JP4184618B2 - Processed milk and its manufacturing method - Google Patents

Processed milk and its manufacturing method Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4184618B2
JP4184618B2 JP2001059178A JP2001059178A JP4184618B2 JP 4184618 B2 JP4184618 B2 JP 4184618B2 JP 2001059178 A JP2001059178 A JP 2001059178A JP 2001059178 A JP2001059178 A JP 2001059178A JP 4184618 B2 JP4184618 B2 JP 4184618B2
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Prior art keywords
milk
fat
concentrated
membrane
calcium
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JP2002253116A (en
Inventor
篤 芹澤
淳 今福
稔 守田
宣之 手塚
真由美 柴
文乃 北
晴敬 山本
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Nippon Milk Community Co Ltd
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Nippon Milk Community Co Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、乳脂肪分含量、無脂乳固形分含量及びミネラル組成を調整して風味を改善した加工乳及びその製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
平成10年国民栄養調査によると、日本人のカルシウムの平均摂取量は厚生省の定める平均栄養所要量の93%となっている。牛乳は主要なカルシウム源であり、牛乳の一日当たりの平均摂取量は現状では100gとなっている。厚生省では、国民のカルシウムの摂取量を増加させるため、牛乳の一日当たりの摂取量を高め、2010年には130g以上とすることを目標として掲げている。
【0003】
一方、エネルギー摂取量については、国民栄養調査によると平均でほぼ適正量となっているが、摂取エネルギーに占めるタンパク質、脂質、糖質の構成比をみてみると、脂質エネルギーの摂取の占める割合が昭和50年以降増加の傾向にあり、現状では27%となっており、適正値の25%を上回っている。このため厚生省では、総摂取エネルギーに対する脂肪エネルギー比率を現状の27%から25%以下に引き下げる目標を示している。
【0004】
牛乳には3〜4%の乳脂肪が含まれている。したがって,カルシウムの摂取を高めるために牛乳の摂取量を増やすと、それに従って脂肪の摂取量も増加する。乳脂肪には牛乳特有の香りを構成するアセトン、ブタノン、アセトアルデヒド、遊離脂肪酸などの香気成分が含まれている。牛乳の風味は、香気のほか、味、口に入れたときの特有な食感からも構成されているが、香気が特に重要で、訓練されたパネルに香りのみあるいは呈味のみを評価させた場合、香りのみでの牛乳の風味の識別は可能であるが、呈味のみでの牛乳の風味を識別することができない(米田義樹(1994)ミルクサイエンス (全国農協乳業プラント協会編)p8) 。従って、従来から牛乳中の脂肪を一部除去した低脂肪タイプの乳が飲用されてはいるものの、脱脂のさいに香気成分の一部も除去されるので、その風味は脱脂していない牛乳と比較して弱く、その需要も低い。しかし、低脂肪タイプの乳はカルシウム源として通常の牛乳より優れており、その普及のために風味を改善することが強く望まれている。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、このような観点からなされたものであって、低脂肪タイプではあるが、風味が改善されており、これを摂取しても脂肪の摂取量を高めることなくカルシウム摂取量を高める加工乳及びその製造法を提供することを課題とする。
