JP5079074B2 - Inverter device with protection circuit - Google Patents

Inverter device with protection circuit Download PDF

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JP5079074B2
JP5079074B2 JP2010280622A JP2010280622A JP5079074B2 JP 5079074 B2 JP5079074 B2 JP 5079074B2 JP 2010280622 A JP2010280622 A JP 2010280622A JP 2010280622 A JP2010280622 A JP 2010280622A JP 5079074 B2 JP5079074 B2 JP 5079074B2
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permanent magnet
synchronous motor
magnet synchronous
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康司 田中
善久 北条
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Toyo Electric Manufacturing Ltd
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Description

本発明は、高速フリーラン中の永久磁石同期電動機を始動するインバータ装置の保護回路に関するもので、直流充電部の回路素子および変換電力出力部の回路素子を破損から保護し、安全に始動する制御装置を提案するものである。   The present invention relates to a protection circuit for an inverter device that starts a permanent magnet synchronous motor during high-speed free-running, and protects the circuit element of a DC charging unit and the circuit element of a converted power output unit from damage and controls to start safely. A device is proposed.

図2に従来技術のブロック図を示し、この図に基づいて従来技術を説明する。   FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of the prior art, and the prior art will be described based on this figure.

インバータ装置2は、直流平滑部12と直流充電部3と変換電力出力部4と電流検出器14と直流電圧検出器15により構成され、電磁接触器13を閉じることにより永久磁石同期電動機1と電気的に導通状態となる。   The inverter device 2 includes a DC smoothing unit 12, a DC charging unit 3, a converted power output unit 4, a current detector 14, and a DC voltage detector 15. By closing the electromagnetic contactor 13, the permanent magnet synchronous motor 1 and electric Therefore, it becomes conductive.

直流平滑部12は、三相交流電源11から入力される交流電力を整流して直流電力を出力する。直流充電部3は、前記の整流された直流電力を充電する。変換電力出力部4は並列に接続されたスイッチング素子と還流ダイオードで構成され、電流制御器9から入力されるスイッチング信号により前記スイッチング素子を動作させ、前記直流電力を任意の電力に変換して永久磁石同期電動機1に供給する。   The DC smoothing unit 12 rectifies AC power input from the three-phase AC power supply 11 and outputs DC power. The DC charging unit 3 charges the rectified DC power. The conversion power output unit 4 is composed of a switching element and a free wheel diode connected in parallel, and operates the switching element in response to a switching signal input from the current controller 9 to convert the DC power into an arbitrary power to be permanent. The magnet synchronous motor 1 is supplied.

電流検出器14は永久磁石同期電動機1の各相の電流を検出する。直流電圧検出器15は直流充電部3の直流電圧を検出する。   The current detector 14 detects the current of each phase of the permanent magnet synchronous motor 1. The DC voltage detector 15 detects the DC voltage of the DC charging unit 3.

回転子磁極位置および速度推定器8は、電流検出器14が検出する電流検出値および直流電圧検出器15が検出する電圧検出値を用いて永久磁石同期電動機1の回転子磁極位置および回転速度を推定する。   The rotor magnetic pole position and speed estimator 8 uses the current detection value detected by the current detector 14 and the voltage detection value detected by the DC voltage detector 15 to determine the rotor magnetic pole position and rotation speed of the permanent magnet synchronous motor 1. presume.

回転子磁極位置および速度推定器8が推定する回転速度推定値が所定の値より高い場合、弱め界磁制御器17は電流指令値16と前記電流検出値と前記電圧検出値と前記回転速度推定値と回転子磁極位置および速度推定器8が推定する回転子磁極位置推定値を用いて永久磁石同期電動機1の端子電圧を抑制するように弱め界磁制御を行い、弱め界磁電流指令値を電流制御器9に出力する。前記回転速度推定値が前記所定の値より低い場合、弱め界磁制御器17は前記弱め界磁制御を行わず、前記弱め界磁電流指令値は電流指令値16と等しい。   When the estimated rotational speed estimated by the rotor magnetic pole position and speed estimator 8 is higher than a predetermined value, the field weakening controller 17 determines the current command value 16, the detected current value, the detected voltage value, and the estimated rotational speed value. Using the rotor pole position estimated value estimated by the rotor pole position and speed estimator 8, field weakening control is performed so as to suppress the terminal voltage of the permanent magnet synchronous motor 1, and the field weakening current command value is set to the current controller 9. Output to. When the estimated rotational speed is lower than the predetermined value, the field weakening controller 17 does not perform the field weakening control, and the field weakening current command value is equal to the current command value 16.

