JP5306871B2 - 鞍乗り型車両 - Google Patents
鞍乗り型車両 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5306871B2 JP5306871B2 JP2009074888A JP2009074888A JP5306871B2 JP 5306871 B2 JP5306871 B2 JP 5306871B2 JP 2009074888 A JP2009074888 A JP 2009074888A JP 2009074888 A JP2009074888 A JP 2009074888A JP 5306871 B2 JP5306871 B2 JP 5306871B2
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/30—Arrangements for supply of additional air
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
- B01D53/945—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific catalyst
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
- F01N13/0093—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are of the same type
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
- F01N13/0097—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/101—Three-way catalysts
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
- F01N3/2882—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices
- F01N3/2885—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices with exhaust silencers in a single housing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
- B01D2255/1025—Rhodium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/106—Gold
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/207—Transition metals
- B01D2255/20738—Iron
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/207—Transition metals
- B01D2255/20746—Cobalt
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/50—Zeolites
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9459—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts
- B01D53/9477—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts with catalysts positioned on separate bricks, e.g. exhaust systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2340/00—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses
- F01N2340/02—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses characterised by the distance of the apparatus to the engine, or the distance between two exhaust treating apparatuses
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2590/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus adapted to particular use, e.g. for military applications, airplanes, submarines
- F01N2590/04—Exhaust or silencing apparatus adapted to particular use, e.g. for military applications, airplanes, submarines for motorcycles
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
Description
まず、蒸留水100gに硝酸コバルト六水和物を24.7g加えて溶解させ、さらに、シリカ/アルミナ比が40のMFI型ゼオライト(Coについてのイオン交換可能量は約2.4wt%)45gを加える。この水溶液を5時間撹拌した後に蒸発乾固させ、次いで600℃で焼成することによって、10wt%Co−ゼオライトを得た。次に、この10wt%Co−ゼオライト12.5gと、蒸留水50g、γアルミナ26.5g、セリア10gおよびアルミナゾル10g(1gのアルミナに相当)とをボールミルに入れて粉砕し、スラリーを得た。
第1の触媒2A作製の際の硝酸コバルト六水和物の量を9.3gにすること以外は実施例1と同様にして排気ガス浄化システムを作製した。第1の触媒2Aは、4wt%Co−ゼオライトを含んでいる。
第1の触媒2A作製の際の硝酸コバルト六水和物の量を19.3gにすること以外は実施例1と同様にして排気ガス浄化システムを作製した。第1の触媒2Aは、8wt%Co−ゼオライトを含んでいる。
第1の触媒2A作製の際の硝酸コバルト六水和物の量を55.6gにすること以外は実施例1と同様にして排気ガス浄化システムを作製した。第1の触媒2Aは、20wt%Co−ゼオライトを含んでいる。
第1の触媒2A作製の際のRhの担持量を0g/Lにする(Ptの担持量は1.0g/Lのまま)こと以外は実施例1と同様にして排気ガス浄化システムを作製した。
第1の触媒2A作製の際のRhの担持量を0.2g/Lにする(Ptの担持量は1.0g/Lのまま)こと以外は実施例1と同様にして排気ガス浄化システムを作製した。
第1の触媒2A作製の際の硝酸コバルト六水和物の量を0gにすること以外は実施例1と同様にして排気ガス浄化システムを作製した。第1の触媒2Aは、ゼオライトを含んでいるがCoを含んでいない。
第1の触媒2A作製の際の硝酸コバルト六水和物の量を4.5gにすること以外は実施例1と同様にして排気ガス浄化システムを作製した。第1の触媒2Aは、2wt%Co−ゼオライトを含んでいる。
第1の触媒2A作製の際のMFI型ゼオライトの代わりにγアルミナを用いること以外は実施例1と排気ガス浄化システムを作製した。第1の触媒2Aは、10wt%Co−γアルミナを含んでいる。
2A 第1の触媒
2B 第2の触媒
3 二次空気導入装置
3a 二次空気導入管
3b リードバルブ
4 キャブレタ
5 吸気管
5a 吸気経路
6 エアクリーナ
7 排気管
7a 排気経路
8 消音器
100 自動二輪車
Claims (8)
- 理論空燃比よりも小さい空燃比で燃焼を行う内燃機関と、
前記内燃機関から燃焼ガスを排出する排気経路内に設けられた第1の触媒と、
前記排気経路内において前記第1の触媒よりも下流側に設けられた第2の触媒と、
前記排気経路の、前記第1の触媒と前記第2の触媒との間の部分に二次空気を導入する二次空気導入装置と、を備え、
前記第1の触媒および前記第2の触媒のそれぞれは、Pt、Rh、PdおよびAuの少なくとも1つを含む貴金属成分を含み、
前記第1の触媒は、さらに、ゼオライト担体と、前記ゼオライト担体にイオン交換可能量よりも多く担持されたCoまたはFeと、を含む、鞍乗り型車両。 - 前記ゼオライト担体に対するCoまたはFeの担持量は、イオン交換可能量の2倍以上である、請求項1に記載の鞍乗り型車両。
- 前記ゼオライト担体に対するCoまたはFeの担持量は、25wt%以下である、請求項1または2に記載の鞍乗り型車両。
- 前記ゼオライト担体に対するCoまたはFeの担持量は、20wt%以下である、請求項1または2に記載の鞍乗り型車両。
- 前記第1の触媒は、0.2g/L以上の担持量でRhを含む、請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の鞍乗り型車両。
- 前記内燃機関は、12.5以上14.5以下の空燃比で燃焼を行う、請求項1または5に記載の鞍乗り型車両
- マフラをさらに備え、
