JP5010793B2 - Method and apparatus for introducing intracellularly introduced substance into animal cells using electroinjection method - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for introducing intracellularly introduced substance into animal cells using electroinjection method Download PDF

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JP5010793B2
JP5010793B2 JP2002200223A JP2002200223A JP5010793B2 JP 5010793 B2 JP5010793 B2 JP 5010793B2 JP 2002200223 A JP2002200223 A JP 2002200223A JP 2002200223 A JP2002200223 A JP 2002200223A JP 5010793 B2 JP5010793 B2 JP 5010793B2
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JP2004041023A (en
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俊彦 藤森
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National Institute of Japan Science and Technology Agency
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12MAPPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M35/00Means for application of stress for stimulating the growth of microorganisms or the generation of fermentation or metabolic products; Means for electroporation or cell fusion
    • C12M35/02Electrical or electromagnetic means, e.g. for electroporation or for cell fusion
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12MAPPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M35/00Means for application of stress for stimulating the growth of microorganisms or the generation of fermentation or metabolic products; Means for electroporation or cell fusion

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、電場を用いた細胞内導入物質の動物細胞内への導入方法(電気注入法)及びそのための装置、特には、外来遺伝子のような遺伝物質を動物の胚のような動物細胞内へ導入するに際して、電場を形成させ、細胞内導入物質の電気泳動により、細胞内導入物質を動物細胞内に導入する細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入方法及びそのための装置に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、遺伝子や蛋白質のような生体高分子からなる細胞内導入物質を動物生体組織や細胞内に導入するには、ガラス針を動物細胞又は組織細胞にさして該細胞内導入物質を注入するマイクロインジェクション法が利用されている(発生工学実験マニュアル、講談社)。また、同様に物理機械的操作によって遺伝子や蛋白質のような細胞内導入物質を動物生体組織や細胞内に導入する方法として、電気パルスを印加することによって細胞膜に穴を開けるエレクトロポーレーション法が知られている(EMBO J.,1(1982),841-845;Gene,96(1990),23-28)。
【0003】
これらの細胞内導入物質を動物細胞内へ導入する方法において、一般的には、その操作が直接的であり、かつ簡便であることから、通常マイクロインジェクション法が利用されている。マイクロインジェクション法は、中空状のガラスキャピラリーを注入針として用いて、細胞内導入物質を動物細胞内へ導入する。例えば、トランスジェニック動物の作製に際して、外来遺伝子のような細胞内導入遺伝物質を動物の胚等に導入するには、ガラスキャピラリー内に保持した細胞内導入遺伝物質の溶液を、空気或いは油圧によって操作することにより、細胞内へ注入することが行われる。しかし、この方法は、細胞内導入物質を保持している溶液等を細胞内導入物質と一緒に細胞内へ送り込むため、その量の増大により細胞内導入物質が導入された細胞に大きな負荷がかかったり、或いは細胞を破壊したりして、細胞内導入物質の導入が確実に行えないという問題があった。したがって、マイクロインジェクション法によって、細胞内導入物質を細胞内に導入するに際しては、微量の細胞内導入物質を細胞内へ注入する必要があるが、その操作は難しく、熟練者でないと効率の良い注入ができないという問題があった。
【0004】
そこで、微量の細胞内導入物質の細胞内への導入を可能とするために、いくつかの方法が開発されている。例えば、特開平2−269583号公報及び特開平3−119989号公報には、先端に慣性体を取り付けた圧電素子又は電歪素子を摩擦面に置かれた移動体に取り付け、該圧電素子又は電歪素子に電界を加えることにより圧電素子又は電歪素子を運動させ、この運動エネルギーと慣性体の慣性作用及び前記移動体に作用する反力を利用し移動体を微小駆動させる微小駆動力発生体を利用して、動作の操作精度の高いマイクロマニピュレーターが開示されている。
【0005】
また、特開平6−343478号公報には、微動な動作が可能な位置決め装置に固定した針の先に、予め細胞に注入したい物質を電着法により塗布しておき、該針を細胞に近づけゆっくりと挿入し、該針とは別の針を、該針とは反対側から挿入し、両方の針の間に電源から電圧を加えることにより電着固定した物質を細胞内に開放することによってマイクロインジェクションを行う方法が開示されている。更に、特開平8−322568号公報には、前核期受精卵の前核内にDNAを顕微注入するに当たり、前核期受精卵の核膜にDNAを入れた注入ピペットの針先を圧し当てた後、針先に微振動を与えることにより核膜を貫通させてDNAを注入する方法が開示されている。
【0006】
一方で、マイクロインジェクションにより細胞内に導入する物質を、試料溶液として細胞内に導入する場合に、細胞への負荷を軽減するために、導入物質を電気泳動により移動させて、注入する方法が提案されている。該方法は、マイクロインジェクションに用いるガラスキャピラリーインジェクターにおける試料に、電圧を印加して、試料を電気泳動により移動させて微量の試料のみを細胞内に移動し、注入する方法である。特開平5−192171号公報には、細胞内への試料の導入を行うガラスキャピラリーの両端に高電圧を印加することにより、荷電した物質を電気泳動させて、細胞内に導入する方法が開示されている。しかし、この開示された方法では、電極がガラスキャピラリー外の両端に位置しているため、試料導入に際しての微妙なコントロールが難しいという問題がある。
【0007】
更に、電気泳動を用いたマイクロインジェクション法に関して、Cecilca W. Loらの報告がある。Loらの報告の方法は、「イオン電気導入法(Iontophoretic microinjection)」と称して、マウスの組織培養細胞やマウスの胚に、DNAを導入して形質転換を行うに際して、パルス電流のような電流を用いて、注入用のマイクロピペットから、導入細胞内へDNAを導入する方法(ミクロ電気泳動と呼ぶ)が報告されている(Mol. Cell. Biol., 3(10)(1983), 1803-14、Mouse Genome. 90(4)(1992), 684-686)。しかし、これらの報告には、具体的方法やそれに用いた装置の具体的なものは、開示されていない。
【0008】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の課題は、動物の細胞や受精卵等に、細胞内導入物質を導入する場合に、細胞内導入物質が導入される細胞の負荷を減少させ、容易かつ確実に細胞内導入物質を導入できる方法及び装置を提供すること、特には、外来遺伝子のような遺伝物質を動物の細胞や胚のような動物細胞内へ、遺伝物質のような細胞内導入物質を導入するに際して、従来用いられているマイクロインジェクション法のような方法の問題点を解消して、細胞内導入物質が導入される細胞の負荷を減少させると共に、容易かつ確実に細胞内導入物質を導入できる実用上有用な方法及び装置を提供することにある。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記課題を解決するために、本発明者は従来動物細胞内への細胞内導入物質の導入に用いられてきたマイクロインジェクション法を利用して、この方法に細胞内導入物質を電気泳動により移動する方法を適用し、細胞内導入物質を動物細胞内に、細胞の過剰な負荷を生ずることなく、容易かつ確実に導入できる実用的な方法及び装置を開発した。本発明の方法によれば、例えば、トランスジェニック動物の作製に際して、外来遺伝子のような遺伝物質を胚に導入する場合に、微量の遺伝物質を直接、胚の核内に注入し、確実に遺伝物質を胚に導入にすることができる。