電流制御器9は前記弱め界磁電流指令値と前記電流検出値と前記電圧検出値と前記回転子磁極位置推定値と前記回転速度推定値を用いて電圧指令を生成し、該電圧指令から変換電力出力部4のスイッチング素子を操作するスイッチング信号を出力する。   The current controller 9 generates a voltage command using the field weakening current command value, the current detection value, the voltage detection value, the rotor magnetic pole position estimation value, and the rotation speed estimation value, and converts the voltage command from the voltage command. A switching signal for operating the switching element of the power output unit 4 is output.

以下に、始動の手順について説明する。   Hereinafter, the starting procedure will be described.

電磁接触器13を閉じてインバータ装置2と永久磁石同期電動機1を導通状態とする。   The electromagnetic contactor 13 is closed to bring the inverter device 2 and the permanent magnet synchronous motor 1 into a conductive state.

回転子磁極位置および速度推定器8は、電流検出器14が検出する電流検出値および直流電圧検出器15が検出する電圧検出値を用いて永久磁石同期電動機1の回転子磁極位置および回転速度を推定する。   The rotor magnetic pole position and speed estimator 8 uses the current detection value detected by the current detector 14 and the voltage detection value detected by the DC voltage detector 15 to determine the rotor magnetic pole position and rotation speed of the permanent magnet synchronous motor 1. presume.

回転子磁極位置および回転速度の推定法には、たとえば、特許文献1および特許文献2記載のような手法がある。   As a method for estimating the rotor magnetic pole position and the rotation speed, there are methods as described in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2, for example.

永久磁石同期電動機1が高速フリーランしており、永久磁石同期電動機1の回転により生じる起電力により永久磁石同期電動機1の端子電圧が直流充電部3の電圧よりきわめて高い状態において、永久磁石同期電動機1からインバータ装置2の回路に過大な電流が流れる。   The permanent magnet synchronous motor 1 is free-running at high speed, and the permanent magnet synchronous motor 1 is in a state where the terminal voltage of the permanent magnet synchronous motor 1 is much higher than the voltage of the DC charging unit 3 due to the electromotive force generated by the rotation of the permanent magnet synchronous motor 1. An excessive current flows from 1 to the circuit of the inverter device 2.

このとき、前記の過大な電流が変換電力出力部4の還流ダイオードを流れ、変換電力出力部4の回路素子または直流充電部3の回路素子を焼損などにより破損する恐れがある。   At this time, the excessive current flows through the return diode of the converted power output unit 4, and the circuit element of the converted power output unit 4 or the circuit element of the DC charging unit 3 may be damaged by burning or the like.

特開2010−11571号公報JP 2010-11571 A 特開2002−58283号公報JP 2002-58283 A

解決しようとする問題点は、永久磁石同期電動機が高速フリーラン中で該永久磁石同期電動機の端子電圧が直流充電部よりきわめて高い場合、電磁接触器を閉じて前記永久磁石同期電動機とインバータ装置が導通状態となったとき、変換電力出力部の回路素子または直流充電部の回路素子に過大な電流が流れることにより焼損するなど破損する恐れがある点である。   The problem to be solved is that when the permanent magnet synchronous motor is in a high speed free run and the terminal voltage of the permanent magnet synchronous motor is extremely higher than the DC charging unit, the electromagnetic contactor is closed and the permanent magnet synchronous motor and the inverter device are When the conductive state is established, there is a risk that the circuit element of the converted power output unit or the circuit element of the DC charging unit may be damaged due to an excessive current flowing.

