JP4146687B2 - CCD type solid-state imaging device and camera system using the same - Google Patents

CCD type solid-state imaging device and camera system using the same Download PDF

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JP4146687B2
JP4146687B2 JP2002241677A JP2002241677A JP4146687B2 JP 4146687 B2 JP4146687 B2 JP 4146687B2 JP 2002241677 A JP2002241677 A JP 2002241677A JP 2002241677 A JP2002241677 A JP 2002241677A JP 4146687 B2 JP4146687 B2 JP 4146687B2
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ccd
horizontal
photodetectors
imaging device
state imaging
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JP2004080690A (en
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康弘 森中
寛仁 菰淵
琢己 山口
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Panasonic Corp
Panasonic Holdings Corp
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Panasonic Corp
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、CCD型固体撮像素子とそれを用いたカメラシステムに関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、CCD型固体撮像素子はプロセスの微細化により高画素化が進み、より高精細な画が撮れるようになってきた。しかし一方で、高画素化に伴い読み出し速度が課題となっている。この課題を解決するために、様々な試みがなされてきた。
【0003】
第1の従来技術によれば、三板式の高精細(HD)テレビ方式における個々の固体撮像素子の撮像領域の片側に複数段の水平CCDを設け、各水平CCDの最終段に設けたアンプで信号電荷を読み出す。ただし、アンプ特性(ゲイン、オフセット等)のばらつきが問題となるため、これを補正するための基準信号を各水平CCDへ振り分ける(特開平2−78382号公報)。
【0004】
また、第2の従来技術によれば、撮像領域を左右に2分割して信号電荷を水平CCDへ転送し、各ブロックの信号電荷を水平方向互いに逆向きに転送したうえ、水平CCDの両端に設けられた各アンプで信号電荷を読み出す(特開平3−224371号公報)。
【0005】
更に、第3の従来技術によれば、インターレース読み出し(画素加算読み出し)方式の固体撮像素子において、撮像領域の上下両側にそれぞれ水平CCDを設け、奇数列の信号電荷を下側の水平CCDへ、偶数列の信号電荷を上側の水平CCDへそれぞれ転送し、各水平CCDの最終段に設けたアンプで信号電荷を読み出す(特開平8−125158号公報)。
【0006】
一方、非CCD型の固体撮像素子における1つの従来技術として、カラーフィルタ配列は従来のままで各出力端子に常に同色の出力を行う技術が知られている(特開平9−46480号公報)。この他、従来の技術を示す文献として、特開平11−275594号公報を挙げることができる。
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
一般に、アンプ特性の全く揃った素子を製造するのは困難である。したがって、上記第1〜第3の従来技術では、アンプ特性のばらつきを補正するための手段が不可欠である。
【0008】
本発明は、読み出し速度を上げるために複数の読み出しアンプを採用した場合に、アンプ特性が異なっていても画質に影響を与えない単板式のCCD型固体撮像素子と、それを用いたカメラシステムとを提供することを目的とする。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的を達成す本発明は、撮像領域に複数の光検出器を2次元配列してなるCCD型固体撮像素子であって、前記複数の光検出器に重ねられ、ベイヤ配列のカラーフィルタと、前記複数の光検出器のうち、RおよびGbのカラーフィルタを持つ奇数列の光検出器の信号電荷を垂直方向へ上向き又は下向きに転送するための第1の垂直CCDと、前記複数の光検出器のうち、GrおよびBのカラーフィルタを持つ偶数列の光検出器の信号電荷を前記第1の垂直CCDとは逆向きに転送するための第2の垂直CCDと、前記第1の垂直CCDから受け取った信号電荷を水平方向に転送するための第1の水平CCDと、前記第2の垂直CCDから受け取った信号電荷を水平方向に転送するための第2の水平CCDと、前記第1の水平CCDの最終段に設けられた第1のアンプと、前記第2の水平CCDの最終段に設けられた第2のアンプとを備え、前記第1及び第2のアンプから、それぞれRおよびGbのカラーフィルタを持つ奇数列の光検出器の信号電荷と、GrおよびBのカラーフィルタを持つ偶数列の光検出器の信号電荷とを別々に読み出すことを特徴とするCCD型固体撮像素子である。但し、3本以上の水平CCDを有するCCD型固体撮像素子は本発明の趣旨から除外される。
【0010】
本発明によれば、各水平CCDの最終段に置かれたアンプでは、それぞれ異なる色情報を読み出す。このため、アンプ特性のばらつきをカラーフィルタ特性により吸収でき、アンプ特性のばらつきが画質に影響することなく高速で読み出せる。また、このようなCCD型固体撮像素子を有するカメラシステムも、本発明の趣旨に含まれる。
【0011】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施形態について、図面を参照して詳細に説明する。
【0012】
1に単板式のCCD型固体撮像素子の概略図を示す。これはベイヤ配列のカラーフィルタを持つCCD型固体撮像素子である。例示したカラーフィルタ配列において、Rは赤、GrとGbはどちらも緑、Bは青である。Grは水平方向でRの隣の緑であり、Gbは水平方向でBの隣の緑である。GrとGbはどちらも緑であるが、左右に位置するフィルタが異なっているので、異なる色として扱う。
【0013】
