JP4325834B2 - Alcohol-containing beverage and method for producing the same - Google Patents

Alcohol-containing beverage and method for producing the same Download PDF

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JP4325834B2
JP4325834B2 JP2002262258A JP2002262258A JP4325834B2 JP 4325834 B2 JP4325834 B2 JP 4325834B2 JP 2002262258 A JP2002262258 A JP 2002262258A JP 2002262258 A JP2002262258 A JP 2002262258A JP 4325834 B2 JP4325834 B2 JP 4325834B2
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aminobutyric acid
koji
alcohol
sake
liter
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JP2003169659A (en
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直孝 黒瀬
亜希子 池上
寿城 山中
定治 横山
順一 平松
康次郎 高橋
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宝ホールディングス株式会社
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、γ−アミノ酪酸を高含量で含有するアルコール含有飲料及びその製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
【特許文献1】
特開平10−165191号公報
【特許文献2】
特開2001−54390公報
【特許文献3】
特開平11−103825号公報
【非特許文献1】
「醸造物の成分」、第63〜84頁、(財)日本醸造協会、平成11年12月10日発行
【非特許文献2】
生物工学会誌、第75巻、第4号、第239〜244頁(1997年)
【非特許文献3】
食品と科学、第43巻、第8号、第81〜85頁(2001年)
γ−アミノ酪酸は生体内に存在する蛋白質を構成しないアミノ酸であり、抑制性神経伝達物質として考えられている。最近では、血圧降下作用、アルコール代謝促進作用、脳代謝促進作用、及び肥満防止作用といった機能性を有する物質として注目を集めている。このため、様々な食品にγ−アミノ酪酸を富化した機能性食品を製造する方法が提案されている。
【0003】
清酒、味噌、醤油等の製造に古くから使用されている麹にはγ−アミノ酪酸生成能があることが知られている。特開平10−165191号公報では、麹菌にアスペルギルス オリーゼ(Aspergillus oryzae)を用いた米麹を使用してγ−アミノ酪酸を製造する方法が開示されている。また、特開2001−54390公報では、アスペルギルス オリーゼのグルタミン酸からγ−アミノ酪酸を生成する酵素であるグルタミン酸デカルボキシラーゼに関して、遺伝子レベルでの解析を行っており、該遺伝子を利用してγ−アミノ酪酸を製造する方法が開示されている。
【0004】
特開平11−103825号公報では、麹菌を使用してγ−アミノ酪酸を富化した食品素材、味噌、醤油等の製造方法が開示されている。しかし、該公報では、アルコール含有飲料の一つである清酒において、その醸造中に酒米から遊離してくるグルタミン酸の量が極めて少量であるためグルタミン酸からγ−アミノ酪酸への変換がほとんど起らないことが述べられている。一方、清酒中のγ−アミノ酪酸含量は7.56mg/100ml以下と低い濃度である〔醸造物の成分、第63〜84頁、(財)日本醸造協会、平成11年12月10日発行〕。他のアルコール含有飲料のγ−アミノ酪酸含量は、例えば、ビール及びワインにおいて、それぞれ0.05mg/g及び0.06mg/gであり、明らかに清酒よりも低い値である〔生物工学会誌、第75巻、第4号、第239〜244頁(1997年)〕。
【0005】
前述のようにγ−アミノ酪酸は様々な機能性を有する物質であるが、アルコール含有飲料にはわずかしか含まれていない。γ−アミノ酪酸をアルコール含有飲料中に富化することにより、飲酒によって機能性を有する物質を摂取することができるようになり、このようなアルコール含有飲料の開発が求められていた。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明はこのような状況にかんがみて行われたものであり、γ−アミノ酪酸を高含量で含有するアルコール含有飲料、及びその製造方法を提供することにある。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明を概説すると、第1の発明は、自己消化工程及び/又はγ−アミノ酪酸生成能を有する乳酸菌の培養工程を包含する方法により得られる麹の処理物を用い、γ−アミノ酪酸を80〜300mg/リットル含有し、アルコールを13〜16v/v%含有する清酒に関し、第2の発明は、自己消化工程及び/又はγ−アミノ酪酸生成能を有する乳酸菌の培養工程を包含する方法により得られる麹の処理物を用いる第1の発明の清酒の製造方法に関する。
【0008】
本発明者らはγ−アミノ酪酸を高含有するアルコール含有飲料について鋭意検討を行った。その結果、γ−アミノ酪酸が80mg/リットル以上含有し、従来にはない香味良好なアルコール含有飲料が得られることを見出し、本発明の完成に至った。
【0009】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に本発明を具体的に説明する。
まず、本発明でいうアルコール含有飲料とは、エチルアルコール(以下、アルコールという)を含有する飲料であり、具体的には、清酒、合成清酒、ビール、ワイン、みりん、及び本直し等の醸造酒、焼酎、ウィスキー、ウォッカ、ラム、及びジン等の蒸留酒、雑酒、並びにリキュール等を挙げることができる。これらの中で醸造酒が好ましく、特に、清酒又はみりんが好適である。本発明ではこれらがγ−アミノ酪酸を80mg/リットル以上含有するものであり、好ましくは80〜300mg/リットル、より好ましくは100〜200mg/リットル含有するものである。アルコール含有飲料中にγ−アミノ酪酸が80mg/リットル以上含有すると、γ−アミノ酪酸がアルコール含有飲料360ml(2合)当り28.8mg以上となり、γ−アミノ酪酸による高血圧予防効果、アルコール代謝促進効果、脳代謝促進効果、肥満防止効果等の機能性の効果を有する量を適量な飲酒で摂取することができる。特に、高血圧予防効果はγ−アミノ酪酸を1日当り26mg摂取することにより得ることができると報告されており〔食品と科学、第43巻、第8号、第81〜85頁(2001年)〕、前述のように適量な飲酒による効果が得られる。また、より少量で得ることができる機能性の効果は、当然得ることができる。アルコール含有飲料中のアルコール濃度は特に限定はないが、例えば、清酒において、アルコール濃度が13〜16v/v%の範囲が、呈味成分及び香気成分とアルコールとのバランスがよく、好ましい一例である。
【0010】
(検討例1)
アルコール濃度15.0v/v%、日本酒度+1.0、及びγ−アミノ酪酸濃度23mg/リットルの清酒にγ−アミノ酪酸を添加して官能検査を行った。表1に示す濃度になるようにγ−アミノ酪酸〔4−アミノ酪酸、和光純薬工業(株)製〕を添加し、パネラー15名による官能検査を行った。官能検査は味、香、及び総合の3項目について、3点法(0点;悪い、1点;普通、2点;良い)により行った。その合計点を表1に示す。
【0011】
【表1】

Figure 0004325834
【0012】
表1より、γ−アミノ酪酸を80mg/リットル以上含有する清酒は、その味において、官能的に好ましいものであり、その傾向は特に80〜300mg/リットル含有する清酒において顕著であった。また、香も若干ではあるが、味と同様にγ−アミノ酪酸を含有することにより、官能的に好ましいものであった。したがって、γ−アミノ酪酸を80mg/リットル以上含有する清酒は好ましい香味を示すものであり、好ましくは80〜300mg/リットル、より好ましくは100〜200mg/リットル含有するものはその傾向が顕著であることが明らかになった。
【0013】