前記第1の触媒および前記第2の触媒は前記マフラ内に配置されている請求項1から6のいずれかに記載の鞍乗り型車両。 - 前記第1の触媒は、前記内燃機関から前記排気経路に沿って500mm以上離れている請求項7に記載の鞍乗り型車両。
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2009074888A JP5306871B2 (ja) | 2009-03-25 | 2009-03-25 | 鞍乗り型車両 |
EP09176627.9A EP2233197B1 (en) | 2009-03-25 | 2009-11-20 | Saddle-riding type vehicle |
ES09176627.9T ES2449595T3 (es) | 2009-03-25 | 2009-11-20 | Vehículo de tipo para montar a horcajadas |
CN200910261146A CN101845981A (zh) | 2009-03-25 | 2009-12-28 | 骑乘型车辆 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2009074888A JP5306871B2 (ja) | 2009-03-25 | 2009-03-25 | 鞍乗り型車両 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2010229817A JP2010229817A (ja) | 2010-10-14 |
JP5306871B2 true JP5306871B2 (ja) | 2013-10-02 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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JP2009074888A Active JP5306871B2 (ja) | 2009-03-25 | 2009-03-25 | 鞍乗り型車両 |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2233197B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5306871B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101845981A (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2449595T3 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102465731B (zh) * | 2010-11-05 | 2016-05-04 | 常州光阳摩托车有限公司 | 内燃机的尾气净化*** |
WO2013121636A1 (ja) | 2012-02-15 | 2013-08-22 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 卑金属を利用する排ガス浄化触媒システムとその制御方法 |
CN104005823B (zh) * | 2014-06-06 | 2017-02-15 | 中自环保科技股份有限公司 | 一种用于摩托车尾气处理的催化转化器及其制备方法 |
DE102015219113A1 (de) * | 2015-10-02 | 2017-04-06 | Volkswagen Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Abgasnachbehandlung eines Verbrennungsmotors |
CN107345494A (zh) * | 2016-05-06 | 2017-11-14 | 上汽通用汽车有限公司 | 一种汽车尾气排放后处理*** |
WO2018224064A1 (de) * | 2017-06-06 | 2018-12-13 | Christian Koch | Drei-wege-katalysator |
DE102017115399A1 (de) | 2017-07-10 | 2019-01-10 | Volkswagen Ag | Abgasnachbehandlungssystem und Verfahren zur Abgasnachbehandlung eines Verbrennungsmotors |
EP3511541B1 (en) | 2018-01-15 | 2021-11-03 | AM Group Redback AB | Catalytic converter for classic cars |
KR101977009B1 (ko) * | 2019-02-07 | 2019-05-09 | 정종구 | 매연 저감장치 |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH05168942A (ja) * | 1991-12-20 | 1993-07-02 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | 窒素酸化物浄化触媒 |
US7229597B2 (en) * | 2003-08-05 | 2007-06-12 | Basfd Catalysts Llc | Catalyzed SCR filter and emission treatment system |
US7263826B2 (en) * | 2004-07-13 | 2007-09-04 | Sentec E&E Co., Ltd. | Muffler device with catalysts for improving purifying exhaust gas of nitrogen oxides within a motorcycle exhaust pipe |
JP2006037891A (ja) * | 2004-07-29 | 2006-02-09 | Sentec E & E Co Ltd | オートバイのマフラーの排気通路内において触媒の浄化、窒酸化を高める方法。 |
JP2007245050A (ja) * | 2006-03-17 | 2007-09-27 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | 窒素酸化物吸着材、その製造方法、及びそれを用いた窒素酸化物の除去方法 |
US20080072578A1 (en) * | 2006-09-21 | 2008-03-27 | Kumar Sanath V | Treatment Systems and Methods for Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust Streams |
JP5761917B2 (ja) * | 2007-02-27 | 2015-08-12 | ビーエーエスエフ コーポレーション | 選択的アンモニア酸化用の二官能性触媒 |
ES2338185T3 (es) * | 2007-03-13 | 2010-05-04 | Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha | Sistema de escape y metodo para controlar un motor de un vehiculo del tipo de montar a horcajadas. |
JP5110954B2 (ja) * | 2007-05-09 | 2012-12-26 | エヌ・イーケムキャット株式会社 | 選択還元型触媒を用いた排気ガス浄化触媒装置並びに排気ガス浄化方法 |
BRPI0812314A2 (pt) * | 2007-05-30 | 2014-11-25 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | Dispositivo de exaustão e veículo do tipo de montar |
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2009
- 2009-03-25 JP JP2009074888A patent/JP5306871B2/ja active Active
- 2009-11-20 ES ES09176627.9T patent/ES2449595T3/es active Active
- 2009-11-20 EP EP09176627.9A patent/EP2233197B1/en active Active
- 2009-12-28 CN CN200910261146A patent/CN101845981A/zh active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2233197A2 (en) | 2010-09-29 |
CN101845981A (zh) | 2010-09-29 |
ES2449595T3 (es) | 2014-03-20 |
EP2233197A3 (en) | 2010-11-10 |
EP2233197B1 (en) | 2014-01-22 |
JP2010229817A (ja) | 2010-10-14 |
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