図1のCCD型固体撮像素子10は、撮像領域11に複数の光検出器(フォトダイオード)を2次元配列し、その上にカラーフィルタを重ねたものである。RとGbのカラーフィルタを持つ光検出器で変換された電荷は垂直CCD12を介して下側に配置された水平CCD14に転送される。一方、GrとBのカラーフィルタを持つ光検出器で変換された電荷は垂直CCD13を介して上側に配置された水平CCD15に転送される。これより、RとGbの色情報を持つ信号電荷が下側の水平CCD14の最終段にあるアンプ16で、GrとBの色情報を持つ信号電荷が上側の水平CCD15の最終段にあるアンプ17でそれぞれ読み出される。これにより、アンプ16,17ではそれぞれ異なる色情報を読み出すため、アンプ特性のばらつきをカラーフィルタ特性により吸収でき、アンプ特性のばらつきが画質に影響することなく高速で読み出せる
【0014】
、図に、図1の逆方向電荷転送を可能とする垂直CCD12,13の電極構造の一例を示す。ここでは、信号電荷のプログレッシブ読み出し(全画素非加算読み出し)が可能であり、2層ポリシリコンプロセスを用いて4相転送を行う。
【0015】
は転送ゲートの電極構造を上から見た図であり、図(a)、図(b)はそれぞれ図に表したA−A’、B−B’の断面を表示したものである。図(a)、図(b)においてPDと表してあるのはフォトダイオードのことで、実際には断面上にはないが電極との位置関係を示すために点線で示してある。ここで、PDからの信号電荷読み出しのための電極はφV1である。
【0016】
、図の電極構造をとることにより、奇数列では下向きにφV1→φV2→φV3→φV4と並ぶのが、偶数列では上向きにφV4→φV3→φV2→φV1と並ぶことになりそれぞれ逆方向に信号電荷が転送されることになる。
【0017】
、図に逆方向転送のタイミングチャートを示す。図はφV1、φV2、φV3、φV4に印加するパルス波形を示したもので、図は転送の様子を模式的に示したものである。図、図に示した4相のゲート電極に図で示す転送パルスを印加した場合、奇数列では上から下にφV1→φV2→φV3→φV4の順にゲート電極が並んでいるため電荷が下側の水平CCDに転送され、偶数列では下から上にφV4→φV3→φV2→φV1の順にゲート電極が並んでいるため電荷が上側の水平CCDに転送される。これより1列毎に交互に逆方向転送が行われる。
【0018】
に、図1のCCD型固体撮像素子10を用いたカメラシステムの例を示す。図において、50はレンズであり、51はCCD型固体撮像素子10を駆動するための駆動回路である。CCD型固体撮像素子10の上下2段のアンプから読み出された信号は、それぞれ独立にCDS(相関二重サンプリング)回路52a,52bと、ADC(アナログ・デジタル変換)回路53a,53bとを通る。ADCを行った後にメモリコントロール回路55で制御し、メモリ回路54内で並べ替えを行い、2つのアンプから読み出したデータを1枚の画に合成する。合成後に回路56で画像処理を行い、画像データとして出力する。
【0019】
【発明の効果】
以上説明してきたとおり、本発明によれば、アンプ毎に読み出す信号電荷の色情報を変えたので、マルチアンプ読み出しによる高速化を実現し、かつアンプ特性のばらつきに伴う画質劣化を生じない。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 本発明に係るCCD型固体撮像素子の構成例を示すブロック図である。
【図2】 図1中の垂直CCDの転送ゲート構造の一例を示す平面図である。
【図3】 (a)及び(b)はそれぞれ図のA−A’及びB−B’断面図である。
【図4】 図、図中の転送ゲートの4相駆動パルス波形の例を示すタイミングチャート図である。
【図5】 図中の互いに隣接する2つの垂直CCDにおける逆方向電荷転送の様子を示す図である。
【図6】 図1のCCD型固体撮像素子を用いたカメラシステムの構成例を示すブロック図である。
【符号の説明】
10 CCD型固体撮像素子
11 撮像領域
12,13 垂直CCD
14,15 水平CCD
16,17 アン
50 レンズ
51 駆動回路
52a〜52 CDS回路
53a〜53 ADC回路
54 メモリ回路
55 メモリコントロール回路
56 画像処理回路
PD フォトダイオード(光検出器)
R,Gr,Gb,B カラーフィルタ
φV1〜φV4 転送ゲート
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is related to a camera system using it with CCD type solid state imaging device.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, CCD-type solid-state imaging devices have been increased in the number of pixels due to process miniaturization, and higher-definition images can be taken. On the other hand, however, the readout speed has become an issue as the number of pixels increases. Various attempts have been made to solve this problem.
[0003]
According to the first prior art, an amplifier provided in the last stage of each horizontal CCD is provided with a plurality of horizontal CCDs on one side of the imaging area of each solid-state imaging device in a three-plate high definition (HD) television system. Read the signal charge. However, since variation in amplifier characteristics (gain, offset, etc.) becomes a problem, a reference signal for correcting this is distributed to each horizontal CCD (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2-78382).
[0004]
Further, according to the second prior art, the imaging region is divided into right and left parts, signal charges are transferred to the horizontal CCD, signal charges of each block are transferred in opposite directions to each other in the horizontal direction, and both ends of the horizontal CCD are transferred. The signal charge is read out by each provided amplifier (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3-224371).