アルコール含有飲料の麹を用いる製造工程は、一般的に、原料処理、仕込、発酵、熟成、上槽、蒸留、精製等の各工程からなる。原料処理工程は穀類、芋類、種実類、豆類、果実類等のでん粉及び/又は糖類を含有する掛原料を用い、糊化、液化、糖化、搾汁、固液分離等の処理を行う。なお、仕込工程で常法に従って用いる麹の製麹工程は原料処理工程に含む。仕込工程で処理済の掛原料、水、麹、アルコール発酵能を有する酵母、糖類、コーンスターチ、ホップ等の醸造副原料等を混合し、発酵及び/又は熟成工程を行う。上槽工程はろ過法、遠心分離法等により固液分離を行い、蒸留工程は単式蒸留、連続式蒸留等により行う。このようにして得られるアルコール含有飲料は、更に必要に応じており下げ、活性炭処理、加熱殺菌等の精製工程を行う。例えば、清酒では、添、仲、及び留仕込の三段仕込みで麹、蒸きょうした精白米、汲水、清酒酵母、及び醸造用乳酸を混合して10〜15℃で発酵させ、上槽、及び精製工程により製造する方法を挙げることができる。
【0014】
γ−アミノ酪酸を80mg/リットル以上含有するアルコール含有飲料を得る方法の一つとして、γ−アミノ酪酸を高生成させた食品素材をその製造に用いる方法を挙げることができる。この例として、自己消化工程、γ−アミノ酪酸生成能を有する乳酸菌の培養工程、又はこれらの工程の組合せ等により得られる麹の処理物を用いる方法を挙げることができ、これらの中で自己消化工程及びγ−アミノ酪酸生成能を有する乳酸菌の培養工程を包含する方法により得られる麹の処理物を用いるのが好ましく、自己消化工程、次いでγ−アミノ酪酸生成能を有する乳酸菌の培養工程を包含する方法により得られる麹の処理物を用いるのが特に好適である。また、グルタミン酸デカルボキシラーゼの基質であるグルタミン酸を多く溶出することができる原料、例えば精白度が80〜90%といった精白度の低い原料を麹原料及び/又は掛原料として用いる方法を挙げることができる。更に、グルタミン酸を高生成する麹菌を製麹に用いる方法もある。
【0015】
麹を製造するのに用いる原料は麹菌を培養できるものであれば特に限定はないが、具体的な例として、粳米、糯米、大麦、小麦、ライ麦、燕麦、蕎麦、ヒエ、アワ、コウリャン、トウモロコシ、マイロ等の穀類、サツマイモ、ジャガイモ、サトイモ、タロイモ、キャッサバ等の芋類、デーツ等の果実類、クリ、ゴマ等の種実類、及び大豆等の豆類等を挙げることができる。これらの原料は単独で、又は2種類以上併用して用いてもよい。これらの原料の形状には特に限定はなく、未精白物、精白物、粒状物、粉体物、及び裁断物等を用いることができ、有機溶剤等の処理物、エクストルーダー等の造粒機による造粒物を用いてもよい。また、麹菌を液体培養する場合には、グルタミン酸及び/又はその塩、各種ビタミン類、無機塩、有機物等を加えて培養することもできる。無機塩の具体的な例としては、アンモニウム塩、硝酸塩、酸性リン酸塩、カリウム塩、カルシウム塩、マグネシウム塩等の水溶性の化合物を、有機物では、米糠、小麦麩、コーンスティープリカー、大豆粕、脱脂大豆等を挙げることができる。これらの添加量は麹菌の増殖を阻害しない程度であれば特に限定はない。
【0016】
これらの原料は前処理を行うのが好ましく、前処理法は特に限定はない。具体的な例として、洗浄、浸漬、加水、α−アミラーゼ、プロテアーゼ、セルラーゼ、ヘミセルラーゼ、及び/又はリパーゼ等を用いる酵素処理、蒸きょう法等の湿熱処理、乾燥熱風による焙炒法等の乾熱処理、及び/又はその組み合せ等を挙げることができる。これらの方法は常法に従って行えばよい。蒸きょう法の例として、原料を洗浄、浸漬、水切り後、常圧で30〜60分蒸きょうする方法を挙げることができる。α−アミラーゼによる液化方法の例として、原料、水、プロテアーゼ、α−アミラーゼ、及び酵素剤の安定化剤を混合し、40〜45℃で30分間保持後、85〜95℃で1〜2時間保持する方法を挙げることができる。
【0017】
前処理後の原料に麹菌を接種する。用いる麹菌の種類には特に限定はないが、安全性の点から、酒類又は食品の製造に用いるものが好ましい。具体的な例として、ムコール ルーキシイ(Mucor rouxii)、リゾプス ジャバニクス(Rhozopus javanicus)、リゾプス デレマー(Rhizopus delemar)、アスペルギルス オリーゼ(Aspergillus oryzae)、アスペルギルス ソーエ(Aspergillus sojae)、アスペルギルス アワモリ(Aspergillus awamori)、アスペルギルス カワチ(Aspergillus kawachii)、モナスカス パープリウス(Monascus purpureus)、モナスカス アンカ(Monascus anka)等を挙げることができる。接種する麹菌の形態は、固体麹では胞子を接種すればよく、液体麹では胞子又は菌糸のどちらを用いてもよい。用いる麹菌の菌株は1種又は2種以上の混合菌株のどちらでもよく、自然界より選択したγ−アミノ酪酸及び/又はL−グルタミン酸高生成株、細胞融合株、変異株、形質転換株等を用いてもよい。麹菌の接種量は特に限定はなく、培養条件下で用いる菌株の増殖速度を考慮して適宜選択すればよい。接種量が少なすぎると所望の麹を得るのに要する時間が長くなり、摂取量が多すぎると接種する麹菌を得るのに要する費用、設備等が大きいものとなる。
【0018】
麹菌を接種後、製麹を行う。固体麹における製麹条件は、30〜40℃で相対湿度90%以上として、46時間程度行う方法が一般的であるが、特に限定されるものではない。原料に粳米を用いて蒸きょうし、アスペルギルス オリーゼを接種して固体麹を製麹する場合の品温経過例として、以下の方法を挙げることができる。アスペルギルス オリーゼの胞子を均一に接種して30℃で12時間放置後手入れを行い、更に同じ温度で12時間放置後手入れを行う。その後、8時間で35℃に上昇させてから手入れを行う。それから、6時間後に40℃になるように更に上昇させ、40℃に到達後、該温度で8時間放置することにより固体麹を得ることができる。液体麹における製麹条件も特に限定はないが、次の工程で麹菌の自己消化を行う場合は製麹終了時には定常期に到達しているのが好ましい。また、固体麹、液体麹に関係なく、製麹条件を麹菌がプロテアーゼを高生産する条件で行うのが好ましく、このようにすることにより、自己消化工程において、菌体の自己消化反応を促進することができる。また、グルタミン酸デカルボキシラーゼの基質であるL−グルタミン酸をより多く生成させることができる。
【0019】
このようにして得られた麹に、自己消化工程、γ−アミノ酪酸生成能を有する乳酸菌の培養工程、又はこれらの工程の組合せ等の処理を行う。これらによりγ−アミノ酪酸含量を高めることができるが、好適な例として、自己消化工程及びγ−アミノ酪酸生成能を有する乳酸菌の培養工程を包含する方法を挙げることができる。この場合、工程の順序に関係なく行うことができ、同時に二工程並行して行うこともできるが、自己消化工程、次いでγ−アミノ酪酸生成能を有する乳酸菌の培養工程を行う方法が特に好適である。
【0020】
本発明でいう自己消化工程とは、麹と、必要に応じて水等の溶媒とを混合し、麹菌の菌体の構成成分及び麹中の原料成分を麹菌の菌体内又は菌体外に分泌した酵素によって分解させることを示す。水等の溶媒の添加量は特に限定はないが、例えば、固体麹の場合、麹に対して、50〜200w/w%、好ましくは100〜150w/w%の水と混合すればよい。自己消化時に麹の製造に用いることができる原料又はその前処理物を加えてもよい。麹、その原料又は前処理物、水等はすべてを一度に混合してもよいが、複数回に分けて混合しても問題はなく、これらの方法は適宜選択すればよい。また、自己消化を行うときに酵素剤を添加して行うこともできる。このときに用いることのできる酵素剤としては、α−アミラーゼ、プロテアーゼ、セルラーゼ、ヘミセルラーゼ、リパーゼ、グルタミナーゼ等を挙げることができ、これらの酵素は単独で、又は複数の酵素剤を併用して用いることができる。用いる酵素剤の量は特に限定はないが、例えば、麹の量を基準にして、用いる酵素剤の量を決定する方法がある。自己消化を行う温度及び時間には特に限定はないが、麹菌が分泌したアミラーゼ、プロテアーゼ等が失活しない条件であれば、できるだけ高い温度で行うほうが雑菌汚染を受ける確率が減少するので好ましい。具体的には、45〜60℃で12〜24時間行うことが好ましい。
【0021】
更に、自己消化工程の前に、加水した麹の温度を30〜35℃で保持する工程を包含することにより、γ−アミノ酪酸含量を増加させることができる。保持する温度が30℃未満で行うとγ−アミノ酪酸の生成量が少なく、35℃より高い温度では、麹菌のグルタミン酸デカルボキシラーゼが失活しやすく、結果として、γ−アミノ酪酸生成量が少なくなる。保持時間は、製麹環境及び自己消化を実施する環境等により適宜選択すればよいが、少なくとも3時間以上行うことが好ましく、3〜48時間がより好ましい。3時間未満では時間が短いためにγ−アミノ酪酸の生成量が少なく、48時間を超えて行っても自己消化物中のγ−アミノ酪酸の著しい増加が見られない。
【0022】