【0010】
すなわち本発明は、細胞内導入物質導入針のガラスピペット内に設置された一方の電極と、細胞内導入物質導入細胞の細胞外に位置し、細胞内導入物質導入針による細胞内導入物質の細胞内導入方向に設置された細胞内導入物質導入細胞保持用ピペット内に設置されたもう一方の電極の間に、電場を形成させ、細胞内導入物質の電気泳動により、細胞内導入物質を動物細胞内に導入することを特徴とするイン ビトロにおける細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入方法(請求項1)や、二つの電極の間に形成される電場が、電気パルスにより形成される電場であることを特徴とする請求項1記載のイン ビトロにおける細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入方法導入方法(請求項2)や、電極の間に形成される電場が、方形パルス発生装置により形成され、電圧、電気パルスの通電時間、パルスの切断時間、パルスの回数を変更することにより、細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入を調整可能としたことを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載のイン ビトロにおける細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入方法(請求項3)や、細胞内導入物質が、外来遺伝子であることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか記載のイン ビトロにおける細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入方法(請求項4)や、請求項1記載の細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入方法を用い、非ヒト動物の胚の核に、細胞内導入物質を直接注入することを特徴とする細胞内導入物質の非ヒト動物細胞への導入方法(請求項5)や、動物の胚が置かれている注入用チャンバー内及び細胞内導入物質導入細胞保持用ピペット内を、非ヒト動物細胞培養用液体培地で満たし、注入用ピペット内には導入に用いるDNA溶液で満たしたことを特徴とする請求項5記載の細胞内導入物質の非ヒト動物細胞への導入方法(請求項6)からなる。
【0011】
また本発明は、ガラスピペット内に、方形電気パルス発生装置に接続した一方の白金電極を設置した細胞内導入物質導入用導入針と、細胞内導入物質導入細胞の細胞外に位置し、細胞内導入物質導入針による細胞内導入物質の細胞内導入方向に設置された、ホルダー内に方形電気パルス発生装置に接続したもう一方の白金電極を設置した細胞内導入物質導入細胞保持用ピペットホルダーを装備した細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入装置(請求項7)や、細胞内導入物質導入用導入針を、該導入針を動作するための注入用油圧インジェクターへ、細胞内導入物質導入細胞保持用ピペットホルダーを、該ピペットホルダーを動作するための保持用油圧インジェクターへ連結したことを特徴とする請求項7記載の細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入装置(請求項8)や、ピペットホルダーが、ピペットホルダーの途中に穴をあけ、白金電極を通し、油圧がもれないように樹脂で封入してあり、ホルダーの両端からのみオイルが通過するように作製されていることを特徴とする請求項8記載の細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入装置(請求項9)や、白金電極の長さを、電極の先端部がピペットの先端部に到達する長さにし、ホルダーを金属製とし、絶縁のためにホルダー全体を樹脂コーティングしたことを特徴とする請求項7〜9のいずれか記載の細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入装置(請求項10)や、導入針及び保持用ピペット内に設置された二つの電極は、方形パルス発生装置に連結されており、電圧、電気パルスの通電時間、パルスの切断時間、パルスの回数を変更可能にされており、細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入を調整できるようにされていることを特徴とする請求項7〜10のいずれか記載の細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入装置(請求項11)や、導入針及び保持用ピペット内に設置された二つの電極は、陰極及び陽極が相互に変換可能に設けられていることを特徴とする請求項11記載の細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入装置(請求項12)からなる。
【0012】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入方法は、導入針や保持用ピペットの構造部分を除いて、従来から用いられているマイクロインジェクションの装置を用いて実施することができる。本発明の方法は、動物細胞や動物の胚のような細胞内に、DNA遺伝物質のような細胞内導入物質を動物細胞へ導入するに際して、細胞内導入物質導入針のガラスピペット内に設置された一方の電極と、細胞内導入物質導入細胞の細胞外に位置し、細胞内導入物質導入針による細胞内導入物質の細胞内導入方向(導入方向延長線上)に設置されたもう一方の電極の間に、電場を形成させ、細胞内導入物質の電気泳動により、細胞内導入物質を動物細胞内に導入することにより、細胞内導入物質を該物質が導入される細胞内へ、細胞の過剰な負荷を生ずることなく、容易かつ確実に導入することよりなる。
【0013】
該方法において、細胞内導入物質導入細胞の細胞外に位置し、細胞内導入物質導入針による細胞内導入物質の動物細胞内導入方向に設置されたもう一方の電極は、通常、細胞内導入物質導入細胞の細胞外に位置した保持用ピペット内に設置された電極が用いられる。動物細胞が置かれている注入用チャンバー内及び保持用ピペット内を、動物細胞培養用液体培地で満たし、注入用ピペット内は導入物質の溶液で満たす。細胞内導入物質の導入に際しては、上記のように導入針内に導入物質をセットし、細胞を保持用ピペットで保持すると共に、該導入物質をセットした導入針を保持用ピペットで保持した細胞に突き刺す。その後、導入針及び保持用ピペット内に設置された二つの電極の間に、接続された電気パルス発生装置からの電気パルスにより電場を形成させ、そのパルス電流により導入物質を電気泳動させて移動することにより、導入物質を細胞内へ導入する。
【0014】
この場合、使用する電気パルスとしては、より低い電圧での実施が可能で、細胞への負荷がかからないということから、方形パルスを使用するのが望ましい。
本発明においては、二つの電極の間に形成する電場の電気パルス発生装置として、方形パルス発生装置を用い、電圧、電気パルスの通電時間、パルスの切断時間、パルスの回数を変更・調整可能とすることにより、動物細胞内導入物質の細胞内導入を、極微量に、再現性良く、確実に導入することを可能としている。
例えば、本発明の方法により、動物の胚に外来遺伝子を導入する場合には、その導入に際して胚に与えるダメージが小さいことから、遺伝子を直接胚の核内に注入することが可能である。
【0015】
本発明の方法を実施するに当たっては、本発明の方法は、電気泳動により、細胞内導入物質の荷電状態によって、その移動を行うものであるから、細胞内導入物質の溶液は、導入する物質によって、バッファー等の利用により適宜pHを調整して、導入物質の荷電状態を調整することにより実施することができる。本発明の方法を実施するに際してのその他の試料の調製や操作の条件は、従来のマイクロインジェクション法で用いられているものを適宜使用することができる。
【0016】
本発明の装置は、全体的には従来動物細胞や受精卵への遺伝子等の導入物質の導入に用いられていたマイクロインジェクションの装置を利用することができる。
本発明においては、該マイクロインジェクションの装置において、特に、導入物質導入用導入針部や導入細胞保持用ピペットホルダーのような細胞内導入物質導入部を新しく開発して、細胞内導入物質を電気泳動を用いて、極微量で、定量的な導入が可能な新規な細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入装置を構築した。本発明の細胞内導入物質導入部は、基本的には、ガラスピペット内に、方形電気パルス発生装置に接続した一方の白金電極を設置した細胞内導入物質導入用導入針と、ホルダー内に方形電気パルス発生装置に接続したもう一方の白金電極を設置した細胞内導入物質導入細胞保持用ピペットホルダーを装備した構造よりなる。
【0017】
細胞内導入物質導入用導入針は、該導入針を動作するための注入用油圧インジェクターへ、細胞内導入物質導入細胞保持用ピペットホルダーは、該ピペットホルダーを動作するための保持用油圧インジェクターへ連結されている。細胞保持用ピペットホルダーは、ピペットホルダーの途中に穴をあけ、白金電極を通し、油圧がもれないように樹脂で封入してある構造であり、ホルダーの両端からのみオイルが通過するように作製されている。白金電極の長さは、電極の先端部がピペットの先端部に到達する長さにし、ホルダーを金属製とし、絶縁のためにホルダー全体を樹脂コーティングしている。