請求項1の発明によれば、直流平滑部と、直流充電部と、並列に接続されたスイッチング素子と還流ダイオードにより構成される変換電力出力部と、電流検出器と、直流電圧検出器により構成され、電磁接触器を閉じることにより永久磁石同期電動機と電気的に導通状態となり、前記電流検出器が検出する電流検出値と前記直流電圧検出器が検出する電圧検出値を用いて前記永久磁石同期電動機の回転子磁極位置および回転速度を推定する回転子磁極位置および速度推定器を有し、電流指令値と前記電流検出値と前記電圧検出値と前記回転子磁極位置および速度推定器が推定する回転子磁極位置推定値と回転速度推定値を用いて弱め界磁制御を行う弱め界磁制御器を有し、前記電流検出値と前記電圧検出値と前記回転子磁極位置推定値と前記回転速度推定値と前記弱め界磁制御器が出力する弱め界磁制御電流指令値を用いて前記変換電力出力部のスイッチング素子を操作するスイッチング信号を出力する電流制御器を有するインバータ装置において、前記直流充電部と前記変換電力出力部の間の直流電流が流れる回路の高電位側の回路に直列に抵抗を接続し、スイッチをオンすると前記変換電力出力部から前記直流充電部に向かう直流電流が流れる回路が成立するトランジスタを前記抵抗に並列に接続し、前記直流充電部から前記変換電力出力部に向かう方向を順方向として動作するダイオードを前記抵抗に並列に接続した回路を具備することを特徴とする保護回路付きインバータ装置。   According to the first aspect of the present invention, a DC smoothing unit, a DC charging unit, a conversion power output unit composed of a switching element and a reflux diode connected in parallel, a current detector, and a DC voltage detector are included. The permanent magnet synchronous motor is electrically connected to the permanent magnet synchronous motor by closing the electromagnetic contactor, and the permanent magnet synchronization is performed using the current detection value detected by the current detector and the voltage detection value detected by the DC voltage detector. A rotor magnetic pole position and speed estimator for estimating the rotor magnetic pole position and the rotational speed of the electric motor are provided, and the current command value, the current detection value, the voltage detection value, the rotor magnetic pole position and the speed estimator are estimated. A field weakening controller that performs field weakening control using the rotor magnetic pole position estimated value and the rotational speed estimated value, and the current detection value, the voltage detection value, the rotor magnetic pole position estimation value, and the In an inverter device having a current controller that outputs a switching signal for operating a switching element of the converted power output unit using a rotation speed estimated value and a field weakening control current command value output from the field weakening controller, the DC charging unit, When a resistor is connected in series to the circuit on the high potential side of the circuit through which the direct current flows between the converted power output units and the switch is turned on, a circuit in which a direct current from the converted power output unit to the direct current charging unit flows is established. A protection circuit comprising: a transistor connected in parallel with the resistor; and a diode connected in parallel with the resistor that operates in a forward direction from the DC charging unit toward the converted power output unit. With inverter device.

請求項2の発明によれば、前記永久磁石同期電動機が高速フリーラン中で、前記永久磁石同期電動機の回転により生じる起電力により前記永久磁石同期電動機の端子電圧が前記直流充電部よりきわめて高い状態において、前記トランジスタをオフした後に前記電磁接触器を閉じて前記永久磁石同期電動機と電気的に導通状態となり、前記電流検出値と前記電圧検出値を用いて前記回転子磁極位置および速度推定器が前記回転子磁極位置推定値および前記回転速度推定値を演算し、その後前記電流指令値と前記電流検出値と前記電圧検出値と前記回転子磁極位置推定値と前記回転速度推定値を用いて前記弱め界磁制御器が前記弱め界磁制御を開始し、その後前記トランジスタをオンし、前記電流検出値と前記電圧検出値と前記弱め界磁制御器が出力する弱め界磁電流指令値を用いて前記電流制御器が前記スイッチング信号を出力し前記永久磁石同期電動機の運転を開始する機能を具備することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の保護回路付きインバータ装置。   According to the invention of claim 2, the permanent magnet synchronous motor is in a high speed free run, and the terminal voltage of the permanent magnet synchronous motor is extremely higher than the DC charging unit due to the electromotive force generated by the rotation of the permanent magnet synchronous motor. In this case, after the transistor is turned off, the electromagnetic contactor is closed to be electrically connected to the permanent magnet synchronous motor, and the rotor magnetic pole position and speed estimator are configured using the current detection value and the voltage detection value. The rotor magnetic pole position estimated value and the rotational speed estimated value are calculated, and then the current command value, the current detected value, the voltage detected value, the rotor magnetic pole position estimated value, and the rotational speed estimated value are used. The field weakening controller starts the field weakening control, and then turns on the transistor. The current detection value, the voltage detection value, and the field weakening controller The protection circuit according to claim 1, wherein the current controller outputs a switching signal by using a weak field current command value to be applied and starts operation of the permanent magnet synchronous motor. Inverter device.