従って、本発明の加工乳は、カルシウム供給源として有用なものである。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、上記の課題を解決するために鋭意研究を重ねた結果、乳または乳飲料にくらべて乳脂肪分を低くしカルシウム分を濃縮してその濃度を高め無脂乳固形分を特定の含量とし、カルシウムとナトリウムとを特定の濃度比率にしたときに、優れた風味を示す低脂肪タイプの加工乳が得られることを見いだした。
【0007】
まず、原料乳から所定量の乳脂肪分を遠心分離機により除去して部分脱脂乳を得る。この際、脂肪分の調整が必要な場合には、分離したクリームの所定量をインラインで脱脂乳に戻す直接標準化方式、または分離クリームの脂肪分を調節することによって脱脂乳の脂肪分を標準化するクリーム脂肪調整方式の遠心分離装置が有用である。さらに脱脂乳に生乳、クリーム、バター等乳脂肪を含む乳素材を所定量加えて部分脱脂乳とすることもできる。この処理によって乳脂肪分を0.06重量%以上1.4 重量%以下に調整する。次いで、ナノフィルトレーション(NF)膜処理またはNF膜処理と逆浸透(RO)膜処理とをすることによってタンパク質等の高分子成分 (無脂乳固形分) やカルシウムを含む2価のミネラルを濃縮し、ナトリウム等の1価のミネラル濃度を低減化する。この際、乳脂肪分と無脂乳固形分および、カルシウム(Ca)/ナトリウム(Na)の濃度比を所定の範囲内に調整することにより、牛乳から所定の脂肪分のみを取り除いた従来の低脂肪タイプの乳と比較し、風味の優れた加工乳を得ることができる。
【0008】
本発明で使用できるNF膜としては、食塩阻止率45〜80%の膜でDesal-5DK, Durasan (Desalination社製)(以下、Desal-5 という) 、NF-45(DOWDANMARK社製)、NTR-7450 (日東電工社製)等を例示することができる。また、RO膜としては、食塩阻止率80%以上の膜で Desal-3SE, Durasan (Desalination 社製)(以下、Desal-3 という) 、HR-95(DOWDANMARK社製)、NTR-729HF(日東電工社製)、NF-70(FILMTECH社製) 等を例示することができる。そして、使用する膜はどのような形状であってもよく、通液する溶液の状態により選択すればよい。また、サニタリー性を要求する場合、スパイラル膜を使用することが望ましい。なお、粘度が高い溶液に使用する場合や大きな粒子が含まれている溶液に使用する場合、ホローファイバーの膜を使用することは望ましくない。NF膜やRO膜で処理する際の条件として、操作温度を5〜60℃の範囲とすることが望ましい。操作温度が60℃を超えると膜の劣化が早まる可能性があり、また、操作温度が5℃未満となると処理能力が低下する。なお、圧力や透過流束等の条件については、NF膜やRO膜の処理で通常行われている条件に従えばよい。
【0009】
本発明では、NF膜を用いることによって乳または乳素材中の水分及びナトリウム等の1価の金属塩を透過分離することによって無脂乳固形分含量及びCa/Na の濃度比を上記のように調整することができる。さらにRO膜を用いることによって水分を透過分離し、これをNF膜処理した乳または乳素材と混合することによって容易に前記無脂乳固形分含量及びCa/Na の濃度比に調整することができる。
本発明では、生乳、脱脂乳の他、粉乳、脱脂粉乳を原料とした還元乳も原料として利用することができる。いずれにしても、乳脂肪分0.08〜1.5 重量% (以下、%は重量%を示す) 、無脂乳固形分10〜12%(カルシウム130 〜200mg %)、Ca/Na の濃度比が 2.5〜4.0 の組成に調整することにより、風味に優れた低脂肪タイプの加工乳を提供することが可能である。
【0010】
次に本発明を具体化した実施例を示すが、本発明は実施例に限定して解釈されるものではない。
【実施例1】
生乳から直接標準化方式の遠心分離装置を用いて部分脱脂乳(乳脂肪分 0.9%)を調製した。次いで、食塩阻止率が50%のスパイラルタイプのNF膜(Desal-5, Desalination 社製)を使用し、1.1 倍濃縮を行った。なお、膜処理は操作温度5℃、圧力1.3MPaの条件で行った。
この膜処理により得られた濃縮乳を濃縮乳Aとした。
【0011】
【実施例2】
生乳から直接標準化方式の遠心分離装置を用いて部分脱脂乳(乳脂肪分0.8 %)を調製した。次いで、食塩阻止率が50%のスパイラルタイプのNF膜(Desal-5,Desalination社製)を使用し、1.1 倍濃縮を行い、さらに食塩阻止率98%のスパイラルタイプのRO膜(Desal-3,Desalination社製)を使用し、1.1 倍濃縮を行った。なお、膜処理は操作温度5℃、圧力1.3MPa(Desal-5 )、1.8MPa(Desal-3 )で行った。この膜処理により得られた濃縮乳を濃縮乳Bとした。