自己消化工程により得られる麹の処理物は、更にグルタミナーゼ処理することによりγ−アミノ酪酸前駆体としてのグルタミン酸量を高めることができる。グルタミナーゼは、市販の酵素剤を使用すればよく、例えばグルタミナーゼ100FG〔ナガセケムテックス株式会社製〕を使用する麹1g当り1ユニットを使用すればよい。ここで、1ユニットは1分間に1マイクロモルのグルタミン酸を遊離する酵素量である。処理温度は30〜55℃、好ましくは30〜40℃であり、処理時間は30分〜5時間、好ましくは1〜3時間である。
【0023】
γ−アミノ酪酸生成能を有する乳酸菌の培養工程により得られる麹の処理物もγ−アミノ酪酸含量が高くなる。該乳酸菌の添加量は特に限定はないが、例えば、1ml当り1×105〜2×109の範囲で添加すればよい。乳酸菌の添加量が少ないと雑菌汚染を受けやすくなる。乳酸菌の培養条件は30〜37℃で24〜72時間行うのが好ましいが、これに限定されるのではなく、必要に応じて適宜選択すればよい。本発明で用いる乳酸菌はγ−アミノ酪酸生成能を有するものであれば特に限定はないが、例として、ラクトバチルス(Lactobacillus、以下、L.と略記する)属、ロイコノストック(Leuconostoc)属、ストレプトコッカス(Streptococcus)属、ペディオコッカス(Pediococcus)属、及びビフィドバクテリウム(Bifidobacterium)属等に属するものを挙げることができる。これらの中でもラクトバチルス属に属するものがより好ましく、この例として、ラクトバチルス ブレビス(L. brevis)、ラクトバチルス ブルガリカス(L. bulgaricus)、ラクトバチルス デルブリッキ(L. delbrueckii)、ラクトバチルス レイヒマニー(L. leichmannii)、ラクトバチルス プランタラム(L. plantarum)、ラクトバチルスラクティス(L. lactis)、ラクトバチルス ヘルベティカス(L.helveticus)、ラクトバチルス アシドフィラス(L. acidophilus)、ラクトバチルス カゼイ(L. casei)、及びラクトバチルス ファーメンタム(L. fermentum)等を挙げることができる。これらの中で特にラクトバチルス ブレビスに属するものが好ましく、この例として、ラクトバチルス ブレビス IFO−12005、ラクトバチルス ブレビス IFO−3345、ラクトバチルス ブレビス IFO−3960、及びラクトバチルス ブレビス IFO−12520等を挙げることができる。前述のグルタミナーゼ処理でのグルタミナーゼをγ−アミノ酪酸生成能を有する乳酸菌の培養工程において使用することもできる。例えばグルタミナーゼ100FG〔ナガセケムテックス株式会社製〕を使用する麹1g当り1ユニットを使用すればよい。
【0024】
乳酸菌はあらかじめ前培養したものを用いるのが好ましい。前培養は乳酸菌が増殖できる培地であれば特に限定はないが、その例として、GYP培地(グルコース2w/v%、酵母エキス1w/v%、ペプトン1w/v%)を挙げることができる。前培養を行う培地にはグルタミン酸及び/又はその塩を添加して前培養を行ってもよい。前培養した乳酸菌はそのまま用いることができるが、培養を行う前に前処理を行ってもよい。前処理法としては、集菌、洗浄、乾燥、水若しくは前培養を行った培地に懸濁、又はこれらを組合せた方法があり、これらは常法に従って行えばよい。
【0025】
γ−アミノ酪酸の測定は、以下の方法で測定することができる。麹、その処理物、及びアルコール含有飲料に、必要に応じて水を加えて抽出後、遠心分離法等により固液分離を行う。得られる上清に等量の3w/v%のスルホサリチル酸を加えて除蛋白後、pH2.2に調整して0.45μmのフィルターでろ過し、L−8500A形高速アミノ酸分析計〔(株)日立製作所製〕を用いて測定することができる。
【0026】
(検討例2)
自己消化工程及びγ−アミノ酪酸生成能を有する乳酸菌の培養工程を包含する方法により製造して得られる米麹の処理物におけるγ−アミノ酪酸生成量の検討を行った。原料として75%精白滋賀県産日本晴100gを常法に従って洗米、浸漬、水切りを行い、常圧で30分間蒸きょう後、30℃に冷却して清酒用麹DF−27株〔(株)樋口松之助商店製〕の胞子を0.05g接種し、製麹した。製麹条件は相対湿度90%以上で、品温経過は前述の固体麹の品温経過例と同様に行った。得られた麹を180mlの水と混合し、55℃で18時間保持して自己消化を行った後、35℃に冷却した。これにラクトバチルス ブレビス IFO−12005を前述のGYP培地で30℃、48時間前培養を行い、集菌及び洗浄後、培養時の培地の容量の3分の1量になるように生理食塩水に懸濁し、その1.8mlを添加して35℃で48時間培養した。培養後、遠心分離法により固液分離して得られた上清中のγ−アミノ酪酸及びL−グルタミン酸含量、重ボーメ度、酸度、並びにアミノ酸度を測定した。対照としては、麹菌の自己消化工程後にラクトバチルス ブレビス IFO−12005の培養を行わずに同様に行った。γ−アミノ酪酸は前述の方法に従って測定し、L−グルタミン酸はγ−アミノ酪酸の測定と同時に行った。また、重ボーメ度、酸度、及びアミノ酸度の測定は第四回改正国税庁所定分析法注解〔(財)日本醸造協会、平成5年2月20日第四回改正版発行〕に基づき行った。その結果を表2に示す。
【0027】
【表2】
Figure 0004325834
【0028】
表2より、麹に自己消化を行った後、ラクトバチルス ブレビス IFO−12005を培養することにより得られる処理物中のγ−アミノ酪酸含量は、839mg/リットルであり、培養を行わなかった対照の356mg/リットルより高い値であった。一方、L−グルタミン酸は、γ−アミノ酪酸含量が高い乳酸菌の培養を行った方が低い値であり、重ボーメ度に差は見られなかった。酸度及びアミノ酸度はラクトバチルス ブレビス IFO12005による培養物の方が高く、官能的にも重厚な甘味と酸味により好ましいものであった。また、用いた粳米を蒸きょう後、米麹の自己消化工程と同様の割合で水と混合し、糖化酵素を用いて55℃で18時間糖化することにより得られた糖化物にラクトバチルス ブレビス IFO−12005を植菌したが、乳酸菌は増殖しなかった。したがって、自己消化工程及びγ−アミノ酪酸生成能を有する乳酸菌の培養工程を包含することにより得られる米麹の処理物はγ−アミノ酪酸を多量に含有し、官能的に好ましいものであることが明らかになった。
【0029】
麹、及び/又はその処理物等に嫌気処理を行ってもよく、これは前述の処理工程に供する麹に行うのが好ましい。嫌気処理とは、麹、その処理物等を密閉雰囲気下でCO2ガス置換、N2ガス置換、減圧、脱気、又はこれらの組合せ等によりO2の分圧を大気中のそれより減少させた状態で保持することを示し、これらの方法は常法にしたがって行えばよい。嫌気処理を行う温度及び時間は麹菌の培養中に菌体外に分泌するアミラーゼ、プロテアーゼ等の酵素が失活しない条件で行えば特に限定はないが、それぞれ5〜60℃及び30分〜144時間の組合せで適宜選択する。処理温度は好ましくは30〜50℃であり、処理時間は好ましくは24〜96時間である。嫌気処理を行うことにより、麹の処理物中のγ−アミノ酪酸を増加させることができる。
【0030】
前述の工程を経た麹の処理物はそのまま用いることができるが、必要に応じて後処理してもよい。後処理方法としては、沈降分離法、遠心分離法、若しくはろ過法等を用いた固液分解による未分解顆粒及び乳酸菌の除去、常圧若しくは加圧下での加熱処理、常圧若しくは減圧下での濃縮、膜分離法、活性炭処理法、若しくは合成吸着剤処理法等による脱色、凍結乾燥法、真空乾燥法、若しくは噴霧乾燥法等による乾燥、圧縮破砕法、衝撃式粉砕法、爆砕処理法、若しくは超音波粉砕法等による粉末化、又はこれらの組合せ等を挙げることができ、これらの方法は常法にしたがって実施すればよい。
【0031】
このようにして得られる麹の処理物をアルコール含有飲料の製造に用いることができる。その方法としては、アルコール含有飲料の発酵中、熟成中、及び/又は固液分離後若しくは蒸留後のアルコール含有飲料に添加する方法を挙げることができ、醸造酒等では添加時期は、発酵又は熟成後半及びそれ以降が好ましく、上槽工程直前24時間以内が特に好適である。このときにアルコール、糖類、酸味料等の添加物を加えてもよい。麹の処理物を掛原料にも用い、全麹アルコール含有飲料とすることも可能である。処理物の添加量はアルコール含有飲料中のγ−アミノ酪酸が80mg/リットル以上になるように加えれば特に限定はない。しかし、処理物の添加により付与される風味の影響を考慮する必要があり、例えば、醸造酒の製造において、水分含量が23〜28w/w%の麹を用いる場合、下記数式(1)により算出される添加割合が12〜20%の範囲であることが好ましく、15〜20%であることがより好ましい。水分含量が23〜28w/w%の範囲外の麹菌の培養物の場合では、この固形分の量が前述の水分含量の範囲の固形分の量と同等となるように添加すればよい。この例として、清酒の場合、原料として下記数式(1)の添加割合が15%に相当する量の米麹を用いて自己消化工程及び乳酸菌の培養工程を包含させることにより得られる処理物、及び醸造用アルコールを清酒醪に添加する方法を挙げることができる。また、リキュール等では酒類又は醸造用アルコールに麹の処理物を混合する方法を挙げることができる。例えば、焼酎ベースのリキュールの場合、焼酎に、自己消化工程及び乳酸菌の培養工程を包含させることにより得られる麹の処理物、香料、酸味料等を混合する方法を挙げることができる。