本発明は、上記の課題を解決するため、直流充電部と変換電力出力部の間の直流電流が流れる回路の高電位側の回路に直列に抵抗を接続し、スイッチをオンすると前記変換電力出力部から前記直流充電部に向かう直流電流が流れる回路が成立するトランジスタを前記抵抗に並列に接続し、前記直流充電部から前記変換電力出力部に向かう方向を順方向として動作するダイオードを前記抵抗に並列に接続した回路を具備することを特徴とする。   In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, the present invention connects a resistor in series to a circuit on the high potential side of a circuit through which a direct current flows between a direct current charging unit and a converted power output unit, and when the switch is turned on, the converted power output A transistor that establishes a circuit through which a direct current flowing from the direct current to the direct current charging unit flows is connected in parallel to the resistor, and a diode that operates in a forward direction from the direct current charging unit to the converted power output unit is used as the resistance A circuit connected in parallel is provided.

本発明は、永久磁石同期電動機が高速フリーラン中であっても、インバータ装置の回路の破損を防ぎ、安全に始動することができるという利点がある。   The present invention has an advantage that even if the permanent magnet synchronous motor is in a high-speed free run, the circuit of the inverter device is prevented from being damaged and can be started safely.

本発明の一実施方法を示した説明図である。(実施例1)It is explanatory drawing which showed one implementation method of this invention. Example 1 従来の技術を示した説明図である。It is explanatory drawing which showed the prior art.

以下、本発明の実施の形態について、詳細に説明する。   Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.

図1は、本発明装置の一実施例のブロック図である。図2の従来技術と異なるのは、直流回路部の高電位側に直列に接続された抵抗5と、抵抗5に並列に接続されスイッチをオンすると変換電力出力部4から直流充電部3に向かう直流電流が流れる経路が成立するトランジスタ6と、抵抗5に並列に接続され直流充電部3から変換電力出力部4に向かう方向を順方向として動作するダイオード7と、トランジスタ6のスイッチを操作する信号を出力する保護回路10である。   FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention. 2 differs from the prior art of FIG. 2 in that the resistor 5 is connected in series to the high potential side of the DC circuit unit, and the switch 5 is connected in parallel to the resistor 5 and the converted power output unit 4 goes to the DC charging unit 3 A transistor 6 that establishes a path through which a direct current flows, a diode 7 that is connected in parallel to the resistor 5 and that operates in a forward direction from the direct current charging unit 3 to the converted power output unit 4, and a signal that operates a switch of the transistor 6 Is a protection circuit 10 that outputs.

以下に、始動時の動作について説明する。   Hereinafter, the operation at the time of starting will be described.

トランジスタ6をオフし、変換電力出力部4のスイッチング素子を全てオフした状態で電磁接触器13オンする。   The magnetic contactor 13 is turned on in a state where the transistor 6 is turned off and all the switching elements of the converted power output unit 4 are turned off.

永久磁石同期電動機1が高速フリーラン中で、永久磁石同期電動機1の端子電圧が直流充電部3の電圧より高い場合、永久磁石同期電動機1の端子から抵抗5に電流が流れ、電圧降下により変換電力出力部4と直流充電部3へ流れる電流を制限する。これにより、変換電力出力部4の回路素子および直流充電部3の回路素子に過大な電流が流れるのを防止する。   When the permanent magnet synchronous motor 1 is in a high speed free run and the terminal voltage of the permanent magnet synchronous motor 1 is higher than the voltage of the DC charging unit 3, current flows from the terminal of the permanent magnet synchronous motor 1 to the resistor 5 and is converted by a voltage drop. The current flowing to the power output unit 4 and the DC charging unit 3 is limited. This prevents an excessive current from flowing through the circuit element of the converted power output unit 4 and the circuit element of the DC charging unit 3.