【0012】
【実施例3】
生乳から直接標準化方式の遠心分離装置を用いて部分脱脂乳(乳脂肪分 0.4%) を調製した。次いで、食塩阻止率が50%のスパイラルタイプのNF膜(Desal-5, Desalination 社製)を使用し、1.2 倍濃縮を行った。また、同じ脂肪率の部分脱脂乳を食塩阻止率98%のRO膜(Desal-3, Desalination 社製)を使用し、1.3 倍濃縮を行った。次いで、得られた各濃縮乳を等量混合し濃縮乳Cとした。操作温度は5℃で、操作圧力は、それぞれ1.3MPa(Desal-5)および1.8MPa(Desal-3)で行った。
【0013】
【実施例4】
生乳から直接標準化方式の遠心分離装置を用いて部分脱脂乳(乳脂肪分0.08%)を調製した。次いで、食塩阻止率が50%のスパイラルタイプのNF膜(Desal-5, Desalination 社製)を使用し、1.3 倍濃縮を行った。また、同じ脂肪率の部分脱脂乳を食塩阻止率80%のRO膜(NF-70, FILMTECH 社製)を使用し、1.4 倍濃縮を行った。次いで、得られた各濃縮乳を等量混合し濃縮乳Dとした。操作温度は5℃で、操作圧力は、1.3MPa(Desal-5)および3.5MPa(NF-70)で行った。
これらの濃縮乳A、B、C及びDの組成を表1に示す。
【0014】
【表1】

Figure 0004184618
【0015】
【比較例1】
生乳から直接標準化方式の遠心分離装置を用いて製造した乳脂肪含量 1.0%の部分脱脂乳を調製し、これを対照1とした。次いで、この対照1を食塩阻止率98%のスパイラルタイプのRO膜(Desal-3, Desalination 社製)を使用して1.2 倍濃縮し、対照2を調製した。各対照の組成を表1に示した。
【0016】
【試験例1】
対照1および2を牛乳嗜好度の高い65名(男性42名、女性23名)のパネルに各試料50mlずつプラスチックカップに分注し、総合的な好ましさ、ミルク感の好ましさ、コクの有無、口に含んだときの香りの好ましさの4項目について各7段階の絶対評価法を行った。
評価結果を図1に示す。いずれの評価項目でも有意な差は認められなかった。
【0017】
【試験例2】
実施例1〜4で得られた濃縮乳A〜Dと、比較例1で示した対照1の官能評価を行った。
牛乳嗜好度の高い65名(男性42名、女性23名)のパネルに各試料50mlずつプラスチックカップに分注し、総合的な好ましさ、ミルク感の好ましさ、コクの有無、口に含んだときの香りの好ましさの4項目について各7段階の絶対評価法を行った。
評価結果を図2に示す。
【0018】
図2によると、本発明の実施例1〜3によって得られた濃縮乳A〜Cのいずれもが、対照1にくらべて総合的な好ましさ、ミルク感の好ましさ及びコクの点で有意に優れているという結果が得られた。
表1から、本発明品(濃縮乳A〜D)はいずれも対照1よりカルシウム濃度が高く、カルシウム源として有効である。
【0019】
【発明の効果】
本発明によると、低脂肪含量であるにもかかわらず高いカルシウム含量を有し、風味のよい加工乳を得ることができる。本発明の加工乳は、風味がよく、これを摂取すると脂肪の摂取量を高めることなくカルシウムの摂取量を高めることができ、日本人のカルシウム摂取量の改善に資することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】比較例1の対照どうしの官能評価結果を示す。
図1−1: 口中香の好ましさ
図1−2: ミルク感の好ましさ
図1−3: コクの有無
図1−4: 総合的な好ましさ
【図2】実施例1〜4の濃縮乳と比較例1の対照(脱脂乳)との官能評価結果を示す。
図2−1: 口中香の好ましさ
図2−2: ミルク感の好ましさ
図2−3: コクの有無
図2−4: 総合的な好ましさ
図中、* は、対照に対し、有意確率5%で有意差ありを示す。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to processed milk having improved flavor by adjusting milk fat content, non-fat milk solid content and mineral composition, and a method for producing the same.
