JP4576581B2 - Hydrogen production method - Google Patents
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- JP4576581B2 JP4576581B2 JP2004296521A JP2004296521A JP4576581B2 JP 4576581 B2 JP4576581 B2 JP 4576581B2 JP 2004296521 A JP2004296521 A JP 2004296521A JP 2004296521 A JP2004296521 A JP 2004296521A JP 4576581 B2 JP4576581 B2 JP 4576581B2
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Description
本発明は、バイオマスから水素を製造する方法に関する。 The present invention relates to a method for producing hydrogen from biomass.
水素は、従来、石油の水素脱硫に用いられ、近年では、燃料電池の燃料として用いられ、無公害の燃料として注目されている。
従来、水素は、電気分解、熱分解ガスの精製、触媒によるメタンの改質等で製造されてきたが、他の燃料に比べ製造コストが大きく、水力資源が豊富又は太陽光発電に適した地域での電解水素の製造等限定された条件下でのみ有利となる。
Hydrogen has been conventionally used for petroleum hydrodesulfurization, and in recent years, it has been used as a fuel for fuel cells and has attracted attention as a pollution-free fuel.
Conventionally, hydrogen has been produced by electrolysis, pyrolysis gas purification, methane reforming with a catalyst, etc., but the production cost is higher than other fuels, and there are abundant hydropower resources or suitable for solar power generation. This is advantageous only under limited conditions such as the production of electrolytic hydrogen at
近年、嫌気性発酵の一技術として、嫌気性発酵槽から直接水素を得る方法が提案されるようになった（非特許文献１参照）。有機化合物の嫌気性発酵（消化）過程は加水分解菌、有機酸（カルボン酸）生産菌、水素・酢酸生成菌、水素資化メタン生産菌などが作用しており、通常、生成した水素は速やかにメタン生成菌によって消費されるため、水素を回収することは困難であった。 In recent years, a method for obtaining hydrogen directly from an anaerobic fermenter has been proposed as a technique for anaerobic fermentation (see Non-Patent Document 1). The anaerobic fermentation (digestion) process of organic compounds is performed by hydrolyzing bacteria, organic acid (carboxylic acid) -producing bacteria, hydrogen / acetic acid-producing bacteria, hydrogen-utilizing methane-producing bacteria, etc. Because it is consumed by methanogens, it is difficult to recover hydrogen.
しかし、メタン生成菌の増殖速度は遅いため、基質（発酵物）の水力学的な滞留時間（ＨＲＴ）が充分でないと、メタン発生まで至らず、水素の生成が見られる。
従って、従来の水素発酵はこのようなＨＲＴを調整する方法か、又はメタン生成菌を死滅させた発酵槽を用いる方法で行なわれてきた。
しかしながら、これらの方法は、非常に厳密なバイオリアクターとしての管理が必要であり、エネルギープラントとして用いる実用性に欠けているため、単なる提案のみに留まっている。
Therefore, conventional hydrogen fermentation has been carried out by a method of adjusting such HRT or a method of using a fermenter in which methanogens are killed.
However, these methods need to be managed as very strict bioreactors, and lack practicality for use as an energy plant, so they are merely proposals.
従って、本発明の目的は、微生物を利用してバイオマスから水素を工業的に有利に製造する方法を提供することにある。 Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for industrially advantageously producing hydrogen from biomass using microorganisms.
斯かる実状に鑑み、本発明者は、鋭意研究を行った結果、微生物を担持する−０．３５Ｖ（銀塩化銀電極電位基準）又はこれより卑に分極された作用電極に、ｐＨ５．５以下の嫌気性発酵液を接触させれば、水素が工業的に有利に製造できることを見出し本発明を完成した。
すなわち、本発明は、次の方法を提供するものである。
In view of such a situation, the present inventor has conducted intensive research, and as a result, the working electrode carrying microorganisms at −0.35 V (silver silver chloride electrode potential reference) or a base electrode polarized below this has a pH of 5.5 or less. The present invention was completed by finding that hydrogen can be produced industrially advantageously by contacting the anaerobic fermentation broth.
That is, the present invention provides the following method.
＜１＞ 微生物を担持する−１．００Ｖ〜−０．３５Ｖ（銀塩化銀電極電位基準））の作用電極に、ｐＨ３〜ｐＨ５．５の嫌気性発酵液を接触させることを特徴とする水素製造方法。
<1> to create electrodes for carrying the microorganism -1.00V~ -0.35V (silver-silver electrode potential reference chloride)), pH3~ pH5. A method for producing hydrogen, comprising contacting the anaerobic fermented liquid of No. 5 .