数1
〔添加割合(%)〕=〔麹(g)〕÷{〔醸造酒の掛原料(g)〕+〔麹(g)〕}×100
【0032】
麹の処理物を添加した後、必要に応じて固液分離を行う。この例として、ろ過、遠心分離法等を挙げることができ、これらは常法に従って行えばよい。得られた上清は、更に必要に応じており下げ処理、活性炭処理、火入れ殺菌、ろ過殺菌、又はこれらの組合せ等の精製工程を行ってもよく、これらは常法に従って行えばよい。
【0033】
かくして本発明により、γ−アミノ酪酸を80mg/リットル以上含有するアルコール含有飲料、及びその製造方法が提供される。
【0034】
【実施例】
以下、本発明を実施例によって更に具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。
【0035】
実施例1
γ−アミノ酪酸を80mg/リットル以上含有する清酒の製造を行った。表3に示す仕込配合で水麹、添、仲、及び留の仕込を行い、発酵を行った。麹米及び掛米は75%精白滋賀県産日本晴を用い、酵母及び乳酸は、それぞれ協会701号及び醸造用乳酸を用いた。品温は初添後15℃、仲添後11℃、留添後10℃で1日1℃ずつ上昇させ、15℃に到達後、15℃一定で発酵を行った。掛米及び麹米の洗米、浸漬、及び蒸きょう、並びに製麹は常法に従って行った。留後19日目に、表4に示す組合せで四段及び/又は40v/v%アルコール823mlを添加して遠心分離法により上槽し、清酒を得た。四段として、75%精白滋賀県産日本晴を用いて得た米麹176gと水264mlとを混合して、自己消化工程、次いで乳酸菌の培養工程を経て、得られた米麹の処理物を清酒醪に添加した。製麹、自己消化、及び乳酸菌の培養は検討例2と同様に行った。また、米麹の処理物を凍結乾燥法により乾燥して同様に添加及び上槽し、清酒を得た。対照として、前述の留後19日目の清酒醪に酵素四段(対照例1)若しくはそれと40v/v%醸造用アルコール823ml(対照例2)を添加して、又はそのまま(対照例3)遠心分離法により上槽し、清酒を得た。酵素四段は、75%精白滋賀県産日本晴の蒸米176g、汲水264ml、及び糖化酵素としてコクゲンL〔大和化成工業(株)製〕を88mgを混合し、55℃で18時間糖化して調製した。各清酒のγ−アミノ酪酸含量、アルコール濃度を測定した。γ−アミノ酪酸は前述のように測定し、アルコール濃度は第四回改正国税庁所定分析法注解〔(財)日本醸造協会、平成5年2月20日第四回改正版発行〕に基づいて行った。その結果を表4に示す。
【0036】
【表3】
Figure 0004325834
【0037】
【表4】
Figure 0004325834
【0038】
表4より、本発明1〜4は、対照例1〜3よりγ−アミノ酪酸含量が著しく高い清酒であった。得られた各清酒について、官能検査を行った結果、本発明1〜4は対照例1〜3と比べてアミノ酸及び有機酸による濃醇な清酒であり、上品な甘味を呈し、麹菌及び乳酸菌由来の好ましい風味が付与されているものであった。したがって、自己消化工程、次いで乳酸菌の培養工程により製造した米麹の処理物を清酒四段として用いることにより得られる清酒は機能性物質であるγ−アミノ酸含量を80mg/リットル以上含有させることができ、濃醇で好ましい香味を有するものであることが明らかになった。
【0039】
実施例2
実施例1で得られた本発明3、本発明4、及び対照例2に割水を行い、アルコール濃度15v/v%の清酒を得た(以下、それぞれ本発明5、本発明6、及び対照例4という)。得られた各清酒のγ−アミノ酪酸及びL−グルタミン酸の含量、並びに一般分析値(日本酒度、アルコール濃度、酸度、及びアミノ酸度)を測定した。γ−アミノ酪酸及びL−グルタミン酸は前述のように測定し、一般分析値は第四回改正国税庁所定分析法注解〔(財)日本醸造協会、平成5年2月20日第四回改正版発行〕に基づいて行った。その結果を表5に示す。
【0040】
【表5】
Figure 0004325834
【0041】
表5より、本発明5及び本発明6はγ−アミノ酪酸含量がそれぞれ、83及び91mg/リットルと対照例4の17mg/リットルより著しく高い含量であった。各清酒について、官能検査を行った結果、四段として米麹の処理物を用いた本発明5及び本発明6は、対照例4より良好であった。また、割水を行った本発明5及び本発明6は、割水を行う前の清酒より、上品な甘味と酸味のバランスがよく、麹菌及び乳酸菌の好ましい風味が付与された濃厚芳醇な清酒であった。更に、本発明5及び本発明6はアルコール濃度の高い清酒にみられるアルコール臭、及び低アルコール清酒にみられる水っぽさもなく、香味成分とアルコールとのバランスが非常によく、清酒として非常に好適なものであった。したがって、自己消化工程、次いで乳酸菌の培養工程により製造して得られた米麹の処理物を清酒四段として用いることにより得られるアルコール濃度15v/v%程度の清酒はγ−アミノ酪酸を80mg/リットル以上含有し、官能的にも非常に好適なものであることが明らかになった。
【0042】
実施例3
実施例1と同様に仕込及び発酵を行った清酒醪に、四段として176g又は136gの米麹、及びその1.5倍量の水とを用いて得られた米麹の処理物、並びに40v/v%アルコール823mlを添加して遠心分離法により上槽し、アルコール濃度15v/v%になるように割水を行った。製麹及び米麹の処理物の製造は、麹菌にアスペルギルス オリーゼ IFO−4250を用いて製麹を行ったこと、及びラクトバチルス ブレビス IFO−12005の培養を72時間行ったこと以外は、検討例2と同様に行い、得られた処理物中のγ−アミノ酪酸含量は1020mg/リットルであった。割水前後の清酒のγ−アミノ酪酸及びL−グルタミン酸含量、並びに一般分析値を実施例2と同様に測定した。その結果を表6に示す。
【0043】
【表6】
Figure 0004325834
【0044】
表6より、本発明7〜本発明10の清酒におけるγ−アミノ酪酸含量は80mg/リットル以上含有するものであった。また、これらの清酒について官能検査を行った結果、麹菌及び乳酸菌の好ましい風味が付与された上品な甘味を呈する濃醇な清酒であり、好ましい香味を有していた。更に、アルコール濃度15v/v%に割水を行った清酒は、アルコールと甘味及び酸味といった呈味成分とのバランスがよく、特に好ましいものであった。
【0045】
実施例4
実施例1と同様に仕込及び発酵を行った清酒醪に、四段として米麹176g、及びその1.5倍量の水とを用いて得られた米麹の処理物、並びに40v/v%アルコール823mlを添加して遠心分離法により上槽した。四段麹の原料には、90%精白滋賀県産日本晴を用い、CO2ガス置換した密閉雰囲気下において45℃で96時間の嫌気処理を施したこと、及びラクトバチルス ブレビス IFO−12005の培養時にグルタミナーゼ100FG〔ナガセケムテックス株式会社製〕1.76g(176ユニット)を添加し、培養時間を72時間としたこと以外は実施例1と同様に行った。対照として、前述の留後19日目の清酒醪に米麹処理物(対照例5)若しくは酵素四段(対照例7)、若しくはそれと40v/v%醸造用アルコール823ml(対照例6、8)を添加し、遠心分離法により上槽し清酒を得た。酵素四段は、90%精白滋賀県産日本晴を用い、調製法は実施例1と同様に行った。各清酒のγ-アミノ酪酸濃度、アルコール濃度は実施例1と同様にして測定を行った。その結果を表7に示す。
【0046】
【表7】
Figure 0004325834
【0047】
表7より、本発明11〜16は、対照例5〜8よりγ-アミノ酪酸含量が著しく高い清酒であった。得られた各清酒について官能検査を行った結果、本発明11〜16は対照例5〜8と比べて濃醇で好ましい香味を有するものであった。
【0048】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、γ−アミノ酪酸を80mg/リットル以上含有する従来にないアルコール含有飲料を得ることができる。該アルコール含有飲料は、γ−アミノ酪酸がアルコール含有飲料360ml(2合)当り28.8mg以上となり、適量の飲酒により有効量のγ−アミノ酪酸を摂取することができる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an alcohol-containing beverage containing a high content of γ-aminobutyric acid and a method for producing the same.