[0002]
[Prior art]
According to the 1998 National Nutrition Survey, the average intake of calcium by Japanese people is 93% of the average nutrition requirement set by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Milk is a major source of calcium, and the average daily intake of milk is currently 100g. The Ministry of Health and Welfare has set a goal of increasing the daily intake of milk to 130 g or more by 2010 in order to increase the nation's calcium intake.
[0003]
On the other hand, the amount of energy intake is almost appropriate on average according to the National Nutrition Survey, but if you look at the composition ratio of protein, lipid, and carbohydrate in the intake energy, the proportion of intake of lipid energy is It has been on an increasing trend since 1975 and is currently 27%, exceeding the 25% of the appropriate value. For this reason, the Ministry of Health and Welfare has set a goal to reduce the ratio of fat energy to total intake energy from the current 27% to 25% or less.
[0004]
Milk contains 3-4% milk fat. Therefore, increasing milk intake to increase calcium intake increases fat intake accordingly. Milk fat contains aroma components such as acetone, butanone, acetaldehyde, and free fatty acids that constitute a characteristic scent of milk. The flavor of milk is composed of not only the flavor but also the taste and unique texture when put in the mouth, but the flavor is particularly important, and the trained panel evaluated only the flavor or taste. In this case, the flavor of milk can be identified only by aroma, but the flavor of milk cannot be identified only by taste (Yoshida Yoshiki (1994) Milk Science (National Agricultural Cooperative Dairy Plant Association) p8). Therefore, although low-fat type milk from which some of the fat in milk has been removed has been drunk in the past, some of the aroma components are also removed during degreasing, so the flavor is not defatted milk and It is weak compared with it and its demand is low. However, low-fat type milk is superior to ordinary milk as a calcium source, and it is strongly desired to improve the flavor for its widespread use.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention was made from such a viewpoint, and although it is a low-fat type, the flavor is improved, and even if it is ingested, it increases the calcium intake without increasing the fat intake It is an object to provide milk and a method for producing the same.
Therefore, the processed milk of the present invention is useful as a calcium source.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of intensive research to solve the above problems, the present inventors have reduced the milk fat content and concentrated the calcium content compared to milk or milk beverages to increase the concentration of the non-fat milk solid content. It has been found that when a specific content is set and calcium and sodium are in a specific concentration ratio, a low-fat type processed milk having an excellent flavor can be obtained.
[0007]
First, a predetermined amount of milk fat is removed from the raw milk using a centrifuge to obtain partially skimmed milk. In this case, if the fat content needs to be adjusted, standardize the fat content of the skimmed milk by adjusting the fat content of the separated cream or by directly standardizing the in-line amount of the separated cream to the skimmed milk. A cream fat adjusting type centrifugal separator is useful. Further, a predetermined amount of a milk material containing milk fat such as raw milk, cream and butter can be added to the skimmed milk to obtain a partially skimmed milk. By this treatment, the milk fat content is adjusted to 0.06 wt% or more and 1.4 wt% or less. Next, by performing nanofiltration (NF) membrane treatment or NF membrane treatment and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane treatment, high molecular components such as protein (non-fat milk solids) and divalent minerals containing calcium Concentrate to reduce the concentration of monovalent minerals such as sodium. At this time, by adjusting the concentration ratios of milk fat and non-fat milk solids and calcium (Ca) / sodium (Na) within a predetermined range, the conventional low fat content in which only a predetermined fat is removed from milk is reduced. Compared with fat-type milk, processed milk with excellent flavor can be obtained.
[0008]
NF membranes that can be used in the present invention include membranes with a salt rejection of 45-80%, such as Desal-5DK, Durasan (Desalination) (hereinafter referred to as Desal-5), NF-45 (DOWDANMARK), NTR- 7450 (manufactured by Nitto Denko Corporation) can be exemplified. RO membranes with a salt rejection of 80% or higher are Desal-3SE, Durasan (Desalination) (hereinafter referred to as Desal-3), HR-95 (DOWDANMARK), NTR-729HF (Nitto Denko). NF-70 (manufactured by FILMTECH) and the like. The membrane to be used may have any shape and may be selected depending on the state of the solution to be passed. When sanitary properties are required, it is desirable to use a spiral membrane. Note that it is not desirable to use a hollow fiber membrane when used in a solution having a high viscosity or in a solution containing large particles. As a condition for processing with an NF membrane or an RO membrane, it is desirable that the operation temperature be in the range of 5 to 60 ° C. When the operating temperature exceeds 60 ° C., the film may be deteriorated rapidly, and when the operating temperature is less than 5 ° C., the processing capacity decreases. In addition, about conditions, such as a pressure and a permeation | transmission flux, what is necessary is just to follow the conditions normally performed by the process of NF membrane or RO membrane.
