JP5230646B2 - 乾燥条件で燃料電池を作動させる方法 - Google Patents
乾燥条件で燃料電池を作動させる方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5230646B2 JP5230646B2 JP2009542074A JP2009542074A JP5230646B2 JP 5230646 B2 JP5230646 B2 JP 5230646B2 JP 2009542074 A JP2009542074 A JP 2009542074A JP 2009542074 A JP2009542074 A JP 2009542074A JP 5230646 B2 JP5230646 B2 JP 5230646B2
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229920000554 ionomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 38
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 20
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- -1 ethylene, propylene, vinyl Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 6
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 5
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000003709 fluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical compound C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrifluoroethylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)Cl UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000001033 ether group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920005596 polymer binder Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000002491 polymer binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003411 electrode reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorosulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(F)(=O)=O UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000002346 iodo group Chemical group I* 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- NDMMKOCNFSTXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical group FC(F)C(F)=C(F)F NDMMKOCNFSTXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MIZLGWKEZAPEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoroethene Chemical group FC=C(F)F MIZLGWKEZAPEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AYCANDRGVPTASA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromo-1,2,2-trifluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)Br AYCANDRGVPTASA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OMIGHNLMNHATMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound OCCOC(=O)C=C OMIGHNLMNHATMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QMIWYOZFFSLIAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)prop-1-ene Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(=C)C(F)(F)F QMIWYOZFFSLIAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLBJTVDPSNHSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 JLBJTVDPSNHSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000544 Gore-Tex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108091002531 OF-1 protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000071 blow moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- XUCNUKMRBVNAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoroethene Chemical compound FC=C XUCNUKMRBVNAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005429 oxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium persulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006126 semicrystalline polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