[0002]
[Prior art]
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-165191
[Patent Document 2]
JP 2001-54390 A
[Patent Document 3]
JP-A-11-103825
[Non-Patent Document 1]
"Ingredients of Brew", pages 63-84, Japan Brewing Association, issued December 10, 1999
[Non-Patent Document 2]
Journal of Biotechnology, Vol.75, No.4, pp.239-244 (1997)
[Non-Patent Document 3]
Food and Science, Vol. 43, No. 8, pp. 81-85 (2001)
γ-Aminobutyric acid is an amino acid that does not constitute a protein present in the living body, and is considered as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Recently, it has attracted attention as a substance having functions such as a blood pressure lowering action, an alcohol metabolism promoting action, a brain metabolism promoting action, and an obesity preventing action. For this reason, methods for producing functional foods enriched with γ-aminobutyric acid in various foods have been proposed.
[0003]
It has been known that koji used for the production of sake, miso, soy sauce and the like has an ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-165191 discloses a method for producing γ-aminobutyric acid using rice bran using Aspergillus oryzae as the koji mold. JP-A-2001-54390 discloses analysis at the gene level of glutamate decarboxylase, which is an enzyme that generates γ-aminobutyric acid from glutamic acid of Aspergillus oryzae, and using this gene, γ-aminobutyric acid is analyzed. A method of manufacturing is disclosed.
[0004]
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-103825 discloses a method for producing food materials, miso, soy sauce and the like enriched with γ-aminobutyric acid using koji mold. However, according to the publication, in sake, which is one of alcohol-containing beverages, the amount of glutamic acid released from sake rice during brewing is very small, so that almost no conversion from glutamic acid to γ-aminobutyric acid occurs. It is stated that there is no. On the other hand, the γ-aminobutyric acid content in sake is as low as 7.56 mg / 100 ml or less (brewed ingredients, pages 63-84, Japan Brewing Association, issued on December 10, 1999). . The γ-aminobutyric acid content of other alcohol-containing beverages is, for example, 0.05 mg / g and 0.06 mg / g, respectively, in beer and wine, which is clearly lower than that of sake [Biotechnology Journal, No. 1 75, No. 4, 239-244 (1997)].
[0005]
As described above, γ-aminobutyric acid is a substance having various functionalities, but is hardly contained in alcohol-containing beverages. By enriching γ-aminobutyric acid in an alcohol-containing beverage, it becomes possible to ingest a substance having functionality by drinking, and development of such an alcohol-containing beverage has been demanded.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide an alcohol-containing beverage containing γ-aminobutyric acid at a high content and a method for producing the same.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
When the present invention is outlined, the first invention is as follows. Using a processed product of koji obtained by a method including a self-digestion step and / or a culture step of lactic acid bacteria having the ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid, 80 gamma-aminobutyric acid ~ 300 Contains mg / liter And contains 13-16 v / v% alcohol Do Sake The second invention relates to the first invention using a processed product of koji obtained by a method including a self-digestion step and / or a culture step of lactic acid bacteria having the ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid. Sake It relates to the manufacturing method.
[0008]
The present inventors diligently studied an alcohol-containing beverage containing a high amount of γ-aminobutyric acid. As a result, it has been found that an alcohol-containing beverage with an excellent flavor that contains γ-aminobutyric acid in an amount of 80 mg / liter or more is obtained, and the present invention has been completed.
[0009]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention will be specifically described below.
First, the alcohol-containing beverage referred to in the present invention is a beverage containing ethyl alcohol (hereinafter referred to as alcohol), and specifically, brewed sake such as sake, synthetic sake, beer, wine, mirin, and reconstitution. , Distilled spirits such as shochu, whiskey, vodka, rum and gin, miscellaneous sake, liqueur and the like. Among these, brewed sake is preferable, and sake or mirin is particularly preferable. In the present invention, these contain 80 mg / liter or more of γ-aminobutyric acid, preferably 80 to 300 mg / liter, more preferably 100 to 200 mg / liter. When γ-aminobutyric acid is contained in an alcohol-containing beverage at 80 mg / liter or more, γ-aminobutyric acid becomes 28.8 mg or more per 360 ml of alcohol-containing beverage (2 go), and antihypertensive effect by γ-aminobutyric acid, alcohol metabolism promoting effect In addition, an amount having functional effects such as a brain metabolism promoting effect and an obesity preventing effect can be taken with an appropriate amount of alcohol. In particular, it has been reported that the effect of preventing hypertension can be obtained by ingesting 26 mg of γ-aminobutyric acid per day [Food and Science, Vol. 43, No. 8, pp. 81-85 (2001)]. As described above, the effect of drinking an appropriate amount can be obtained. Moreover, the effect of functionality that can be obtained in a smaller amount can naturally be obtained. The alcohol concentration in the alcohol-containing beverage is not particularly limited. For example, in sake, the alcohol concentration is in the range of 13 to 16 v / v%, which is a preferable example because the balance between the taste component and the aroma component and the alcohol is good. .
[0010]
(Examination example 1)
A sensory test was performed by adding γ-aminobutyric acid to sake having an alcohol concentration of 15.0 v / v%, a sake level of +1.0, and a γ-aminobutyric acid concentration of 23 mg / liter. Γ-aminobutyric acid [4-aminobutyric acid, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.] was added so that the concentrations shown in Table 1 were obtained, and a sensory test was conducted by 15 panelists. The sensory test was performed by the three-point method (0 points; bad, 1 point; normal, 2 points; good) for the three items of taste, fragrance, and synthesis. The total score is shown in Table 1.
[0011]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004325834
[0012]
From Table 1, sake containing 80 mg / liter or more of γ-aminobutyric acid is functionally preferable in taste, and the tendency is particularly remarkable in sake containing 80 to 300 mg / liter. Moreover, although the fragrance was slightly, it was functionally preferable by containing γ-aminobutyric acid as well as the taste. Accordingly, sake containing 80 mg / liter or more of γ-aminobutyric acid has a preferable flavor, preferably 80 to 300 mg / liter, more preferably 100 to 200 mg / liter, and the tendency is remarkable. Became clear.
[0013]
The manufacturing process using the alcohol-containing beverage koji generally consists of each process of raw material processing, preparation, fermentation, aging, upper tank, distillation, purification and the like. The raw material treatment step uses starch and / or sugar-containing hanging raw materials such as cereals, potatoes, seeds, beans and fruits, and performs processing such as gelatinization, liquefaction, saccharification, squeezing and solid-liquid separation. In addition, the koji making process of the koji used according to a conventional method in the preparation process is included in the raw material processing process. The fermentation raw material, water, koji, yeast having alcoholic fermentation ability, brewing auxiliary materials such as saccharides, corn starch, and hops, etc., are mixed in the preparation process, and the fermentation and / or aging process is performed. In the upper tank process, solid-liquid separation is performed by a filtration method, a centrifugation method, or the like, and the distillation process is performed by a single distillation, a continuous distillation, or the like. The alcohol-containing beverage obtained in this way is further lowered as necessary and subjected to purification steps such as activated carbon treatment and heat sterilization. For example, in sake, in a three-stage preparation of soup, naka, and distillate, koji, steamed polished rice, pumped water, sake yeast, and lactic acid for brewing are mixed and fermented at 10-15 ° C., And a method of production by a purification step.
[0014]
As one method for obtaining an alcohol-containing beverage containing γ-aminobutyric acid at 80 mg / liter or more, a method using a food material in which γ-aminobutyric acid is highly produced can be used. As an example of this, there can be mentioned a method using a processed product of koji obtained by a self-digestion step, a culturing step of lactic acid bacteria having the ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid, or a combination of these steps. It is preferable to use a processed product of koji obtained by a method including a process and a culturing process of lactic acid bacteria having the ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid, including a self-digestion process and then a culturing process of lactic acid bacteria having the ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid It is particularly preferable to use a processed product of soot obtained by the method. Moreover, the raw material which can elute much glutamic acid which is a substrate of glutamate decarboxylase, for example, the raw material with a low degree of whitening degree, such as 80 to 90% of a degree of whitening, can be mentioned as the method of using a raw material and / or a hanging raw material. There is also a method of using koji mold that produces glutamic acid at a high rate for koji making.