＜２＞ 嫌気性発酵液のｐＨが３．５〜４．５である＜１＞記載の水素製造方法。
<2> pH anaerobic fermentation liquid is 3.5 to 4.5 <1> SL placing the hydrogen production process.
＜３＞ 嫌気性発酵液のｐＨを、バイオマスの添加量で調整することを特徴とする＜１＞又は＜２＞記載の水素製造方法。 <3> the pH of the anaerobic fermentation liquor, <1> or <2> SL placement of hydrogen production method characterized by adjusting the addition amount of biomass.
本発明方法によれば、水素を工業的に有利に製造することができる According to the method of the present invention, hydrogen can be produced industrially advantageously.
本発明の水素製造方法は、微生物を担持する−０．３５Ｖ（銀塩化銀電極電位基準）又はこれより卑に分極された作用電極に、ｐＨ５．５以下の嫌気性発酵液を接触させることを特徴とする。銀塩化銀電極は、２５℃において、水素電極電位に対して約＋０．２２Ｖの電位を示す。
すなわち、本発明は、特定の電位の作用電極にｐＨ５．５以下の嫌気性発酵液を接触させることによりメタン発酵を抑制し、効率よく水素ガスを製造せんとするものである。
以下、詳細に説明する。
In the hydrogen production method of the present invention, an anaerobic fermentation solution having a pH of 5.5 or less is brought into contact with -0.35 V (a silver-silver chloride electrode potential reference) supporting microorganisms or a working electrode polarized more negatively than this. Features. The silver-silver chloride electrode exhibits a potential of about +0.22 V with respect to the hydrogen electrode potential at 25 ° C.
That is, the present invention suppresses methane fermentation by bringing an anaerobic fermentation solution having a pH of 5.5 or less into contact with a working electrode having a specific potential, thereby efficiently producing hydrogen gas.
Details will be described below.
[嫌気性発酵液]
本発明に供する嫌気性発酵液とは、微生物が分解可能な有機成分（ＢＯＤ成分）を含む懸濁液またはスラリーの嫌気性（外気を遮断した）の発酵液をいい、嫌気性発酵液としては、例えば、次のものが挙げられる。
１．家畜糞尿、生ごみや下水汚泥などの処理（消化）用プラントの発酵槽から抜出した消化液
例えば、牛、豚、鶏等の糞尿処理用バイオガスプラント消化液、下水、し尿処理汚泥消化タンク内発酵液。
２．生ごみ等の有機性廃棄物、事業系有機性廃棄物などの嫌気性発酵処理における消化液（発酵液）。
[Anaerobic fermentation broth]
The anaerobic fermentation liquid used in the present invention refers to an anaerobic (obtained outside air) fermentation liquid or suspension containing an organic component (BOD component) that can be decomposed by microorganisms. For example, the following may be mentioned.
1. Digested liquid extracted from fermentation tanks for processing (digestion) plants such as livestock manure, food waste and sewage sludge For example, digestive liquid for sewage treatment such as cattle, pigs and chickens, sewage and human waste in sludge digestion tank Fermented liquid.
2. Digestive liquid (fermented liquid) in anaerobic fermentation treatment of organic waste such as kitchen waste and business organic waste.
嫌気性発酵液のｐＨの調整法は特に制限はないが、バイオマスの添加量、酸又は及びアルカリの添加が挙げられる。ここで酸としては、塩酸、蟻酸等が挙げられ、アルカリとしては、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カルシウム等が挙げられる。
嫌気性発酵液のｐＨは、５．５以下であるが、好ましくは、３〜５．５であり、更に好ましくは３．５〜４．５である。
Although there is no restriction | limiting in particular in the adjustment method of pH of anaerobic fermentation liquid, The addition amount of biomass, addition of an acid or an alkali is mentioned. Examples of the acid include hydrochloric acid and formic acid, and examples of the alkali include sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide.
The pH of the anaerobic fermentation broth is 5.5 or less, preferably 3 to 5.5, and more preferably 3.5 to 4.5.
［作用電極］
作用電極の構成は次の通りである。
電極材料は、ポリアクリロニトル系、セルロース系、カイノール系、ピッチ系などの炭素繊維集合体（カーボンクロスまたはカーボンフェルト）である。これらは、焼成して製造されるが、このときの焼成温度は１２００℃〜３０００℃であり、好ましくは１５００℃から２０００℃である。焼成品のかさ比重（見掛け比重）は、０．０５〜１．０、好ましくは０．１〜０．７程度である。炭素繊維の他にも表面をエッチングして比表面積を上げた炭素板（グラファイト板）や多孔質炭素（グラファイト）、炭素を塗布した比表面積の大きい導電材などがある。本発明に使用する作用極材は、使用する電位において、十分な水素過電圧を有することが好ましい。十分な水素過電圧を付与する方法は、従来から知られている各種の方法（例えば、Electorochemistry, 72(8), p322-327(2004)）でよい。
これを発酵液に浸透して電極に微生物を担持させる。微生物としては、クロストリジウム属等のバクテリアが好適に用いられる。
[Working electrode]
The configuration of the working electrode is as follows.