【0018】
本発明の装置において、導入針及び保持用ピペット内に設置された二つの電極は、方形パルス発生装置に連結されており、電圧、電気パルスの通電時間、パルスの切断時間、パルスの回数を変更可能にして、細胞内導入物質の細胞内導入を調整できるようにされている。更に、導入針及び保持用ピペット内に設置された二つの電極は、陰極及び陽極が相互に変換可能に設けることができる。導入針及び保持用ピペット内に設置された二つの電極は、通常、導入針すなわち注入用ピペット側が陰極、保持用ピペット側が陽極にセットし、通電により細胞内導入物質を泳動させて、注入用ピペットから導入細胞内へ導入する。装置を、注入用ピペット側及び保持用ピペット側の電極を、それぞれ正負変換可能な構造にしておけば、予め注入用ピペット内に細胞内導入物質をセットするに際して、電極を正負反対にして、細胞内導入物質を注入用ピペット内に泳動させ、セットすることが可能となる。なお、注入用ピペット内に細胞内導入物質をセットするに際しては、従来のように、注入用油圧インジェクターの動作によりセットすることもできる。
本発明の装置において用いられるパルス発生装置は、一般に使用されている方形波を用いたエレクトロポーレーション用の汎用機(CUY21(国産)或いはECM830(外国:BTX社))をそのまま使用することが出来る。
【0019】
本発明の装置は、上記するように電気注入法を実施するための装置として使用されるが、この装置をエレクトロポーレーション法を実施するための装置として使用することも出来る。エレクトロポーレーション法を実施するための装置として使用する場合には、例えば、DNA溶液を細胞内に導入する場合を例にとって説明すると、まず濃いめ(1マイクログラム/マイクロリットル、以上)のDNA溶液を多めにキャピラリー(陰極側)に詰め、油圧又は空気圧でDNAを細胞の周りにはき出し、その上で本発明の装置の電極を用いて電場をかける。この場合、電圧の条件は、電気注入法を実施する場合に比べて、もう少し高い条件(10v〜50v程度)設定で行うと効率が良くなる。本発明の装置を、エレクトロポーレーション法に使用する場合には、本発明の装置の陰極の電極に対して、板状或いは線上の陽極を用いるなど、適宜その電極の形状等を変更することが出来る。
【0020】
【実施例】
以下、実施例により本発明をより具体的に説明するが、本発明の技術的範囲はこれらの例示に限定されるものではない。
実施例1 装置の構築
本実施例において、装置の全体構造としては、従来から、マイクロインジェクションに用いられている装置を用いた(Manipulating the mouse embryo, 1994 p238)。その装置の概念図を図1に示す。図中、1はベース、2は顕微鏡部、3はインジェクター部、4はミクロマニピュレーター部、5はミクロメーターシリンジ部、6はミクロメーター、7はグラスシリンジ、8は保持用ピペット、9は注入用ピペット、10は保持用ピペットホルダー、11は注入用ピペットホルダーを示す。該装置には、顕微鏡操作装置、カメラ(図示せず)を搭載する。なお、装置には、テレビモニターや装置の動作を制御するコントローラー等従来からマイクロインジェクション装置に装備されている機能を適宜装備することができる。
この実施例の装置においては、ホフマンモジュレーションレンズを備えた倒立顕微鏡(DMIRB、Leica社製)、顕微操作装置(Leica社製)、及びインジェクター(Cell Tram Oil、Eppendorf社製)からなるシステムを用いた。細胞への試料導入のための注入用ピペット及び保持用ピペットを備えた培養皿注入用チャンバーの構造を図2に示す。チャンバーはオイルで表面をカバーした液体培地が充填される。
【0021】
本発明の装置においては、注入用ピペット及び保持用ピペットによる細胞内への試料の導入を電気パルスを用いた電気泳動が可能なように改良した。注入用ピペット及び保持用ピペットのキャピラリホルダーには、ユニバーサルキャピラリーホルダー(Eppendorf社製)を用いた。該ユニバーサルキャピラリーホルダーの途中に小さな穴を開け、直径0.2mmの白金ワイヤを上記ホルダーに挿入し、その穴を油圧が漏れないようにエポキシ系の樹脂で封入して電極とした(図3)。ホルダーの外側は絶縁体で覆い、電気を封じ込めた(図示せず)。電極の長さは、注入針又は保持用ピペットの長さに合わせて、白金ワイヤがチップ先端部に届くようにした。ホルダー内にはパラフィンオイルが満たされており、油圧ライン(フッ素樹脂管)を経て油圧のインジェクター(エッペンドルフ社、セルトラムオイル)に連結されている。ホルダー内のオイルはホルダーの両端からのみ通過するように作製されている。
【0022】
保持用ピペット及び注入用ピペットは、それぞれ専用のホルダーに挿入される。注入用ピペット内には導入に用いる細胞内導入物質の溶液(例えば、DNA溶液)が満たされる。目的に応じて1ナノグラム/マイクロリットルから、1マイクログラム/マイクロリットルの間の適切な濃度になるようにTrisバッファー(0.5mM Tris pH7.8、0.1mM EDTA)に細胞内導入物質(DNA)を懸濁し、それを細胞内導入物質(DNA)溶液として用いる。
【0023】
注入用ピペット及び保持用ピペット内の電極は、注入用ピペット及び保持用ピペットのコネクターを通して方形電気パルス発生装置へ連結される。方形電気パルス発生装置として、Nepa Gene社製CUY21を用いた。方形電気パルス発生装置は、電圧、電気パルスの通電時間、パルスの切断時間、及びパルスの回数を変更可能に設けられている。したがって、これらの条件及び導入する細胞内導入物質(例えば遺伝子)の濃度、量のような条件は、それぞれの場合に応じて、調整される。例えば、本実施例では、DNA濃度;10ナノグラム/マイクロリットル、電圧20V、通電時間(Pon);60m秒、切断時間(Poff);500m秒、パルス数5回の条件を用いた。これにより、20ボルト、60m秒間の方形パルスが500m秒の間隔を経て5回電極間に発生する。動物細胞への細胞内導入物質の導入(例えば、胚へのDNAの導入)の為には、顕微鏡下で細胞(胚)を保持用ピペットで保持し、核に注入用ピペットを物理的に挿入した後、パルスをかける。装置には、顕微鏡が装備され、顕微鏡下で、注入用ピペットの先端から液体がパルスに応じて発射されるのが観察可能な構造となっている。
【0024】
実施例2 マウス胚への外来遺伝子の導入
本発明の実施例の装置を用いて、トランスジェニックマウス作製のための、マウス胚への外来遺伝子の導入を行った。
(マウス及び発現ベクター)
BDF1株の4〜6週齢雌マウスをブリーダー(Chales river Japan社製)から購入し、実験に供した。文献記載の方法によりPMS及びhCG(帝国臓器社製)による過剰***処理後、卵管から胚を回収した。核局在化シグナルを有するEGFPの発現ベクターを構築した。Clonetech社から発売されているEGFPのN末端にSV40ラージT抗原由来の核局在シグナルをつけたcDNAを含むプラスミドは吉田博士から供与されたものを使用した。このプラスミドをNheI及びNotIで切断し、DNAポリメラーゼIのクレノウフラグメントにより平滑末端とした。このフラグメントを、EcoRIで切断された平滑末端発現ベクターであるpCAGGSに連結させた。
【0025】
(マウス胚への遺伝子の導入)
上記マウスの2細胞期胚を用いた。
上記本発明の実施例の装置を用い、陽極を保持用ピペットに配し、陰極を注入針に配した。これらの電極をパルス発生装置(CUY-21、Nepa gene社製)に連結した。35mm培養皿の蓋を注入用チャンバーとした。少量のM2培地をチャンバーの上に置き、その表面をライトミネラルオイルで覆った。注入、操作はこのM2培地の中で行った。保持用ピペットをM2培地で満たし、陽極の先端部も培地に差し込んだ。注入針の開口部は直径0.5〜1μmだった。Trisバッファーで希釈したDNA溶液(M2液体培地溶液)で、注入針を満たした。導入するDNAは、CAGプロモーターカセットによって転写されるNLS−EGFPの発現ベクターを用い、生きた胚におけるタンパク質産物の合成を視覚化した。
【0026】
この発現ベクター1μg/μlを注入用ピペットに入れた。顕微鏡下で、保持用ピペットでそれぞれの胚を保持して操作を行った。卵割球表面の透明帯の下に注入針を刺入した。細胞表面に注入針を置いていた従来法に代え、本実施例では、注入針の先端を直接核に刺入することにより行った。DNAの移動は、注入針及び保持用ピペット内の電極に、10〜50ボルト/cmの方形電場を流すことによって行われる。導入する遺伝子の濃度、量の調整は条件によって異なる。本実施例では、例えば、DNA濃度;10ナノグラム/マイクロリットル、電圧20V、通電時間(Pon);60m秒、切断時間(Poff);500m秒、パルス数5回の条件を用いた。これにより、20ボルト、60m秒間の方形パルスが500m秒の間隔を経て5回電極間に発生する。
【0027】
(胚のインキュベーション及びその時間差顕微鏡観察)
DNA導入後、胚をCO2インキュベーター内のKSOM培地で培養した。CCDカメラ(Photometrics Sensys、Roper Scientific社製)を備えた倒立蛍光顕微鏡(DMIRBE、Leica社製)により、NLSEGFPの発現を調べた。Openlab(Improvision社製)をソフトウエアとして用いた顕微鏡及びCCDカメラの自動操作により胚発達の時間差像を得た。本実施例では、2細胞期の胚の一つの細胞に注入後、2時間から8時間の間に導入したDNAからの遺伝子産物が観察された。また、注入を行った半数以上の胚が正常に発生を続け、遺伝子産物を発現していることが可能であった。
【0028】
(導入条件の検討)