[0009]
In the present invention, the non-fat milk solid content and the Ca / Na concentration ratio are as described above by permeating and separating water and monovalent metal salts such as sodium in milk or milk material by using an NF membrane. Can be adjusted. Furthermore, moisture can be permeated and separated by using an RO membrane, and this can be easily adjusted to the non-fat milk solid content and Ca / Na concentration ratio by mixing with NF membrane-treated milk or milk material. .
In the present invention, reduced milk using raw milk and skim milk as well as powdered milk and skim milk can be used as a raw material. In any case, the milk fat content is 0.08 to 1.5% by weight (hereinafter, “%” indicates “% by weight”), the non-fat milk solid content is 10 to 12% (calcium 130 to 200 mg%), and the Ca / Na concentration ratio is 2.5 to 2.5%. By adjusting to the composition of 4.0, it is possible to provide a low-fat type processed milk excellent in flavor.
[0010]
Next, although the Example which actualized this invention is shown, this invention is limited to an Example and is not interpreted.
[Example 1]
Partial skim milk (milk fat content 0.9%) was prepared from raw milk directly using a standardized centrifugal separator. Subsequently, a spiral type NF membrane (Desal-5, manufactured by Desalination) with a salt rejection of 50% was used and concentrated 1.1 times. The film treatment was performed under the conditions of an operating temperature of 5 ° C. and a pressure of 1.3 MPa.
The concentrated milk obtained by this membrane treatment was designated as concentrated milk A.
[0011]
[Example 2]
Partial skim milk (milk fat content 0.8%) was prepared from raw milk using a standardized centrifugal separator. Next, use a spiral type NF membrane (Desal-5, manufactured by Desalination) with a salt rejection of 50%, concentrate 1.1 times, and then add a spiral type RO membrane (Desal-3, (Desalination) was used and concentrated 1.1 times. The membrane treatment was performed at an operating temperature of 5 ° C. and a pressure of 1.3 MPa (Desal-5) and 1.8 MPa (Desal-3). The concentrated milk obtained by this membrane treatment was designated as concentrated milk B.
[0012]
[Example 3]
Partial skim milk (milk fat content 0.4%) was prepared from raw milk using a standardized centrifugal separator. Next, a spiral type NF membrane (Desal-5, manufactured by Desalination) with a salt rejection of 50% was used and concentrated 1.2 times. In addition, partially skimmed milk having the same fat percentage was concentrated 1.3 times using an RO membrane (Desal-3, manufactured by Desalination) with a 98% salt blocking rate. Next, an equal amount of each obtained concentrated milk was mixed to obtain concentrated milk C. The operating temperature was 5 ° C., and the operating pressure was 1.3 MPa (Desal-5) and 1.8 MPa (Desal-3), respectively.
[0013]
[Example 4]
Partially skimmed milk (milk fat content 0.08%) was prepared from raw milk using a standardized centrifugal separator. Subsequently, a spiral type NF membrane (Desal-5, manufactured by Desalination) having a salt rejection rate of 50% was used and concentrated 1.3 times. In addition, partially skimmed milk having the same fat percentage was concentrated 1.4 times using an RO membrane (NF-70, manufactured by FILMTECH) having a salt rejection of 80%. Next, an equal amount of each obtained concentrated milk was mixed to obtain concentrated milk D. The operating temperature was 5 ° C., and the operating pressure was 1.3 MPa (Desal-5) and 3.5 MPa (NF-70).
The compositions of these concentrated milks A, B, C and D are shown in Table 1.