回転子磁極位置および速度推定器8は、電流検出器14が検出する電流検出値および直流電圧検出器15が検出する電圧検出値を用いて永久磁石同期電動機1の回転子磁極位置および回転速度を推定する。   The rotor magnetic pole position and speed estimator 8 uses the current detection value detected by the current detector 14 and the voltage detection value detected by the DC voltage detector 15 to determine the rotor magnetic pole position and rotation speed of the permanent magnet synchronous motor 1. presume.

回転子磁極位置および速度推定器8が推定する回転速度推定値が所定の値より高い場合、弱め界磁制御器17は電流指令値16と前記電流検出値と前記電圧検出値と前記回転速度推定値と回転子磁極位置および速度推定器8が推定する回転速度推定値を用いて弱め界磁制御を行い、弱め界磁電流指令値を電流制御器9に出力する。   When the estimated rotational speed estimated by the rotor magnetic pole position and speed estimator 8 is higher than a predetermined value, the field weakening controller 17 determines the current command value 16, the detected current value, the detected voltage value, and the estimated rotational speed value. The field weakening control is performed using the rotor magnetic pole position and the rotational speed estimated value estimated by the speed estimator 8, and the field weakening current command value is output to the current controller 9.

永久磁石同期電動機1の端子電圧は前記弱め界磁制御により抑制され、前記電流検出値が所定の値より小さくなれば、保護回路10はトランジスタ6をオンする。   The terminal voltage of the permanent magnet synchronous motor 1 is suppressed by the field weakening control, and the protection circuit 10 turns on the transistor 6 when the detected current value becomes smaller than a predetermined value.

電流制御器9は前記電流検出値と前記電圧検出値と前記回転子磁極位置推定値と前記回転速度推定値と前記弱め界磁電流指令値を用いて電圧指令を生成し、該電圧指令から変換電力出力部4のスイッチング素子を操作するスイッチング信号を出力する。   The current controller 9 generates a voltage command using the current detection value, the voltage detection value, the rotor magnetic pole position estimation value, the rotation speed estimation value, and the field weakening current command value, and converts the voltage command from the voltage command. A switching signal for operating the switching element of the power output unit 4 is output.

よって、本発明は、高速フリーラン中の永久磁石同期電動機1を始動する際に変換電力出力部4の回路素子および直流充電部3の回路素子が過大な電流により破損することを防止するという課題を解決することができる。   Therefore, the present invention prevents the circuit element of the converted power output unit 4 and the circuit element of the DC charging unit 3 from being damaged by an excessive current when starting the permanent magnet synchronous motor 1 during the high speed free run. Can be solved.

高速フリーラン中の永久磁石同期電動機を始動する際、インバータ装置の回路の破損を簡便に防ぐことができる。   When starting the permanent magnet synchronous motor during the high speed free run, it is possible to easily prevent the circuit of the inverter device from being damaged.

1 永久磁石同期電動機
2 インバータ装置
21 インバータ装置
3 直流充電部
4 変換電力出力部
5 抵抗
6 トランジスタ
7 ダイオード
8 回転子磁極位置および速度推定器
9 電流制御器
10 保護装置
11 三相交流電源
12 直流平滑部
13 電磁接触器
14 電流検出器
15 直流電圧検出器
16 電流指令値
17 弱め界磁制御器
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Permanent magnet synchronous motor 2 Inverter apparatus 21 Inverter apparatus 3 DC charging part 4 Conversion electric power output part 5 Resistance 6 Transistor 7 Diode 8 Rotor magnetic pole position and speed estimator 9 Current controller 10 Protection apparatus 11 Three-phase alternating current power supply 12 DC smoothing Part 13 Magnetic contactor 14 Current detector 15 DC voltage detector 16 Current command value 17 Field weakening controller

Claims (2)