The electrode material is a carbon fiber aggregate (carbon cloth or carbon felt) such as polyacrylonitrile, cellulose, quinol, or pitch. These are produced by firing, and the firing temperature at this time is 1200 ° C. to 3000 ° C., preferably 1500 ° C. to 2000 ° C. The bulk specific gravity (apparent specific gravity) of the fired product is about 0.05 to 1.0, preferably about 0.1 to 0.7. In addition to carbon fibers, there are a carbon plate (graphite plate) and porous carbon (graphite) whose surfaces are etched to increase the specific surface area, and a conductive material with a large specific surface area coated with carbon. The working electrode material used in the present invention preferably has a sufficient hydrogen overvoltage at the potential used. A method for imparting a sufficient hydrogen overvoltage may be a variety of conventionally known methods (for example, Electorochemistry, 72 (8), p322-327 (2004)).
This is permeated into the fermentation broth, and the microorganism is supported on the electrode. As the microorganism, bacteria such as Clostridium are preferably used.
作用電極の電位は、−０．３５Ｖ（銀塩化銀電極電位基準）又はこれより卑であるが、好ましくは、−０．３５〜−１．００Ｖであり、更に好ましくは、−０．５５〜−０．９５である。 The potential of the working electrode is -0.35 V (based on silver-silver chloride electrode potential) or lower, but is preferably -0.35 to -1.00 V, and more preferably -0.55 -0.95.
［水素製造方法］
本発明方法に用いる装置は、特に限定されないが、例えば図１に示すものが挙げられる。
以下、この図１に沿って説明する。
嫌気性発酵液は、発酵槽１に入れられる。発酵槽１には、微生物が担持された作用電極２が有り、本発明方法の主要な反応がここで起こる。また、発酵槽１には、対極３が設けられている。対極としては、陽イオン交換膜で仕切ったガラス管内を対極室として同じ発酵液を入れ、そこに白金線を浸漬したもの等が挙げられる。発酵槽１は、ヒータ１２により適温に調整される。発酵液の温度は、室温〜８５℃が好ましく、特に３５〜６５℃が好ましい。発酵槽１は、ポンプ１０と２つの管で繋がれており、ポンプ１０は該発酵液を循環させる。発生した水素は、発酵槽１の上部から取り出され、ガス採取部６から回収される。また、ガスの一部は、ガス捕集・計量管に導かれ、サンプリングされる。
[Hydrogen production method]
Although the apparatus used for the method of the present invention is not particularly limited, for example, the apparatus shown in FIG.
Hereinafter, description will be given with reference to FIG.
The anaerobic fermentation liquid is put in the
サンプリングされたガスは、ガスクロマトグラフ等により水素ガスの割合を定量する。
また、発酵槽１内には、参照極４が設けられており、これには市販のガラス製ダブル接合型の銀／塩化銀電極等が使用できる。また、酸化還元電位検出用白金極５、温度計１１も槽内の状態を把握する上で有用である。これらにより得られたデータにより、電位、ｐＨ、温度等を調整し、最適条件で水素発酵を行うことが可能となる。
For the sampled gas, the proportion of hydrogen gas is quantified by a gas chromatograph or the like.
In addition, a reference electrode 4 is provided in the
実施例１、比較例１
図１に示す半透明樹脂（硬質ポリエチレン）製発酵槽（容量約５００ｍＬ）を含む実験装置を用いて、ｐＨを４．０〜７．８に調整した牛糞尿メタン発酵液を対象にした実験を行い、発生するガス組成の測定を行った。
発酵液は搾乳牛糞尿、処理量１５ｔ／日の実プラントの発酵槽（高温発酵法）から抜出した消化液を用い、４００ｍＬを発酵槽１に入れた。実験期間中、槽内の液面レベルが減少する分は、新たに同じｐＨに調整した発酵液を追加して、同じレベルを維持するようにした。発酵液のｐＨ調整は塩酸と水酸化ナトリウム溶液の添加によって行った。
槽内の発酵液はチューブで外部に引き出し、チューブポンプ１０で循環する攪拌方法をとった。
Example 1 and Comparative Example 1
Using an experimental apparatus including a semitransparent resin (rigid polyethylene) fermenter (capacity: about 500 mL) shown in FIG. 1, an experiment targeting a cow manure methane fermentation liquid having a pH adjusted to 4.0 to 7.8 was performed. The gas composition generated was measured.