[0015]
The raw materials used for producing koji are not particularly limited as long as koji molds can be cultured. Specific examples include koji rice, koji rice, barley, wheat, rye, oats, oats, millet, millet, cucumber, and corn. Cereals such as milo, sweet potatoes, potatoes, taro, taro, cassava and other berries, dates such as fruits, chestnuts and sesame seeds, and soy beans and the like. These raw materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more. There are no particular limitations on the shape of these raw materials, and unfinished products, refined products, granular products, powder products, and cut products can be used. Processed products such as organic solvents, granulators such as extruders A granulated product may be used. In addition, when gonococcus is liquid-cultured, glutamic acid and / or a salt thereof, various vitamins, inorganic salts, organic substances and the like can be added and cultured. Specific examples of inorganic salts include water-soluble compounds such as ammonium salts, nitrates, acidic phosphates, potassium salts, calcium salts, and magnesium salts, and organic substances such as rice bran, wheat straw, corn steep liquor, and soybean meal. And defatted soybeans. These addition amounts are not particularly limited as long as they do not inhibit the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
[0016]
These raw materials are preferably pretreated, and the pretreatment method is not particularly limited. Specific examples include enzyme treatment using washing, soaking, hydration, α-amylase, protease, cellulase, hemicellulase, and / or lipase, wet heat treatment such as steaming, and drying such as roasting with dry hot air. Examples thereof include heat treatment and / or a combination thereof. These methods may be carried out according to conventional methods. As an example of the steaming method, a method of steaming the raw material at normal pressure for 30 to 60 minutes after washing, dipping and draining can be mentioned. As an example of the liquefaction method using α-amylase, raw materials, water, protease, α-amylase, and an enzyme agent stabilizer are mixed, held at 40 to 45 ° C. for 30 minutes, and then at 85 to 95 ° C. for 1 to 2 hours. The method of holding can be mentioned.
[0017]
Inoculate Neisseria gonorrhoeae to the pretreated material. The type of koji mold used is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of safety, those used for the production of alcoholic beverages or foods are preferred. As a specific example, Mucor Rukishii (Mucor rouxii), Rhizopus Jabanikusu (Rhozopus javanicus), Rhizopus delemar (Rhizopus delemar), Aspergillus oryzae (Aspergillus oryzae), Aspergillus Soe (Aspergillus sojae), Aspergillus awamori (Aspergillus awamori), Aspergillus kawachii (Aspergillus kawachii), Monascus purpurus, Monascus anchor, etc. can be mentioned. As for the form of the koji mold to be inoculated, a spore may be inoculated in a solid koji, and either a spore or a hypha may be used in a liquid koji. The gonococcal strain used may be either one or a mixture of two or more, and γ-aminobutyric acid and / or L-glutamic acid high-producing strains selected from nature, cell fusion strains, mutant strains, transformed strains, etc. are used. May be. The inoculum of the koji mold is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately selected in consideration of the growth rate of the strain used under the culture conditions. If the amount of inoculation is too small, the time required to obtain the desired koji will be long, and if the amount of intake is too large, the cost, equipment, etc. required to obtain the koji mold to be inoculated will be large.
[0018]
After inoculation with koji mold, make koji. As for the iron making conditions in the solid koji, a method of performing the process for about 46 hours at 30 to 40 ° C. and a relative humidity of 90% or more is not particularly limited. The following method can be mentioned as an example of the product temperature when steaming rice cake as a raw material and inoculating Aspergillus oryzae to produce solid koji. Aspergillus oryzae spores are uniformly inoculated and allowed to stand for 12 hours at 30 ° C. and then maintained for 12 hours at the same temperature. Thereafter, the temperature is raised to 35 ° C. in 8 hours, and then maintenance is performed. Then, it is further raised to 40 ° C. after 6 hours, and after reaching 40 ° C., it is allowed to stand at this temperature for 8 hours to obtain a solid soot. There are no particular limitations on the conditions for making the liquid koji, but when the koji mold is autodigested in the next step, it is preferable that the stationary phase is reached at the end of the koji making. In addition, regardless of whether solid or liquid koji is used, it is preferable that the koji making conditions are such that koji molds produce protease at a high rate, and in this way, the self-digestion reaction of the cells is promoted in the self-digestion process. be able to. In addition, more L-glutamic acid, which is a substrate for glutamic acid decarboxylase, can be produced.
[0019]
The koji obtained in this manner is subjected to a treatment such as a self-digestion step, a step of culturing lactic acid bacteria having the ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid, or a combination of these steps. These can increase the γ-aminobutyric acid content, and preferred examples include a method including a self-digestion step and a culturing step of lactic acid bacteria having the ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid. In this case, it can be carried out regardless of the order of the steps, and can be carried out simultaneously in two steps. However, a method of performing a self-digestion step and then a culturing step of lactic acid bacteria having the ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid is particularly suitable. is there.
[0020]
The self-digestion process referred to in the present invention is a mixture of sputum and a solvent such as water as necessary, and secretes the components of the koji mold and the raw material components in the koji mold inside or outside the koji mold. It is shown to be degraded by the enzyme. The addition amount of a solvent such as water is not particularly limited. For example, in the case of solid soot, it may be mixed with 50 to 200 w / w%, preferably 100 to 150 w / w% of water. You may add the raw material which can be used for manufacture of a koji at the time of self-digestion, or its pre-processing thing. The koji, its raw material or pre-treated product, water, etc. may be mixed all at once, but there is no problem if they are mixed in a plurality of times, and these methods may be appropriately selected. Moreover, an enzyme agent can also be added when performing autolysis. Examples of the enzyme agent that can be used at this time include α-amylase, protease, cellulase, hemicellulase, lipase, glutaminase, and the like. These enzymes are used alone or in combination with a plurality of enzyme agents. be able to. The amount of the enzyme agent to be used is not particularly limited. For example, there is a method for determining the amount of the enzyme agent to be used on the basis of the amount of soot. The temperature and time for carrying out the self-digestion are not particularly limited, but it is preferable to carry out the treatment at a temperature as high as possible, as long as the amylase, protease, etc. secreted by the koji mold are not inactivated. Specifically, it is preferable to carry out at 45-60 degreeC for 12 to 24 hours.
[0021]
Furthermore, the γ-aminobutyric acid content can be increased by including a step of maintaining the temperature of the hydrated koji at 30 to 35 ° C. before the self-digestion step. When the holding temperature is less than 30 ° C., the amount of γ-aminobutyric acid produced is small, and when the temperature is higher than 35 ° C., the glutamic acid decarboxylase of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is easily inactivated, resulting in a small amount of γ-aminobutyric acid produced. . The holding time may be appropriately selected depending on the ironmaking environment and the environment in which self-digestion is performed, but it is preferably performed for at least 3 hours, more preferably 3 to 48 hours. Since the time is shorter at less than 3 hours, the amount of γ-aminobutyric acid produced is small, and no significant increase in γ-aminobutyric acid in the autolysate is observed even after 48 hours.
[0022]
The processed product of koji obtained by the self-digestion step can be further treated with glutaminase to increase the amount of glutamic acid as a γ-aminobutyric acid precursor. As the glutaminase, a commercially available enzyme agent may be used. For example, 1 unit per 1 g of cocoon using glutaminase 100FG (manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation) may be used. Here, 1 unit is the amount of enzyme that liberates 1 micromole of glutamic acid per minute. The treatment temperature is 30 to 55 ° C, preferably 30 to 40 ° C, and the treatment time is 30 minutes to 5 hours, preferably 1 to 3 hours.
[0023]
The processed product of koji obtained by culturing lactic acid bacteria having the ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid also has a high γ-aminobutyric acid content. The addition amount of the lactic acid bacteria is not particularly limited. For example, 1 × 10 5 per ml Five ~ 2x10 9 It may be added in the range of. When the amount of lactic acid bacteria added is small, it becomes susceptible to contamination with various bacteria. The culturing conditions for lactic acid bacteria are preferably performed at 30 to 37 ° C. for 24 to 72 hours, but are not limited thereto, and may be appropriately selected as necessary. The lactic acid bacteria used in the present invention are not particularly limited as long as they have the ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid. Examples include, but are not limited to, the genus Lactobacillus (hereinafter abbreviated as L.), the genus Leuconostoc, Examples include those belonging to the genus Streptococcus, the genus Pediococcus, the genus Bifidobacterium, and the like. Among these, those belonging to the genus Lactobacillus are more preferable, and examples thereof include Lactobacillus brevis (L. brevis), Lactobacillus bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus), Lactobacillus delbrickii (L. delbrueckii), Lactobacillus reichmannii (L Leichmannii), Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), Lactobacillus lactis (L. lactis), Lactobacillus helveticus (L. heliceticus), Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), L. And Lactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) and the like. Among these, those belonging to Lactobacillus brevis are preferred, and examples thereof include Lactobacillus brevis IFO-12005, Lactobacillus brevis IFO-3345, Lactobacillus brevis IFO-3960, and Lactobacillus brevis IFO-12520. Can do. The glutaminase obtained by the glutaminase treatment described above can also be used in the culturing process of lactic acid bacteria having the ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid. For example, 1 unit may be used per 1 g of cocoon using glutaminase 100FG (manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation).