[0014]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004184618
[0015]
[Comparative Example 1]
A partially skimmed milk having a milk fat content of 1.0% was prepared from raw milk using a standardized centrifugal separator, and this was used as control 1. Subsequently, this control 1 was concentrated 1.2 times using a spiral type RO membrane (Desal-3, manufactured by Desalination) having a salt rejection rate of 98% to prepare control 2. The composition of each control is shown in Table 1.
[0016]
[Test Example 1]
Control 1 and 2 were dispensed into a plastic cup of 50 ml of each sample on a panel of 65 people (42 men and 23 women) with high milk preference, and the overall taste, milk taste, and richness The 7-stage absolute evaluation method was performed for each of the four items of the presence or absence of the odor and the preference of the scent when included in the mouth.
The evaluation results are shown in FIG. There were no significant differences in any of the endpoints.
[0017]
[Test Example 2]
Sensory evaluation of concentrated milk AD obtained in Examples 1 to 4 and Control 1 shown in Comparative Example 1 was performed.
Distribute 50 ml of each sample into a plastic cup on a panel of 65 people (42 men, 23 women) who have a high degree of milk taste, and enjoy the overall taste, taste of milk, richness, An absolute evaluation method of 7 levels was performed for each of the four items of scent preference when included.
The evaluation results are shown in FIG.
[0018]
According to FIG. 2, any of the concentrated milk A to C obtained by Examples 1 to 3 of the present invention is in terms of overall preference, milk taste and richness compared to Control 1. The result was significantly better.
From Table 1, the products of the present invention (concentrated milk A to D) all have a higher calcium concentration than Control 1, and are effective as a calcium source.
[0019]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a processed milk having a high calcium content and a good flavor despite the low fat content. The processed milk of the present invention has a good flavor, and when it is ingested, the intake of calcium can be increased without increasing the intake of fat, which can contribute to the improvement of calcium intake by Japanese.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 shows sensory evaluation results between controls in Comparative Example 1.
Fig.1-1: Preference of mouth perfume Fig.1-2: Preference of milk Fig-1: Absence of richness Fig.1-4: Overall preference [Fig.2] Examples 1-4 The sensory evaluation result of the concentrated milk of No. 1 and the control (fat milk) of Comparative Example 1 is shown.
Fig. 2-1: Preference of mouth scent Fig. 2-2: Preference of milk Fig. 2-3: Absence of richness Fig. 2-4: Overall preference P A significant difference is shown with a significance probability of 5%.

Claims (4)

ナノフィルトレーション膜処理及び逆浸透膜処理を用いて乳または乳素材を濃縮することを特徴とする乳脂肪分0.08〜1.5 重量%及び無脂乳固形分10〜12重量%を含有し、カルシウム/ナトリウムの濃度比が2.84〜4.0 である風味の改善された加工乳の製造法Containing milk or milk material using nanofiltration membrane treatment and reverse osmosis membrane treatment , containing 0.08 to 1.5% by weight of milk fat and 10 to 12% by weight of nonfat milk solids, calcium / concentration ratio of sodium 2.84 preparation of improved processing milk flavor is to 4.0. 乳または乳素材をナノフィルトレーション膜処理して濃縮した後、さらに逆浸透膜処理して濃縮することを特徴とする請求項1記載の加工乳の製造法。2. The process for producing processed milk according to claim 1, wherein the milk or milk material is concentrated by a nanofiltration membrane treatment , and further concentrated by a reverse osmosis membrane treatment. ナノフィルトレーション膜処理して濃縮した乳または乳素材と、逆浸透膜処理して濃縮した乳または乳素材とを混合することを特徴とする請求項1記載の加工乳の製造法。Preparation of processed milk according to claim 1, wherein the mixing with milk or a milk material was concentrated nanofiltration membrane treatment to, a milk or a milk material was concentrated and treated reverse osmosis membrane. 乳または乳素材を予め、部分脱脂することを特徴とする請求項のいずれかに記載の加工乳の製造法。The method for producing processed milk according to any one of claims 1 to 3 , wherein the milk or milk material is partially defatted in advance.
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JP4761356B2 (en) * 2005-08-29 2011-08-31 株式会社明治 Milk material with excellent flavor and physical properties and method for producing the same
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