本実施例において、本発明の装置を用いた場合の細胞内導入物質の導入条件について検討した。導入液体の圧力平衡は注入用チャンバー内の溶液フローを顕微鏡観察して概算し、胚の核に注入針の先端を刺入してDNA溶液又は培地のフローを完全に除外することにより確認した。本実施例における方形パルス発生装置は、電気穿孔法に一般に使用される従来式パルス発生装置(CUY-21, Nepa Gene社製)を用いた。この装置は、プログラミング次第で、低電圧の方形パルスを発生させることができる。電気パルスのパラメーター及びDNA濃度を種々変化させ、電気注入条件を調べた。マウスの2細胞期胚の卵割球にDNAを導入し、導入しなかった側を実験用対照とした。電気注入を行っている間に、核における溶液のパルスフローを観察することにより、核へのDNA導入がモニターでき、そのフロー量をみて条件を変更させることができる。
【0029】
1μg/μlのDNA濃度下で、通電時間(Pon)及び切断時間(Poff)を変える、異なる条件下での実験を2種類の電圧で行った結果、DNAフローの観察結果からは、PonだけでなくPoffを変えることによってもDNA量を調節できることが見い出された。Poffを長く設定すると、より多くのDNAが細胞に導入される。かかる実験の結果、電気パルスを長時間かけることにより、DNA導入効率は上がり、低電圧の方が効率がよいことが明らかになった。また、例えばDNAが1μg/μlと高濃度であって、そのDNA溶液が多少粘度をもち、物理的圧力のみでは操作が困難な場合でも、開口部が約1μm直径の注入用ピペットを用いることにより、かかる高濃度DNAの操作が可能になる。
【0030】
1つの実験においては、胚を損傷しないように、開口部が約0.5μmと狭い注入針を使用した。また、注入針の先端からの溶液フローを観察することにより、同量のDNAが注入できるように通電時間を長くした。DNA電気穿孔後に多くの細胞が死んでしまうため、次にDNA濃度を低くして実験を行った。2種類のDNA濃度、100ng/μlと30ng/μlの場合を比較した。両条件とも結果は良好だったが、30ng/μlの方がより良好だった。例えば、ある実験例では、2細胞期の卵割球に(DNAを)注入された15個の胚の内、13個の胚がEGFP蛍光に対し陽性となった。7個の胚では、かかる陽性卵割球がさらに***した。これらの結果から、DNAを注入された胚は正常に発達し、トランスジェニック産物を発現させたことが示唆される。
【0031】
【発明の効果】
本発明により、従来の動物細胞内への細胞内導入物質の導入に用いられてきたマイクロインジェクション法を利用して、この方法に細胞内導入物質を電気泳動により移動する方法を適用し、細胞内導入物質を動物細胞内に、細胞の過剰な負荷を生ずることなく、また熟練者でなくても、困難なく、容易かつ確実に導入できる実用的な方法及び装置が提供される。本発明の方法によれば、例えば、トランスジェニック動物の作製に際して、外来遺伝子のような遺伝物質を胚に導入する場合に、微量の遺伝物質を直接、胚の核内に注入し、確実に遺伝物質を胚に導入することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の実施例において用いられた、マイクロインジェクション装置の概念図を示す。
【図2】本発明の実施例において用いられた装置の、注入用ピペット及び保持用ピペットを備えた培養皿注入用チャンバーの構造を示す図である。
【図3】本発明の実施例において用いられた装置の、ユニバーサルキャピラリーホルダーの改変された構造を示す図である。
【図4】本発明の実施例において用いられた装置の、注入用ピペット及び保持用ピペットにおける方形電気パルス付与システムの概念図を示す。
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance into an animal cell using an electric field (electroinjection method) and an apparatus therefor, in particular, a genetic substance such as a foreign gene is introduced into an animal cell such as an animal embryo. The present invention relates to a method for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance into an animal cell and an apparatus therefor, in which an electric field is formed when the substance is introduced into the animal cell by electrophoresis of the intracellularly introduced substance.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, in order to introduce a substance introduced into a cell made of a biopolymer such as a gene or protein into a living body tissue or cell, microinjection is performed by injecting the substance introduced into the cell with a glass needle pointing to the animal cell or tissue cell. The method is used (Genetic Engineering Experiment Manual, Kodansha). Similarly, electroporation, in which a cell membrane is perforated by applying an electric pulse, is known as a method for introducing intracellularly introduced substances such as genes and proteins into animal tissues or cells by physical mechanical manipulation. (EMBO J., 1 (1982), 841-845; Gene, 96 (1990), 23-28).
[0003]
In the method of introducing these intracellularly introduced substances into animal cells, the microinjection method is usually used because the operation is generally straightforward and simple. In the microinjection method, a substance introduced into cells is introduced into animal cells using a hollow glass capillary as an injection needle. For example, when producing transgenic animals, to introduce intracellular genetic material such as foreign genes into animal embryos, etc., the intracellular genetic material solution held in the glass capillary is operated by air or hydraulic pressure. By doing so, injection into the cell is performed. However, in this method, since the solution holding the intracellularly introduced substance is sent into the cell together with the intracellularly introduced substance, a large load is applied to the cell into which the intracellularly introduced substance is introduced due to the increase in the amount. There is a problem that the introduction of the substance introduced into the cell cannot be performed reliably by destroying the cell or destroying the cell. Therefore, when introducing an intracellularly introduced substance into cells by microinjection method, it is necessary to inject a small amount of intracellularly introduced substance into the cell, but this operation is difficult and efficient injection unless it is an expert. There was a problem that could not.
