherein the precipitation intensity calculation program is converted into the following. 前記偏波間位相差（φDP）の高周波成分を除去する処理をさらに具備することを特徴とする請求項１１又は１２記載の降水強度算出プログラム。 The precipitation intensity calculation program according to claim 11 or 12, further comprising a process of removing a high-frequency component of the inter-polarization phase difference (φ DP ). 前記レーダ反射因子（Z）の距離に対する減衰量を、前記偏波間位相差（φDP）を用いて補正する処理をさらに具備することを特徴とする請求項１１乃至１３のいずれかに記載の降水強度算出プログラム。 The precipitation according to any one of claims 11 to 13, further comprising a process of correcting an attenuation amount with respect to a distance of the radar reflection factor (Z) using the phase difference (φ DP ) between the polarizations. Strength calculation program. 前記降水強度（R（KDP）[mm/h]）を方位方向及び距離方向に平滑化する処理をさらに具備することを特徴とする請求項１１乃至１４のいずれかに記載の降水強度算出プログラム。 15. The precipitation intensity calculation program according to claim 11, further comprising a process of smoothing the precipitation intensity (R (K DP ) [mm / h]) in an azimuth direction and a distance direction. .
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