直流平滑部と、直流充電部と、並列に接続されたスイッチング素子と還流ダイオードにより構成される変換電力出力部と、電流検出器と、直流電圧検出器により構成され、電磁接触器を閉じることにより永久磁石同期電動機と電気的に導通状態となり、前記電流検出器が検出する電流検出値と前記直流電圧検出器が検出する電圧検出値を用いて前記永久磁石同期電動機の回転子磁極位置および回転速度を推定する回転子磁極位置および速度推定器を有し、電流指令値と前記電流検出値と前記電圧検出値と前記回転子磁極位置および速度推定器が推定する回転子磁極位置推定値と回転速度推定値を用いて弱め界磁制御を行う弱め界磁制御器を有し、前記電流検出値と前記電圧検出値と前記回転子磁極位置推定値と前記回転速度推定値と前記弱め界磁制御器が出力する弱め界磁制御電流指令値を用いて前記変換電力出力部のスイッチング素子を操作するスイッチング信号を出力する電流制御器を有するインバータ装置において、前記直流充電部と前記変換電力出力部の間の直流電流が流れる回路の高電位側の回路に直列に抵抗を接続し、スイッチをオンすると前記変換電力出力部から前記直流充電部に向かう直流電流が流れる回路が成立するトランジスタを前記抵抗に並列に接続し、前記直流充電部から前記変換電力出力部に向かう方向を順方向として動作するダイオードを前記抵抗に並列に接続した回路を具備することを特徴とする保護回路付きインバータ装置。   Consists of a DC smoothing unit, a DC charging unit, a conversion power output unit composed of a switching element and a reflux diode connected in parallel, a current detector, and a DC voltage detector, and by closing the electromagnetic contactor A rotor magnetic pole position and a rotational speed of the permanent magnet synchronous motor that are electrically connected to the permanent magnet synchronous motor and that use the current detection value detected by the current detector and the voltage detection value detected by the DC voltage detector. A rotor magnetic pole position and speed estimator for estimating the current command value, the current detection value, the voltage detection value, the rotor magnetic pole position and the speed estimator. A field-weakening controller that performs field-weakening control using the estimated value, the current detection value, the voltage detection value, the rotor magnetic pole position estimation value, the rotation speed estimation value, and the weakening In an inverter device having a current controller that outputs a switching signal for operating a switching element of the converted power output unit using a field weakening control current command value output by the magnetic controller, the DC charging unit and the converted power output unit A resistor is connected in series to a circuit on the high potential side of a circuit through which a direct current flows between, and when the switch is turned on, a transistor in which a circuit through which a direct current flows from the converted power output unit to the direct current charging unit is established as the resistor An inverter device with a protection circuit, comprising: a circuit connected in parallel, and a diode operating in a forward direction from the DC charging unit toward the converted power output unit, and connected in parallel to the resistor. 前記永久磁石同期電動機が高速フリーラン中で、前記永久磁石同期電動機の回転により生じる起電力により前記永久磁石同期電動機の端子電圧が前記直流充電部よりきわめて高い状態において、前記トランジスタをオフした後に前記電磁接触器を閉じて前記永久磁石同期電動機と電気的に導通状態となり、前記電流検出値と前記電圧検出値を用いて前記回転子磁極位置および速度推定器が前記回転子磁極位置推定値および前記回転速度推定値を演算し、その後前記電流指令値と前記電流検出値と前記電圧検出値と前記回転子磁極位置推定値と前記回転速度推定値を用いて前記弱め界磁制御器が前記弱め界磁制御を開始し、その後前記トランジスタをオンし、前記電流検出値と前記電圧検出値と前記弱め界磁制御器が出力する弱め界磁電流指令値を用いて前記電流制御器が前記スイッチング信号を出力し前記永久磁石同期電動機の運転を開始する機能を具備することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の保護回路付きインバータ装置。
The permanent magnet synchronous motor is in a high speed free run, and the terminal voltage of the permanent magnet synchronous motor is extremely higher than the DC charging unit due to the electromotive force generated by the rotation of the permanent magnet synchronous motor. The electromagnetic contactor is closed and is electrically connected to the permanent magnet synchronous motor, and the rotor magnetic pole position and speed estimator are used to detect the rotor magnetic pole position estimated value and the voltage detected value using the detected current value and the detected voltage value. The rotation speed estimation value is calculated, and then the field weakening controller starts the field weakening control using the current command value, the current detection value, the voltage detection value, the rotor magnetic pole position estimation value, and the rotation speed estimation value. Then, the transistor is turned on, and the current detection value, the voltage detection value, and the field weakening current command output by the field weakening controller Protection circuit with an inverter apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the current controller is characterized by including a function to start operation of outputting the switching signal the permanent magnet synchronous motor used.
JP2010280622A 2010-12-16 2010-12-16 Inverter device with protection circuit Expired - Fee Related JP5079074B2 (en)

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