[0024]
Lactic acid bacteria are preferably pre-cultured. The pre-culture is not particularly limited as long as it is a medium in which lactic acid bacteria can grow. Examples thereof include GYP medium (glucose 2 w / v%, yeast extract 1 w / v%, peptone 1 w / v%). Glutamic acid and / or a salt thereof may be added to the medium for preculture, and the preculture may be performed. The pre-cultured lactic acid bacteria can be used as they are, but pre-treatment may be performed before culturing. As the pretreatment method, there are a method of collecting bacteria, washing, drying, suspending in water or a precultured medium, or a combination thereof, and these may be performed according to a conventional method.
[0025]
The measurement of (gamma) -aminobutyric acid can be measured with the following method. After extracting the koji, its processed product, and the alcohol-containing beverage with water as necessary, solid-liquid separation is performed by a centrifugal separation method or the like. After deproteinization by adding an equal amount of 3 w / v% sulfosalicylic acid to the resulting supernatant, the pH was adjusted to 2.2, filtered through a 0.45 μm filter, and an L-8500A type high-speed amino acid analyzer [Co., Ltd.] Hitachi, Ltd.] can be used for the measurement.
[0026]
(Examination example 2)
The amount of γ-aminobutyric acid produced in the processed rice bran obtained by the method including the self-digestion step and the cultivation step of lactic acid bacteria having the ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid was examined. 100% of Nihonbare from Shiga Prefecture, 75% as a raw material, is washed, soaked and drained according to conventional methods, steamed at normal pressure for 30 minutes, cooled to 30 ° C, and sake DF-27 strain [Matsunosuke Higuchi Co., Ltd.] 0.05 g of spores from a commercial store] were inoculated and koji-made. The ironmaking conditions were a relative humidity of 90% or more, and the product temperature course was the same as in the above-mentioned examples of the product temperature course of the solid cake. The obtained koji was mixed with 180 ml of water, held at 55 ° C. for 18 hours and self-digested, and then cooled to 35 ° C. Lactobacillus brevis IFO-12005 was pre-cultured in the above-mentioned GYP medium at 30 ° C. for 48 hours, and after collection and washing, it was added to physiological saline so that it would be one third of the volume of the medium during culture. The suspension was suspended, and 1.8 ml thereof was added and cultured at 35 ° C. for 48 hours. After the culture, the contents of γ-aminobutyric acid and L-glutamic acid, heavy Baume degree, acidity, and amino acid degree in the supernatant obtained by solid-liquid separation by centrifugation were measured. As a control, the same procedure was carried out without culturing Lactobacillus brevis IFO-12005 after the self-digestion process of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. γ-aminobutyric acid was measured according to the method described above, and L-glutamic acid was measured simultaneously with the measurement of γ-aminobutyric acid. In addition, the measurement of the heavy baume degree, acidity, and amino acid degree was carried out based on the 4th revision of the National Tax Agency specified analysis method [Japan Brewing Association, 4th revised edition issued on February 20, 1993]. The results are shown in Table 2.
[0027]
[Table 2]
Figure 0004325834
[0028]
According to Table 2, the content of γ-aminobutyric acid in the processed product obtained by culturing Lactobacillus brevis IFO-12005 after self-digesting the koji was 839 mg / liter, and the control was not cultivated. The value was higher than 356 mg / liter. On the other hand, L-glutamic acid had a lower value when cultured with lactic acid bacteria having a higher γ-aminobutyric acid content, and no difference was observed in the heavy Baume degree. The acidity and amino acid content of the culture with Lactobacillus brevis IFO12005 was higher, and it was preferable because of its sweet taste and sour taste. In addition, after steaming the used glutinous rice, it is mixed with water in the same ratio as in the self-digestion process of rice bran, and saccharified using a saccharifying enzyme at 55 ° C. for 18 hours to a saccharified product, Lactobacillus brevis IFO -12005 was inoculated, but lactic acid bacteria did not grow. Therefore, the processed rice bran obtained by including the self-digestion step and the culturing step of lactic acid bacteria having the ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid should contain a large amount of γ-aminobutyric acid and be functionally preferable. It was revealed.
[0029]
Anaerobic treatment may be carried out on the soot and / or its treated product, and this is preferably carried out on the soot used for the above-mentioned processing steps. Anaerobic treatment refers to soot and its treated products in a sealed atmosphere with CO 2 Gas replacement, N 2 O by gas replacement, decompression, degassing, or a combination of these 2 These methods can be carried out in accordance with ordinary methods. The temperature and time for performing the anaerobic treatment are not particularly limited as long as the enzyme such as amylase or protease secreted outside the cells is not inactivated during culturing of koji molds, but 5 to 60 ° C. and 30 minutes to 144 hours, respectively. The appropriate combination is selected. The treatment temperature is preferably 30 to 50 ° C., and the treatment time is preferably 24 to 96 hours. By performing anaerobic treatment, γ-aminobutyric acid in the processed product of koji can be increased.
[0030]
The processed material of koji that has undergone the above-mentioned steps can be used as it is, but it may be post-treated if necessary. Post-treatment methods include removal of undegraded granules and lactic acid bacteria by solid-liquid decomposition using sedimentation separation, centrifugation, filtration, etc., heat treatment under normal pressure or pressure, and under normal pressure or reduced pressure. Decolorization by concentration, membrane separation method, activated carbon treatment method or synthetic adsorbent treatment method, drying by freeze drying method, vacuum drying method or spray drying method, compression crushing method, impact crushing method, explosion crushing method, or Examples thereof include powdering by an ultrasonic pulverization method and the like, or a combination thereof. These methods may be carried out according to a conventional method.
[0031]
The processed product of koji obtained in this way can be used for the production of an alcohol-containing beverage. Examples of the method include methods of adding alcohol-containing beverages during fermentation, aging, and / or alcohol-containing beverages after solid-liquid separation or distillation. The latter half and the latter are preferable, and within 24 hours immediately before the upper tank process is particularly suitable. At this time, additives such as alcohol, sugar, acidulant and the like may be added. The processed product of koji can also be used as a hanging raw material to make a whole koji alcohol-containing beverage. The amount of the treated product is not particularly limited as long as γ-aminobutyric acid in the alcohol-containing beverage is added to 80 mg / liter or more. However, it is necessary to consider the influence of the flavor imparted by the addition of the treated product. For example, in the production of brewed sake, when using a koji with a moisture content of 23 to 28 w / w%, it is calculated by the following formula (1). The added ratio is preferably in the range of 12 to 20%, more preferably 15 to 20%. In the case of a koji mold culture having a moisture content outside the range of 23 to 28 w / w%, the solid content may be added so as to be equivalent to the solid content within the aforementioned moisture content range. As an example of this, in the case of sake, a processed product obtained by including a self-digestion process and a culture process of lactic acid bacteria using rice bran in an amount corresponding to 15% of the following formula (1) as a raw material, and A method of adding alcohol for brewing to sake lees can be mentioned. Moreover, in liqueur etc., the method of mixing the processed material of koji with alcohol or brewing alcohol can be mentioned. For example, in the case of a shochu-based liqueur, there can be mentioned a method of mixing a processed product of a koji, a fragrance, a sour agent, etc. obtained by including a self-digestion process and a lactic acid bacteria culture process in the shochu.
Number 1
[Addition ratio (%)] = [麹 (g)] ÷ {[raw material for brewed liquor (g)] + [麹 (g)]} × 100
[0032]
After adding the processed material, the solid-liquid separation is performed as necessary. Examples of this include filtration, centrifugation, and the like, which may be performed according to conventional methods. The obtained supernatant may be further subjected to a purification step such as lowering treatment, activated carbon treatment, fire sterilization, filter sterilization, or a combination thereof, if necessary, and these may be performed according to ordinary methods.
[0033]
Thus, according to the present invention, an alcohol-containing beverage containing 80 mg / liter or more of γ-aminobutyric acid and a method for producing the same are provided.