[0004]
Therefore, several methods have been developed to enable introduction of a small amount of intracellularly introduced substance into cells. For example, in JP-A-2-269583 and JP-A-3-119989, a piezoelectric element or an electrostrictive element with an inertial body attached to the tip is attached to a moving body placed on a friction surface, and the piezoelectric element or electrostriction is attached. A micro-driving force generator that moves a piezoelectric element or an electrostrictive element by applying an electric field to the strain element and uses this kinetic energy, the inertial action of the inertial body, and the reaction force acting on the mobile body to drive the mobile body. A micromanipulator having a high operation accuracy of operation is disclosed.
[0005]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 6-343478 discloses that a substance to be injected into a cell is applied in advance by an electrodeposition method to the tip of a needle fixed to a positioning device capable of fine movement, and the needle is brought close to the cell. By slowly inserting, a needle different from the needle is inserted from the opposite side of the needle, and the electrodeposited substance is released into the cell by applying a voltage from a power source between both needles. A method of performing microinjection is disclosed. Furthermore, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-322568, in order to microinject DNA into the pronucleus of a pronuclear stage fertilized egg, the tip of an injection pipette containing the DNA is pressed against the nuclear membrane of the pronuclear stage fertilized egg. After that, a method for injecting DNA by penetrating the nuclear membrane by giving a slight vibration to the needle tip is disclosed.
[0006]
On the other hand, when a substance to be introduced into a cell by microinjection is introduced into the cell as a sample solution, a method for injecting the introduced substance by electrophoresis is proposed in order to reduce the load on the cell. Has been. This method is a method in which a voltage is applied to a sample in a glass capillary injector used for microinjection, the sample is moved by electrophoresis, and only a small amount of sample is moved into a cell and injected. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-192171 discloses a method in which a charged substance is electrophoresed and introduced into a cell by applying a high voltage to both ends of a glass capillary that introduces the sample into the cell. ing. However, this disclosed method has a problem that it is difficult to perform fine control when introducing a sample because the electrodes are located at both ends outside the glass capillary.
[0007]
Furthermore, there is a report by Cecilca W. Lo et al. Regarding the microinjection method using electrophoresis. The method reported by Lo et al. Is called “Iontophoretic microinjection”. When DNA is introduced into mouse tissue culture cells or mouse embryos for transformation, a current such as a pulse current is used. Has been reported (referred to as microelectrophoresis) for introducing DNA into an introduced cell from a micropipette for injection (Mol. Cell. Biol., 3 (10) (1983), 1803- 14, Mouse Genome. 90 (4) (1992), 684-686). However, these reports do not disclose a specific method or a specific apparatus used therefor.
[0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The object of the present invention is to reduce the load of cells into which an intracellular introduction substance is introduced when introducing an intracellular introduction substance into animal cells, fertilized eggs, etc., and introduce the intracellular introduction substance easily and reliably. In particular, a method and a device that can be used, and in particular, a genetic material such as a foreign gene is introduced into an animal cell such as an animal cell or embryo such as a genetic material. A practically useful method that eliminates the problems of the method such as the microinjection method, reduces the load of the cells into which the intracellular introduction substance is introduced, and can introduce the intracellular introduction substance easily and reliably, and To provide an apparatus.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventor uses a microinjection method that has been used for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance into an animal cell, and moves the intracellularly introduced substance to this method by electrophoresis. By applying the method, a practical method and apparatus have been developed that can easily and reliably introduce an intracellularly introduced substance into an animal cell without causing excessive cell loading. According to the method of the present invention, for example, when a genetic material such as a foreign gene is introduced into an embryo when producing a transgenic animal, a small amount of the genetic material is directly injected into the nucleus of the embryo to ensure inheritance. Substances can be introduced into the embryo.
[0010]
That is, the present invention relates to one electrode placed in the glass pipette of the intracellular introduction substance introduction needle and the cell of the intracellular introduction substance by the intracellular introduction substance introduction needle located outside the intracellular introduction substance introduction cell. Installed in the direction of introduction Introduced into the cell introduction pipe An electric field is formed between the other electrode, and the intracellularly introduced substance is introduced into the animal cell by electrophoresis of the intracellularly introduced substance. In vitro A method for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance into an animal cell (Claim 1) or an electric field formed between two electrodes is an electric field formed by an electric pulse. Claim 1 Described In vitro Method for introducing intracellularly introduced substances into animal cells Introduction method ( Claim 2 ) And the electric field formed between the electrodes is formed by a rectangular pulse generator, and the voltage, the electrical pulse energization time, the pulse cutting time, and the number of pulses are changed, so that the animal cell introduced into the cell It is characterized by being able to adjust the introduction to Claim 1 or 2 Described In vitro Method for introducing intracellularly introduced substances into animal cells ( Claim 3 ) And the substance introduced into the cell is a foreign gene Claims 1-3 Any one of In vitro Method for introducing intracellularly introduced substances into animal cells ( Claim 4 ) A method for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance according to claim 1 into an animal cell, In the nucleus of the animal embryo, Intracellularly introduced substances Direct injection To do Features Ru fine Of the substance introduced into the cell Non-human Introduction to animal cells ( Claim 5 ) And in the injection chamber where the animal embryos are placed and Introduced cells Inside the holding pipette, Non-human Filled with animal cell culture liquid medium, and filled with DNA solution used for introduction into the injection pipette Claim 5 Of the described intracellularly introduced substance Non-human Introduction to animal cells ( Claim 6 ).
[0011]
The present invention also includes an introduction needle for introducing a substance introduced into a cell in which one platinum electrode connected to a square electric pulse generator is installed in a glass pipette, It is located outside the cell of the intracellular introduction substance introduction cell and installed in the direction of introduction of the intracellular introduction substance by the intracellular introduction substance introduction needle. Intracellular introduction material introduction device into animal cells equipped with a pipette holder for introduction of intracellular introduction material introduction cell with another platinum electrode connected to a square electric pulse generator in the holder ( Claim 7 ), The introduction needle for introducing the intracellular introduction substance into the injection hydraulic injector for operating the introduction needle, the pipette holder for holding the intracellular introduction substance introduction cell, and the holding hydraulic pressure for operating the pipette holder Characterized by being connected to an injector Claim 7 Device for introducing intracellular introduction substance into animal cell ( Claim 8 ), And the pipette holder is made with a hole in the middle of the pipette holder, through the platinum electrode, and sealed with resin so as not to release hydraulic pressure, so that the oil passes only from both ends of the holder It is characterized by Claim 8 Device for introducing intracellular introduction substance into animal cell ( Claim 9 ) Or the length of the platinum electrode is such that the tip of the electrode reaches the tip of the pipette, the holder is made of metal, and the entire holder is resin-coated for insulation. Claims 7-9 An apparatus for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance according to any of the above into an animal cell ( Claim 10 ), And the two electrodes installed in the introduction needle and holding pipette are connected to a square pulse generator, and the voltage, electrical pulse energization time, pulse cutting time, and number of pulses can be changed. Characterized by being able to regulate the introduction of intracellularly introduced substances into animal cells Claims 7-10 An apparatus for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance according to any of the above into an animal cell ( Claim 11 ) And two electrodes installed in the introduction needle and the holding pipette are characterized in that the cathode and the anode are provided so that they can be converted into each other. Claim 11 Device for introducing intracellular introduction substance into animal cell ( Claim 12 ).