- C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
- C08J5/2206—Films, membranes or diaphragms based on organic and/or inorganic macromolecular compounds
- C08J5/2218—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
- C08J5/2231—Synthetic macromolecular compounds based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
- C08J5/2237—Synthetic macromolecular compounds based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds containing fluorine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
- C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
- H01M8/04126—Humidifying
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/1025—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon and oxygen, e.g. polyethers, sulfonated polyetheretherketones [S-PEEK], sulfonated polysaccharides, sulfonated celluloses or sulfonated polyesters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1039—Polymeric electrolyte materials halogenated, e.g. sulfonated polyvinylidene fluorides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1067—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by their physical properties, e.g. porosity, ionic conductivity or thickness
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2327/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2327/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08J2327/12—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
- C08J2327/18—Homopolymers or copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
Description
アノード反応:
H2→2H++2e−
カソード反応:
1/2O2+2H++2e−→H2O
全体の電気化学反応として以下を生じる:
H2+1/2O2→H2O
のコモノマー由来の繰返し単位を含むこれらにより記載されたイオノマーは低い温度耐性を有することが知られており、その結果、これらから調製された膜は65℃を超える温度で長期PEMFC作動に耐えることができない。
(a)実質的にフッ素化された骨格;
(b)式(A)
のイオノマーモノマー由来のペンダント基;および
(c)形態(CA2=CB−O−)の少なくとも2個のビニルエーテル基を有するビニルエーテルモノマー由来のペンダント基(ここで、このビニル基は、4個より多い原子によって隔てられており;Aは、F、Cl、およびHを含む基から独立して選択され;Bは、F、Cl、HおよびORiから独立して選択され、ここで、Riは部分的、実質的または完全にフッ素化または塩素化されていてもよい分枝鎖または直鎖のアルカンである)
を含むフッ素化イオノマーコポリマーであって、
高温の低湿度燃料電池作動のために特に適しているコポリマーが開示される。それにも拘わらず、このようなイオノマーは、高温PEMFC作動において、すなわち、65℃を超える温度において限られた耐久性を示す。
(a)テトラフルオロエチレン(TFE)由来の繰り返し単位および式(M):
(b)カソード;
(c)アノード;
を含み、前記方法が、
(i)最大66%の相対湿度で、電極において気体反応物を供給すること;
(ii)0.05から1.5A/cm2の平均電流密度を維持すること;
および
(iii)65℃を超える平均温度を維持すること
を含む方法である。
また、本発明の文脈の範囲内で、「少なくとも1種の式(M)のモノマー」という言及は、1種または2種以上のモノマー(M)を意味することが意図される。モノマー(M)の混合物は、本発明の目的のために有利に使用することができる。
− C3−C8フルオロおよび/またはペルフルオロオレフィン(例えば、ヘキサフルオロプロペン、ペンタフルオロプロピレン、およびヘキサフルオロイソブチレン);
− C2−C8水素化モノフルオロオレフィン(例えば、フッ化ビニル);
− 1,2−ジフルオロエチレン、フッ化ビニリデンおよびトリフルオロエチレン;
− 式CH2=CH−Rf0(ここで、Rf0は、C1−C6ペルフロオロアルキルである)を満たすペルフルオロアルキルエチレン;
− クロロ−および/またはブロモ−および/またはヨード−C2−C6フルオロオレフィン(クロロトリフルオロエチレンのような);
− 式CF2=CFORf1[ここで、Rf1は、C1−C6フルオロ−またはペルフルオロアルキル(例えば、−CF3、−C2F5、−C3F7)である]を満たすフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル;
− 式CF2=CFOX0[ここで、X0は、1個以上のエーテル基を有するC1−C12オキシアルキル、またはC1−C12(ペル)フルオロオキシアルキル(ペルフルオロ−2−プロポキシ−プロピルのような)である]を満たすフルオロ−オキシアルキルビニルエーテル;
− 式CF2=CFOCF2ORf2[ここで、Rf2は、C1−C6フルオロ−またはペルフルオロアルキル、例えば、−CF3、−C2F5、−C3F7または、1個以上のエーテル基を有するC1−C6(ペル)フルオロアルキル(−C2F5−O−CF3のような)である]を満たすフルオロアルキル−メトキシ−ビニルエーテル;