The fermented liquor was extracted from milking cow manure, fermenter (high-temperature fermentation method) of the actual plant with a processing amount of 15 t / day, and 400 mL was put into the
The fermented liquid in the tank was drawn out to the outside with a tube and circulated with a
炭素繊維電極２はポリアクリロニトリル系の日本カーボン（株）製ＧＦ−５を電気炉にて１，５００℃に焼成した（炭化時に酸化アルミニウム＋水による表面賦活処理を行った。）。この焼成品の厚さは約３ｍｍの不織布であり、これを見掛けの面積３００ｃｍ2使用した。印加電位は−０．９Ｖ（銀塩化銀電極電位基準）とした。
また、陽イオン交換膜で仕切ったガラス管内を対極室として同じ発酵液を入れ、そこに白金線を浸漬して対極３とした。参照極４には市販のガラス製ダブル接合型の銀／塩化銀電極を使用した。発酵槽１をリボンヒータ１２によって加熱し、槽内を５５℃に維持できるようにした。、ガス組成分析にはガスクロマトグラフ（活性炭およびモレキュラーシーブ５Ａカラム、熱伝導セル検出器）を用いた。
For the carbon fiber electrode 2, polyacrylonitrile-based GF-5 manufactured by Nippon Carbon Co., Ltd. was fired at 1,500 ° C. in an electric furnace (surface activation treatment with aluminum oxide + water was performed during carbonization). The fired product was a nonwoven fabric having a thickness of about 3 mm, and an apparent area of 300 cm 2 was used. The applied potential was −0.9 V (based on the silver-silver chloride electrode potential).
In addition, the same fermentation broth was placed in a glass tube partitioned by a cation exchange membrane as a counter electrode chamber, and a platinum wire was immersed therein to form a
実験開始後７２時間後までのｐＨ約６．０、５．５、および４．８に調整した発酵液の水素発生量は投入揮発性有機物（ＶＳ）あたり、それぞれ 約０．０３±０．０３、０．３０±０．０６および０．４０±０．０７Ｌ／ｇ−ＶＳであり、発生ガス中の水素の割合（乾式ベース）は約５％、約２０％、約４５％であった。ｐＨ４．８に調整した消化液をその後１０日間にわたり−０．９Ｖ（銀塩化銀電極電位基準）の電位に印加して実験を継続したところ、水素ガス発生量はさらに約２５％増加し、発生ガス中の水素の割合は変わらなかった。本試験により回収するに十分な量の水素を発生する消化液のｐＨ値は５．５以下であることが判った。 The hydrogen generation amount of the fermentation broth adjusted to pH 6.0, 5.5, and 4.8 until 72 hours after the start of the experiment was about 0.03 ± 0.03 for each input volatile organic substance (VS). 0.30 ± 0.06 and 0.40 ± 0.07 L / g-VS, and the ratio of hydrogen in the generated gas (dry basis) was about 5%, about 20%, and about 45%. When the experiment was continued by applying the digested liquid adjusted to pH 4.8 to a potential of -0.9 V (silver silver chloride electrode potential reference) for 10 days, the hydrogen gas generation amount further increased by about 25%. The proportion of hydrogen in the gas did not change. In this test, it was found that the pH value of the digestive fluid that generates a sufficient amount of hydrogen to be recovered is 5.5 or less.
実施例２および比較例２
上記実施例１で用いた実験装置を用いて作用極の電極電位、発酵液のｐＨ及び温度の関係を検討した。実験開始１時間後から２時間後の間の発生ガス量および水素の割合を測定した。結果を表１及び表２に示す。
Example 2 and Comparative Example 2
The relationship between the electrode potential of the working electrode, the pH of the fermentation broth, and the temperature was examined using the experimental apparatus used in Example 1 above. The amount of generated gas and the ratio of hydrogen were measured between 1 hour and 2 hours after the start of the experiment. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
＊ −１．１０Ｖの実験は対極において著しい酸素発生がみられ、ガス発生量の３０％程度は電解によって生じたことが判った。 * -1. It was found that the experiment of 1.10 V showed significant oxygen generation at the counter electrode, and about 30% of the gas generation amount was generated by electrolysis.