[0012]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The method for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance of the present invention into animal cells can be carried out using a conventionally used microinjection apparatus, except for the structure of the introduction needle and holding pipette. The method of the present invention is installed in a glass pipette of an intracellular introduction substance introduction needle when introducing an intracellular introduction substance such as DNA genetic material into an animal cell or a cell such as an animal embryo. One electrode and the other electrode located outside the cell into which the substance to be introduced into the cell is introduced and placed in the direction of introduction of the substance to be introduced into the cell (in the direction of extension of the introduction direction) by the needle to introduce the substance to be introduced into the cell In the meantime, by forming an electric field and introducing the intracellularly introduced substance into the animal cell by electrophoresis of the intracellularly introduced substance, the intracellularly introduced substance is excessively introduced into the cell into which the substance is introduced. It consists of easy and reliable introduction without causing a load.
[0013]
In this method, the other electrode that is located outside the cell into which the intracellular introduction substance is introduced and is placed in the direction of introduction of the intracellular introduction substance into the animal cell by the intracellular introduction substance introduction needle is usually the intracellular introduction substance. An electrode installed in a holding pipette located outside the introduced cell is used. The infusion chamber in which the animal cells are placed and the holding pipette are filled with the animal cell culture liquid medium, and the inside of the infusion pipette is filled with the solution of the introduced substance. When introducing the intracellular introduction substance, the introduction substance is set in the introduction needle as described above, and the cell is held with a holding pipette, and the introduction needle with the introduction substance is set on the cell held with the holding pipette. pierce. Thereafter, an electric field is formed by an electric pulse from the connected electric pulse generator between the two electrodes installed in the introduction needle and the holding pipette, and the introduced substance is electrophoresed and moved by the pulse current. Thus, the introduction substance is introduced into the cell.
[0014]
In this case, it is desirable to use a square pulse as the electric pulse to be used because it can be implemented at a lower voltage and does not impose a load on the cells.
In the present invention, a square pulse generator is used as an electric pulse generator for an electric field formed between two electrodes, and the voltage, the electric pulse energization time, the pulse cutting time, and the number of pulses can be changed and adjusted. By doing so, it is possible to reliably introduce the intracellular substance introduced into the animal cell in a very small amount with good reproducibility.
For example, when a foreign gene is introduced into an animal embryo by the method of the present invention, since the damage to the embryo during introduction is small, the gene can be directly injected into the nucleus of the embryo.
[0015]
In carrying out the method of the present invention, since the method of the present invention moves by electrophoresis according to the charged state of the intracellularly introduced substance, the solution of the intracellularly introduced substance depends on the substance to be introduced. In addition, the pH can be appropriately adjusted by using a buffer or the like to adjust the charge state of the introduced substance. As other sample preparation and operation conditions for carrying out the method of the present invention, those used in the conventional microinjection method can be appropriately used.
[0016]
The apparatus of the present invention can utilize a microinjection apparatus that has been conventionally used for introducing a substance such as a gene into an animal cell or a fertilized egg.
In the present invention, in the microinjection apparatus, in particular, an intracellular introduction substance introduction section such as an introduction needle section for introduction of an introduction substance or a pipette holder for introduction cell introduction is newly developed, and the intracellular introduction substance is electrophoresed. Was used to construct a device for introducing a novel intracellularly introduced substance into animal cells that can be quantitatively introduced in a trace amount. The intracellular introduction substance introduction part of the present invention basically includes a glass pipette, an introduction needle for introducing an intracellular introduction substance in which one platinum electrode connected to a square electric pulse generator is installed, and a square in a holder. It consists of a structure equipped with a pipette holder for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance into which another platinum electrode connected to an electric pulse generator is installed.
[0017]
The introduction needle for introducing the intracellular introduction substance is connected to the injection hydraulic injector for operating the introduction needle, and the pipette holder for holding the intracellular introduction substance introduction cell is connected to the holding hydraulic injector for operating the pipette holder. Has been. The pipette holder for holding cells has a structure in which a hole is made in the middle of the pipette holder, a platinum electrode is passed, and it is sealed with resin so as not to release hydraulic pressure, so that oil can pass only from both ends of the holder. Has been. The length of the platinum electrode is such that the tip of the electrode reaches the tip of the pipette, the holder is made of metal, and the entire holder is resin-coated for insulation.
[0018]
In the apparatus of the present invention, the two electrodes installed in the introduction needle and the holding pipette are connected to the rectangular pulse generator, and the voltage, the electric pulse energization time, the pulse cutting time, and the number of pulses are changed. It is possible to regulate the intracellular introduction of the intracellularly introduced substance. Further, the two electrodes installed in the introduction needle and the holding pipette can be provided such that the cathode and the anode can be converted into each other. The two electrodes installed in the introduction needle and the holding pipette are usually set on the introduction needle, that is, the injection pipette side as the cathode, and the holding pipette side as the anode, and the intracellular introduction substance is electrophoresed by energization. Into the introduced cell. If the device has an infusion pipette side electrode and a holding pipette side electrode that can be converted into positive and negative, respectively, when the intracellular introduction substance is set in the pipette for injection in advance, The internally introduced substance can be migrated into an injection pipette and set. In addition, when setting the intracellular introduction substance in the pipette for injection, it can also be set by the operation of the hydraulic injector for injection as in the prior art.
As the pulse generator used in the apparatus of the present invention, a general-purpose electroporation general-purpose machine (CUY21 (domestic) or ECM830 (foreign: BTX)) using a square wave that is generally used can be used as it is. .
[0019]
As described above, the apparatus of the present invention is used as an apparatus for carrying out an electroinjection method, but this apparatus can also be used as an apparatus for carrying out an electroporation method. When used as an apparatus for carrying out the electroporation method, for example, a case where a DNA solution is introduced into a cell will be described as an example. First, a concentrated DNA solution (1 microgram / microliter or more) is first added. A large amount is packed in a capillary (cathode side), DNA is expelled around cells by hydraulic pressure or air pressure, and then an electric field is applied using the electrode of the device of the present invention. In this case, when the voltage condition is set at a slightly higher condition (about 10 v to 50 v) than when the electric injection method is performed, the efficiency is improved. When the apparatus of the present invention is used for the electroporation method, the shape of the electrode or the like may be appropriately changed, such as using a plate-like or line-like anode for the cathode electrode of the apparatus of the present invention. I can do it.
[0020]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example demonstrates this invention more concretely, the technical scope of this invention is not limited to these illustrations.
Example 1 Construction of an apparatus
In this example, as the overall structure of the device, a device conventionally used for microinjection was used (Manipulating the mouse embryo, 1994 p238). A conceptual diagram of the apparatus is shown in FIG. In the figure, 1 is a base, 2 is a microscope section, 3 is an injector section, 4 is a micromanipulator section, 5 is a micrometer syringe section, 6 is a micrometer, 7 is a glass syringe, 8 is a holding pipette, and 9 is for injection. A pipette, 10 is a holding pipette holder, and 11 is an injection pipette holder. The apparatus is equipped with a microscope operating device and a camera (not shown). The apparatus can be appropriately equipped with functions conventionally provided in a microinjection apparatus such as a television monitor and a controller for controlling the operation of the apparatus.
In the apparatus of this example, a system composed of an inverted microscope (DMIRB, manufactured by Leica) equipped with a Hoffman modulation lens, a micromanipulator (manufactured by Leica), and an injector (Cell Tram Oil, manufactured by Eppendorf) was used. . The structure of a culture dish injection chamber provided with an injection pipette for introducing a sample into cells and a holding pipette is shown in FIG. The chamber is filled with a liquid medium whose surface is covered with oil.