のフルオロジオキソール。
− C3−C8ペルフルオロオレフィン、好ましくはヘキサフルオロプロピレン(HFP);
− クロロ−および/またはブロモ−および/またはヨード−C2−C6ペル(ハロ)フルオロオレフィン(例えば、クロロトリフルオロエチレン(CTFE)および/またはブロモトリフルオロエチレン);
− 式CF2=CFORf1[ここで、Rf1は、C1−C6ペルフルオロアルキル(例えば、−CF3、−C2F5、−C3F7)である]を満たすペルフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル(PAVE);
− 式CF2=CFOX0[ここで、X0は1個以上のエーテル基を有するC1−C12ペルフルオロオキシアルキル(ペルフルオロ−2−プロポキシ−プロピルのような)である]を満たすペルフルオロ−オキシアルキルビニルエーテル。
(OF−1)
(OF−2)
(OF−3)
の中から選択される少なくとも1個のビス−オレフィン由来の繰返し単位をさらに含み得る。
− 15から20モル%の、−SO2Fまたは−SO2X”形態(ここで、X”は、ハロゲン(Cl、Br、I)、−O−M+の中から選択され、ここで、M+はH+、NH4 +、K+、Li+、Na+、またはその混合物の中から選択されるカチオンである)、好ましくはその−SO3H形態である、式(M1)の少なくとも1種のモノマー由来の繰返し単位;および
− 85から80モル%の、TFE由来の繰り返し単位
を含む(好ましくはそれらのみから本質的になる)TFEコポリマーである。
−アノードでのガス拡散層(GDL);
−カソードでのガス拡散層(GDL);
−電極から電流を集め、反応剤をGDL層に分配するための二極プレート(バイポーラプレート)。
22リットルのオートクレーブ中に、以下の反応物を充填した:
−脱塩水 11.5リットル
−式:CF2=CF−O−CF2CF2−SO2Fで表されるモノマー 980g
−水中CF2ClO(CF2CF(CF3)O)n(CF2O)mCF2COOK(平均分子量521および比n/m=10)の5重量%溶液 3100g。
870g/eqのEWを有するポリマー(I)のラテックス(固体含量=28.5重量%)が得られるように、モノマー(M)量および工程圧力を変更した以外は、実施例1に詳述したとおりの同様の手順に従った。
950g/eqのEWを有するポリマー(I)のラテックス(固体含量=28重量%)が得られるように、モノマー(M)量および工程圧力を変更した以外は、実施例1に詳述したとおりの同様の手順に従った。
上記実験1から実験3で製造した当量800、870、950を有するポリマー(I)のラテックスを、それぞれ、実施例4、比較例5および比較例6によって膜を製造するために使用した。最初に凍結および解凍させることによってラテックスを凝集させ、この凝集ポリマー(I)を水で洗浄し、150℃で40時間乾燥させた。
1.800EWおよび870EWの膜に対して4時間ならびに950EWの膜に対して6時間の合計時間、温度80℃においてKOH10%水溶液処理。
2.室温(25℃)において脱塩水ですすぎ洗い。
3.室温(25℃)において1時間のHNO320%水溶液処理。
4.室温(25℃)において脱塩水ですすぎ洗い。
実施例4ならびに比較例5および比較例6で得られたポリマー(I)(それぞれ、800、870および950のEWを有する)を含む膜を、25cm2の活性面積を有する単一セル(Fuel Cell Technology(登録商標))中に組み込み、Arbin(登録商標)50W試験台上で試験した。表面をポリマー(I)で処理した、Pt含量0.5mg/cm2を有するE−TEK(登録商標)LT250EWガス拡散電極と一緒に、これらの膜を組み込んだ。
−空気化学量論:2.8空気
−水素利用率:0.3(純水素5.5グレード);
−反応物湿度レベル:66%
−セル温度:85℃;
−作動圧力:2.5BarA;
−電圧:全試験中0.6V一定、電流密度値をモニターした。
実施例4(800のEWを有するポリマー(I))および比較例5(870のEWを有するポリマー(I))からの膜をPEMFCにおいて上述したように組み込んだ。
−空気化学量論:2.8空気
−水素利用率:0.3(純水素5.5グレード);
−反応物湿度レベル:100%
−作動温度:75℃;
−反応物出口圧力:2.5Bar(絶対圧)
−空気化学量論:2.8空気
−水素利用率:0.3(純水素5.5グレード);
−反応物湿度レベル:50%
−作動温度:75℃;
−反応物出口圧力:2.5Bar(絶対圧)
米国特許第4433082号明細書(DU PONT(US))(1984年2月21日)に開示されたように、オートクレーブモデルLIMBO350(Buchi Glas Uster)中、温度250℃でポリマー(I)を撹拌することによって、実施例1に記載したように製造したポリマー(I)を水系分散液の調製のために使用した。20重量%の水系分散液を得た。
実施例12(800EW)で作った膜を実施例7に詳述したようにして組み込んだ。
−空気化学量論:2.8空気
−水素利用率:0.3(純水素5.5グレード);
−反応物湿度レベル:50%
−作動温度:85℃;
−反応物出口圧力:2.5Bar(絶対圧)。
−空気化学量論:2.8空気
−水素利用率:0.3(純水素5.5グレード);
−反応物湿度レベル:100%
−作動温度:85℃;
−反応物出口圧力:2.5Bar(絶対圧)。
Claims (6)
- ポリマー電解質膜燃料電池(PEMFC)を作動させる方法であって、
前記PEMFCが
(a)テトラフルオロエチレン(TFE)由来の繰り返し単位および式(M):
(b)カソード;
(c)アノード;
を含み、前記方法が、
(i)最大66%の相対湿度で、電極において気体反応物を供給すること;
(ii)0.05から1.5A/cm2の平均電流密度を維持すること;
および
(iii)65℃を超える平均温度を維持すること
を含み、
平均空気化学量論が、1.2〜3であり、且つ、平均水素利用率が0.25〜1である、方法。 - 前記ポリマー(I)が、TFE(テトラフルオロエチレン)由来の繰り返し単位および式(M1):
- 前記膜が、10〜60μmの厚さを有する、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記方法がOCV(開路電圧)条件において、すなわち排流電流がゼロのときに作動される最大連続期間が10分未満である、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記方法が、最大120℃の平均温度を維持することを含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 相対湿度60%において−20℃での膜の抵抗を80℃での膜の抵抗により除した比が2〜15である、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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