本実験で水素ガス発生量が１００ｍＬを十分に超え、良好に水素を回収できる条件としては、ｐＨ値３より大、５．５より小、電極電位−０．３５Ｖより卑−１．００Ｖより貴の範囲であることが判った。 In this experiment, the hydrogen gas generation amount sufficiently exceeds 100 mL, and the conditions for recovering hydrogen well are as follows: pH value greater than 3, less than 5.5, electrode potential from -0.35 V to base-1.00 V It was found to be in the range.
実施例３および比較例
実施例１で使用した実験システムを用いて通常のメタン発酵（実験Ａ）および作用極電位−０．８Ｖ（銀塩化銀電極電位基準）に設定した発酵（実験Ｂ）を行った。発酵液中には白金の指示電極を浸漬して、その電位も測定した。発酵液は実施例１と同じ搾乳牛糞尿のメタン発酵液（消化液）で、塩酸と水酸化ナトリウム水溶液添加によってｐＨを調整した。ｐＨ調整後の消化液４００ｍＬを入れてシール（外気を遮断）し、電位を印加しない場合と印加した場合のガス発生量を積算値で読み取ると共に、ガス中のメタン、水素の量をガスクロマトグラフで測定した。結果を図２に示す。図２Ａは電位を印加しない場合、図２Ｂは印加した場合である。水素発生が十分に認知できるｐＨ領域は３以上５．５以下であった。
Example 3 and Comparative Example Using the experimental system used in Example 1, normal methane fermentation (Experiment A) and fermentation (Experiment B) set to a working electrode potential of -0.8 V (silver silver chloride electrode potential reference) went. A platinum indicator electrode was immersed in the fermentation broth, and its potential was also measured. The fermentation broth was the same methane fermentation broth (digested liquid) of milked cow manure as in Example 1, and the pH was adjusted by adding hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Put 400mL of digested juice after pH adjustment and seal (block off the outside air), read the amount of gas generated when no potential is applied and when it is applied as an integrated value, and measure the amount of methane and hydrogen in the gas with a gas chromatograph. It was measured. The results are shown in FIG. FIG. 2A shows the case where no potential is applied, and FIG. 2B shows the case where it is applied. The pH range where hydrogen generation can be sufficiently recognized was 3 or more and 5.5 or less.
本発明方法によれば、微生物を利用してバイオマスから水素を工業的に有利に製造することができる。 According to the method of the present invention, hydrogen can be industrially advantageously produced from biomass using microorganisms.
１ 発酵槽
２ 炭素繊維不織布の作用極（担持電極）
３ 白金線対極
４ 参照極（Ａｇ／ＡｇＣｌ，ダブル接合型）
５ 酸化還元電位検出用白金極
６ ガス採取部
７ ガス捕集・計量管
８ 定電位電解装置（ポテンショスタット）
９ 電圧計
１０ 発酵液循環用チューブポンプ
１１ 温度計
１２ ヒータ
１３ ガスの流れ
１４ 発酵液の流れ
1 Fermenter 2 Working electrode of carbon non-woven fabric (supported electrode)
3 Platinum wire counter electrode 4 Reference electrode (Ag / AgCl, double junction type)
5 Platinum electrode for redox potential detection 6
9
Claims (3)
The pH of the anaerobic fermentation liquor, according to claim 1 or 2 SL placing the hydrogen production process and adjusting the addition amount of biomass.
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| JP2004296521A JP4576581B2 (en) | 2004-10-08 | 2004-10-08 | Hydrogen production method |
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| JP2004296521A JP4576581B2 (en) | 2004-10-08 | 2004-10-08 | Hydrogen production method |
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| JP2006101831A JP2006101831A (en) | 2006-04-20 |
| JP4576581B2 true JP4576581B2 (en) | 2010-11-10 |
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| JP5805395B2 (en) * | 2010-03-31 | 2015-11-04 | 一般財団法人電力中央研究所 | Hydrogen fermentation treatment method |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH08294396A (en) * | 1995-04-26 | 1996-11-12 | Ebara Corp | Production of hydrogen gas |
| JPH08308591A (en) * | 1995-05-16 | 1996-11-26 | Ebara Corp | Biological production of hydrogen |
| JP2003521258A (en) * | 2000-02-01 | 2003-07-15 | ロイチョウドフリー、スコマル | Method for producing hydrogen from anaerobic decomposition organic matter |
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Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH08294396A (en) * | 1995-04-26 | 1996-11-12 | Ebara Corp | Production of hydrogen gas |
| JPH08308591A (en) * | 1995-05-16 | 1996-11-26 | Ebara Corp | Biological production of hydrogen |
| JP2003521258A (en) * | 2000-02-01 | 2003-07-15 | ロイチョウドフリー、スコマル | Method for producing hydrogen from anaerobic decomposition organic matter |
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| JP2006101831A (en) | 2006-04-20 |
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