[0021]
In the apparatus of the present invention, the introduction of the sample into the cell by the injection pipette and the holding pipette has been improved so that electrophoresis using an electric pulse is possible. A universal capillary holder (Eppendorf) was used as the capillary holder for the injection pipette and the holding pipette. A small hole is made in the middle of the universal capillary holder, a platinum wire having a diameter of 0.2 mm is inserted into the holder, and the hole is sealed with an epoxy resin so as not to leak hydraulic pressure to form an electrode (FIG. 3). . The outside of the holder was covered with an insulator to contain electricity (not shown). The length of the electrode was adjusted to the length of the injection needle or holding pipette so that the platinum wire could reach the tip of the tip. The holder is filled with paraffin oil and is connected to a hydraulic injector (Eppendorf, Sertram Oil) via a hydraulic line (fluororesin pipe). The oil in the holder is made to pass only from both ends of the holder.
[0022]
The holding pipette and the injection pipette are each inserted into a dedicated holder. The injection pipette is filled with a solution (for example, DNA solution) of an intracellular introduction substance used for introduction. Depending on the purpose, an intracellular introduction substance (DNA) is added to Tris buffer (0.5 mM Tris pH 7.8, 0.1 mM EDTA) to an appropriate concentration between 1 nanogram / microliter and 1 microgram / microliter. ) Is suspended and used as an intracellularly introduced substance (DNA) solution.
[0023]
The electrodes in the infusion pipette and the holding pipette are connected to the square electrical pulse generator through the connectors of the infusion pipette and the holding pipette. As a square electric pulse generator, CUY21 manufactured by Nepa Gene was used. The square electric pulse generator is provided so that the voltage, the electric pulse energization time, the pulse cutting time, and the number of pulses can be changed. Accordingly, these conditions and conditions such as the concentration and amount of the intracellular introduction substance (for example, gene) to be introduced are adjusted according to each case. For example, in this example, DNA concentration: 10 nanogram / microliter, voltage 20 V, energization time (Pon): 60 msec, cutting time (Poff): 500 msec, and 5 pulses were used. As a result, a square pulse of 20 volts and 60 milliseconds is generated between the electrodes 5 times at intervals of 500 milliseconds. For introduction of intracellular introduction substances into animal cells (for example, introduction of DNA into embryos), the cells (embryo) are held with a holding pipette under a microscope, and the injection pipette is physically inserted into the nucleus. Then pulse. The apparatus is equipped with a microscope, and has a structure in which liquid can be observed to be ejected in response to a pulse from the tip of an injection pipette under the microscope.
[0024]
Example 2 Introduction of foreign gene into mouse embryo
Using the apparatus of the example of the present invention, foreign genes were introduced into mouse embryos for the production of transgenic mice.
(Mouse and expression vector)
BDF1 strain 4-6 week old female mice were purchased from Breeder (Chales river Japan) and used for experiments. After superovulation treatment with PMS and hCG (manufactured by Teikoku Organs) by the method described in the literature, embryos were collected from the oviduct. An expression vector for EGFP with a nuclear localization signal was constructed. A plasmid provided by Dr. Yoshida was used as a plasmid containing cDNA with a nuclear localization signal derived from SV40 large T antigen at the N-terminus of EGFP released from Clonetech. This plasmid was digested with NheI and NotI and blunt-ended with DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment. This fragment was ligated to pCAGGS, a blunt end expression vector cut with EcoRI.
[0025]
(Introduction of genes into mouse embryos)
The mouse 2-cell stage embryo was used.
Using the apparatus of the above-described embodiment of the present invention, the anode was disposed on the holding pipette and the cathode was disposed on the injection needle. These electrodes were connected to a pulse generator (CUY-21, manufactured by Nepa gene). The lid of a 35 mm culture dish was used as an injection chamber. A small amount of M2 medium was placed on the chamber and the surface was covered with light mineral oil. Injection and manipulation were performed in this M2 medium. The holding pipette was filled with M2 medium, and the tip of the anode was also inserted into the medium. The opening of the injection needle had a diameter of 0.5 to 1 μm. The injection needle was filled with a DNA solution diluted with Tris buffer (M2 liquid medium solution). The DNA to be introduced used an NLS-EGFP expression vector transcribed by the CAG promoter cassette, and the synthesis of the protein product in a live embryo was visualized.
[0026]
1 μg / μl of this expression vector was put into an injection pipette. Under the microscope, each embryo was held with a holding pipette for operation. An injection needle was inserted under the zona pellucida on the surface of the blastomere. In this example, the tip of the injection needle was directly inserted into the nucleus instead of the conventional method in which the injection needle was placed on the cell surface. The DNA is moved by applying a square electric field of 10 to 50 volts / cm to the electrodes in the injection needle and the holding pipette. Adjustment of the concentration and amount of the gene to be introduced varies depending on conditions. In this example, for example, conditions of DNA concentration: 10 nanogram / microliter, voltage 20 V, energization time (Pon): 60 msec, cutting time (Poff): 500 msec, and 5 pulses were used. As a result, a square pulse of 20 volts and 60 milliseconds is generated between the electrodes 5 times at intervals of 500 milliseconds.
[0027]
(Incubation of embryo and its time difference microscopic observation)
After DNA introduction, the embryo 2 The cells were cultured in KSOM medium in an incubator. The expression of NLSEGFP was examined with an inverted fluorescence microscope (DMIRBE, Leica) equipped with a CCD camera (Photometrics Sensys, Roper Scientific). Time difference images of embryo development were obtained by automatic operation of a microscope and CCD camera using Openlab (Improvision) as software. In this example, gene products from DNA introduced between 2 and 8 hours after injection into one cell of a 2-cell stage embryo were observed. Moreover, it was possible that more than half of the injected embryos continued to develop normally and expressed the gene product.
[0028]
(Examination of introduction conditions)
In this example, the conditions for introducing the intracellularly introduced substance when the apparatus of the present invention was used were examined. The pressure equilibrium of the introduced liquid was estimated by microscopic observation of the solution flow in the injection chamber, and was confirmed by inserting the tip of the injection needle into the nucleus of the embryo and completely excluding the flow of the DNA solution or medium. As the rectangular pulse generator in this example, a conventional pulse generator (CUY-21, manufactured by Nepa Gene) generally used in electroporation was used. This device can generate a low voltage square pulse, depending on the programming. Various conditions of the electric pulse and the DNA concentration were changed, and the electric injection conditions were examined. DNA was introduced into the blastomere of mouse 2-cell embryos, and the side not introduced was used as an experimental control. By observing the pulse flow of the solution in the nucleus during the electric injection, DNA introduction into the nucleus can be monitored, and the conditions can be changed by checking the flow amount.
[0029]
As a result of conducting experiments under different conditions with different energization time (Pon) and cutting time (Poff) under the DNA concentration of 1 μg / μl, the results of DNA flow show that only Pon It was also found that the amount of DNA can be adjusted by changing Poff. If Poff is set longer, more DNA is introduced into the cell. As a result of such an experiment, it was revealed that the DNA introduction efficiency was increased by applying an electric pulse for a long time, and the efficiency was better at a low voltage. In addition, for example, even when DNA has a high concentration of 1 μg / μl, the DNA solution has some viscosity, and operation is difficult only by physical pressure, by using an injection pipette having an opening of about 1 μm in diameter. , Such high concentration DNA can be manipulated.
[0030]
In one experiment, an injection needle with a narrow opening of about 0.5 μm was used so as not to damage the embryo. Also, by observing the solution flow from the tip of the injection needle, the energization time was extended so that the same amount of DNA could be injected. Since many cells died after DNA electroporation, the experiment was carried out at a lower DNA concentration. Two DNA concentrations, 100 ng / μl and 30 ng / μl, were compared. Both conditions gave good results, but 30 ng / μl was better. For example, in one experimental example, 13 embryos out of 15 embryos injected (DNA) into the 2-cell stage blastomere were positive for EGFP fluorescence. In 7 embryos, such positive blastomeres further divided. These results suggest that embryos injected with DNA developed normally and expressed transgenic products.