[0034]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
[0035]
Example 1
Sake containing 80 mg / liter or more of γ-aminobutyric acid was produced. Fermentation was carried out by charging chickenpox, soup, naka, and distillate with the charging composition shown in Table 3. As for sticky rice and kake rice, 75% refined Nihonbare from Shiga Prefecture was used, and for yeast and lactic acid, Association No. 701 and lactic acid for brewing were used, respectively. The product temperature was increased by 1 ° C. per day at 15 ° C. after the initial addition, 11 ° C. after the intermediate addition, and 10 ° C. after the distillation. After reaching 15 ° C., the fermentation was carried out at a constant 15 ° C. Washing, dipping, steaming, and koji making of rice and glutinous rice were performed according to conventional methods. On the 19th day after the distillation, 823 ml of 4 steps and / or 40 v / v% alcohol was added in the combinations shown in Table 4, and the mixture was centrifuged to obtain purified sake. As the fourth stage, 176 g of rice bran obtained using 75% refined Nihonbare from Shiga Prefecture and 264 ml of water are mixed and subjected to a self-digestion process and then a lactic acid bacteria culture process. Added to rice cake. Koji making, autolysis, and lactic acid bacteria culture were carried out in the same manner as in Study Example 2. Moreover, the processed rice bran was dried by freeze-drying and added in the same manner and added to the upper tank to obtain sake. As a control, the enzyme four-stage (Control Example 1) or 40 v / v% alcohol for brewing (Control Example 2) was added to the sake sake on the 19th day after the above-mentioned distillation, or it was centrifuged as it was (Control Example 3). A top tank was obtained by a separation method to obtain sake. Enzyme 4th stage is prepared by mixing 176g of 75% refined steamed Nihonbare rice from Shiga Prefecture, 264ml of pumped water and 88mg of Kokugen L [manufactured by Daiwa Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd.] as saccharifying enzyme, and saccharifying at 55 ° C for 18 hours. did. The γ-aminobutyric acid content and alcohol concentration of each sake were measured. γ-Aminobutyric acid is measured as described above, and the alcohol concentration is determined based on the 4th revision of the NTA's prescribed analysis method [Japan Brewing Association, published on February 20, 1993, the 4th revised edition]. It was. The results are shown in Table 4.
[0036]
[Table 3]
Figure 0004325834
[0037]
[Table 4]
Figure 0004325834
[0038]
From Table 4, this invention 1-4 was sake which has remarkably higher (gamma) -aminobutyric acid content than the control examples 1-3. About each obtained sake, as a result of performing a sensory test, this invention 1-4 is dark sake by an amino acid and an organic acid compared with the comparative examples 1-3, exhibits refined sweetness, and is derived from koji mold and lactic acid bacteria. The preferred flavor was given. Therefore, the sake obtained by using the processed rice bran produced by the self-digestion process and then the lactic acid bacteria culture process as the fourth stage of sake can contain a γ-amino acid content of 80 mg / liter or more as a functional substance. It became clear that it is a dark blue and has a favorable flavor.
[0039]
Example 2
The present invention 3, the present invention 4, and the control example 2 obtained in Example 1 were subjected to water splitting to obtain sake with an alcohol concentration of 15 v / v% (hereinafter referred to as the present invention 5, the present invention 6, and the control, respectively). Example 4). The content of γ-aminobutyric acid and L-glutamic acid and general analytical values (sake degree, alcohol concentration, acidity, and amino acid degree) of each obtained sake were measured. γ-Aminobutyric acid and L-glutamic acid were measured as described above, and general analysis values were commented on the Fourth Revision of the National Tax Agency's Specified Analysis Method [Japan Brewing Association, February 20, 1993, 4th revised edition issued] ] Based on. The results are shown in Table 5.
[0040]
[Table 5]
Figure 0004325834
[0041]
From Table 5, the present invention 5 and the present invention 6 had a γ-aminobutyric acid content of 83 and 91 mg / liter, respectively, which was significantly higher than the 17 mg / liter of Control Example 4. As a result of performing a sensory test for each sake, the present invention 5 and the present invention 6 using the processed rice bran as the four steps were better than the control example 4. Moreover, this invention 5 and this invention 6 which performed water splitting are the rich and rich sakes which the balance of refined sweetness and sourness was better than the sake before water splitting, and the preferable flavor of koji mold and lactic acid bacteria was given. there were. Further, the present invention 5 and the present invention 6 do not have the alcohol odor seen in sake with a high alcohol concentration and the wateriness seen in low alcohol sake, and the balance between the flavor component and alcohol is very good. It was suitable. Therefore, sake with an alcohol concentration of about 15 v / v% obtained by using the processed rice bran obtained by the self-digestion step and then the lactic acid bacteria culture step as the fourth stage of sake makes 80 mg / g of γ-aminobutyric acid. It became clear that it contained more than 1 liter and was very suitable in terms of sensuality.
[0042]
Example 3
Processed rice bran obtained by using 176 g or 136 g of rice bran as four stages and 1.5 times the amount of water in the sake lees that were charged and fermented in the same manner as in Example 1, and 40 v 823 ml of / v% alcohol was added and the upper tank was centrifuged by centrifugation, and water splitting was performed so that the alcohol concentration was 15 v / v%. Manufacture of koji-making and processed rice koji was made in Study Example 2 except that koji mold was koji using Aspergillus oryzae IFO-4250 and cultured for Lactobacillus brevis IFO-12005 for 72 hours. The γ-aminobutyric acid content in the obtained processed product was 1020 mg / liter. The γ-aminobutyric acid and L-glutamic acid contents and the general analysis values of sake before and after water splitting were measured in the same manner as in Example 2. The results are shown in Table 6.
[0043]
[Table 6]
Figure 0004325834
[0044]
From Table 6, the γ-aminobutyric acid content in the sake of the present invention 7 to the present invention 10 was 80 mg / liter or more. Moreover, as a result of performing a sensory test on these sakes, the sake was a dark sake with an elegant sweet taste imparted with a preferable flavor of koji mold and lactic acid bacteria, and had a preferable flavor. Furthermore, sake with water splitting to an alcohol concentration of 15 v / v% was particularly preferable because of a good balance between alcohol and taste components such as sweetness and acidity.
[0045]
Example 4
Processed rice bran obtained by using 176 g of rice bran as a four-stage and 1.5 times the amount of water, and 40 v / v% 823 ml of alcohol was added and the upper tank was centrifugated by centrifugation. The raw material for the four-stage rice cake is 90% refined Nihonbare from Shiga Prefecture. 2 Anaerobic treatment was performed at 45 ° C. for 96 hours in a gas-substituted sealed atmosphere, and 1.76 g (176 units) of glutaminase 100FG (manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation) was added during cultivation of Lactobacillus brevis IFO-12005. The procedure was the same as in Example 1 except that the culture time was 72 hours. As a control, the rice bran treated product (Control Example 5) or the enzyme four-stage (Control Example 7) or 823 ml of 40 v / v% alcohol for brewing (Control Examples 6 and 8) Was added to the tank and centrifuged to obtain a sake. For the enzyme four steps, 90% refined Nipponbare from Shiga Prefecture was used, and the preparation method was the same as in Example 1. The γ-aminobutyric acid concentration and alcohol concentration of each sake were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 7.
[0046]
[Table 7]
Figure 0004325834
[0047]
From Table 7, the present inventions 11 to 16 were sake having a significantly higher γ-aminobutyric acid content than the control examples 5 to 8. As a result of performing a sensory test on each of the obtained sakes, the present inventions 11 to 16 were darker and have a preferable flavor as compared with the control examples 5 to 8.
[0048]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, an unprecedented alcohol-containing beverage containing 80 mg / liter or more of γ-aminobutyric acid can be obtained. In the alcohol-containing beverage, γ-aminobutyric acid is 28.8 mg or more per 360 ml (2 go) of alcohol-containing beverage, and an effective amount of γ-aminobutyric acid can be ingested by appropriate drinking.

Claims (2)

自己消化工程及び/又はγ−アミノ酪酸生成能を有する乳酸菌の培養工程を包含する方法により得られる麹の処理物を用い、γ−アミノ酪酸を80〜300mg/リットル含有し、アルコールを13〜16v/v%含有することを特徴とする清酒 Using a processed product of koji obtained by a method including a self-digestion step and / or a culture step of lactic acid bacteria having the ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid, containing 80 to 300 mg / liter of γ-aminobutyric acid , and 13 to 13 alcohol Sake containing 16v / v% . 麹を用いて清酒を製造する方法において、自己消化工程及び/又はγ−アミノ酪酸生成能を有する乳酸菌の培養工程を包含する方法により得られる麹の処理物を用い、γ−アミノ酪酸を80〜300mg/リットル含有し、アルコールを13〜16%v/v%含有する清酒を得ることを特徴とする清酒の製造方法。In the method for producing sake using koji, a processed koji product obtained by a method including a self-digestion step and / or a culturing step for lactic acid bacteria having the ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid is used . 300 mg / liter containing, method of manufacturing sake, characterized in that to obtain the alcohol 13~16% v / v% you containing sake.
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