[0031]
【Effect of the invention】
According to the present invention, a method of transferring an intracellularly introduced substance by electrophoresis is applied to this method by utilizing the microinjection method that has been used for the introduction of an intracellularly introduced substance into an animal cell. Provided is a practical method and apparatus capable of easily and surely introducing an introduced substance into an animal cell without causing overloading of the cell and without being an expert. According to the method of the present invention, for example, when a genetic material such as a foreign gene is introduced into an embryo when producing a transgenic animal, a small amount of the genetic material is directly injected into the nucleus of the embryo to ensure inheritance. Substances can be introduced into the embryo.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a microinjection apparatus used in an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a view showing the structure of a culture dish injection chamber provided with an injection pipette and a holding pipette in the apparatus used in the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows a modified structure of the universal capillary holder of the device used in the examples of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows a conceptual diagram of a square electrical pulse delivery system in an infusion pipette and a holding pipette of the device used in an embodiment of the present invention.

Claims (12)

細胞内導入物質導入針のガラスピペット内に設置された一方の電極と、細胞内導入物質導入細胞の細胞外に位置し、細胞内導入物質導入針による細胞内導入物質の細胞内導入方向に設置された細胞内導入物質導入細胞保持用ピペット内に設置されたもう一方の電極の間に、電場を形成させ、細胞内導入物質の電気泳動により、細胞内導入物質を動物細胞内に導入することを特徴とするイン ビトロにおける細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入方法。One electrode installed in the glass pipette of the intracellular introduction substance introduction needle and the extracellular introduction substance introduction cell located outside the cell, and installed in the direction of introduction of the intracellular introduction substance by the intracellular introduction substance introduction needle Introducing the intracellular introduction substance Introducing the intracellular introduction substance into the animal cell by forming an electric field between the other electrode installed in the pipette for holding the introduced cell and electrophoresis of the intracellular introduction substance A method for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance into an animal cell in vitro . 二つの電極の間に形成される電場が、電気パルスにより形成される電場であることを特徴とする請求項1記載のイン ビトロにおける細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入方法。The method for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance into an animal cell in vitro according to claim 1 , wherein the electric field formed between the two electrodes is an electric field formed by an electric pulse. 電極の間に形成される電場が、方形パルス発生装置により形成され、電圧、電気パルスの通電時間、パルスの切断時間、パルスの回数を変更することにより、細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入を調整可能としたことを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載のイン ビトロにおける細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入方法。The electric field formed between the electrodes is formed by a square pulse generator, and the introduction of intracellularly introduced substances into animal cells is performed by changing the voltage, electrical pulse energization time, pulse cutting time, and number of pulses. The method for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance into an animal cell in vitro according to claim 1 or 2, wherein 細胞内導入物質が、外来遺伝子であることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか記載のイン ビトロにおける細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入方法。The method for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance into animal cells in vitro according to any one of claims 1 to 3 , wherein the intracellularly introduced substance is a foreign gene. 請求項1記載の細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入方法を用い、非ヒト動物の胚の核に、細胞内導入物質を直接注入することを特徴とする細胞内導入物質の非ヒト動物細胞への導入方法。 Used method of introducing into an animal cell intracellular introduction substance according to claim 1, in the non-human animal embryo nucleus, nonhuman intracellular introduction substance characterized by injecting intracellular introduction substance directly Introduction to animal cells. 動物の胚が置かれている注入用チャンバー内及び細胞内導入物質導入細胞保持用ピペット内を、非ヒト動物細胞培養用液体培地で満たし、注入用ピペット内には導入に用いるDNA溶液で満たしたことを特徴とする請求項5記載の細胞内導入物質の非ヒト動物細胞への導入方法。The inside of the injection chamber where the animal embryos are placed and the pipette for holding the cell for introducing the substance to be introduced into the cell are filled with a liquid medium for non-human animal cell culture, and the pipette for filling is filled with the DNA solution used for introduction. The method for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance according to claim 5 into a non-human animal cell. ガラスピペット内に、方形電気パルス発生装置に接続した一方の白金電極を設置した細胞内導入物質導入用導入針と、細胞内導入物質導入細胞の細胞外に位置し、細胞内導入物質導入針による細胞内導入物質の細胞内導入方向に設置された、ホルダー内に方形電気パルス発生装置に接続したもう一方の白金電極を設置した細胞内導入物質導入細胞保持用ピペットホルダーを装備した細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入装置。Introduced into the glass pipette with one platinum electrode connected to the square electric pulse generator, the introduction needle for introducing the intracellular introduction substance, and the extracellular introduction substance introduction needle located outside the intracellular introduction substance introduction cell Intracellularly introduced substance equipped with a pipette holder for introduction of intracellularly introduced substance, with the other platinum electrode connected to the square electric pulse generator installed in the holder, installed in the direction of intracellularly introduced substance. Device for introduction into animal cells. 細胞内導入物質導入用導入針を、該導入針を動作するための注入用油圧インジェクターへ、細胞内導入物質導入細胞保持用ピペットホルダーを、該ピペットホルダーを動作するための保持用油圧インジェクターへ連結したことを特徴とする請求項7記載の細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入装置。The introduction needle for introducing the intracellular introduction substance is connected to the injection hydraulic injector for operating the introduction needle, and the pipette holder for holding the intracellular introduction substance introduction cell is connected to the holding hydraulic injector for operating the pipette holder. The apparatus for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance into an animal cell according to claim 7 . ピペットホルダーが、ピペットホルダーの途中に穴をあけ、白金電極を通し、油圧がもれないように樹脂で封入してあり、ホルダーの両端からのみオイルが通過するように作製されていることを特徴とする請求項8記載の細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入装置。The pipette holder has a hole in the middle of the pipette holder, a platinum electrode is passed through, and it is sealed with resin so that it does not lose hydraulic pressure, and it is made so that oil passes only from both ends of the holder. An apparatus for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance according to claim 8 into animal cells. 白金電極の長さを、電極の先端部がピペットの先端部に到達する長さにし、ホルダーを金属製とし、絶縁のためにホルダー全体を樹脂コーティングしたことを特徴とする請求項7〜9のいずれか記載の細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入装置。The length of the platinum electrode, and the length of the tip of the electrode reaches the tip of the pipette holder is made of metal, according to claim 7-9, characterized in that the entire holder and resin coating for insulation An apparatus for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance according to any one of the above to an animal cell. 導入針及び保持用ピペット内に設置された二つの電極は、方形パルス発生装置に連結されており、電圧、電気パルスの通電時間、パルスの切断時間、パルスの回数を変更可能にされており、細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入を調整できるようにされていることを特徴とする請求項7〜10のいずれか記載の細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入装置。The two electrodes installed in the introduction needle and the holding pipette are connected to a square pulse generator, and the voltage, electrical pulse energization time, pulse cutting time, and number of pulses can be changed. The apparatus for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance into an animal cell according to any one of claims 7 to 10 , wherein introduction of the introduced substance into the animal cell can be adjusted. 導入針及び保持用ピペット内に設置された二つの電極は、陰極及び陽極が相互に変換可能に設けられていることを特徴とする請求項11記載の細胞内導入物質の動物細胞への導入装置。12. The apparatus for introducing an intracellularly introduced substance into animal cells according to claim 11 , wherein the two electrodes installed in the introduction needle and the holding pipette are provided so that the cathode and the anode can be converted into each other. .
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