[0005]
Further, according to the third conventional technique, in the interlace readout (pixel addition readout) type solid-state imaging device, horizontal CCDs are provided on both the upper and lower sides of the imaging region, and odd-numbered signal charges are transferred to the lower horizontal CCD. The even-numbered signal charges are respectively transferred to the upper horizontal CCD, and the signal charges are read out by an amplifier provided at the final stage of each horizontal CCD (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 8-125158).
[0006]
On the other hand, as one conventional technique in the non-CCD type solid-state imaging device, a technique is known in which the color filter array is kept as it is and the same color is always output to each output terminal (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-46480). In addition, JP-A-11-275594 can be cited as a document showing the prior art.
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In general, it is difficult to manufacture an element having completely uniform amplifier characteristics. Therefore, in the first to third prior arts, means for correcting the variation in amplifier characteristics is indispensable.
[0008]
In the present invention, when a plurality of readout amplifiers are used to increase the readout speed, a single-plate CCD solid-state imaging device that does not affect image quality even if the amplifier characteristics are different, and a camera system using the same The purpose is to provide.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention that to achieve the above object, there is provided a CCD solid-state imaging device formed by arranging a plurality of light detectors 2-dimensional imaging region, is superimposed on the plurality of photodetectors, and a color filter of Bayer array The first vertical CCD for transferring the signal charges of the odd-numbered photodetectors having R and Gb color filters out of the plurality of photodetectors in the vertical direction upward or downward, and the plurality of lights Among the detectors, a second vertical CCD for transferring signal charges of even-numbered photodetectors having Gr and B color filters in a direction opposite to that of the first vertical CCD, and the first vertical CCD A first horizontal CCD for transferring signal charges received from the CCD in the horizontal direction; a second horizontal CCD for transferring signal charges received from the second vertical CCD in the horizontal direction; Of the most horizontal CCD A first amplifier provided in a stage and a second amplifier provided in the last stage of the second horizontal CCD, and color filters of R and Gb are respectively provided from the first and second amplifiers. A CCD solid-state image pickup device that separately reads out the signal charges of the odd-numbered photodetectors and the signal charges of the even-numbered photodetectors having Gr and B color filters. However, a CCD type solid-state imaging device having three or more horizontal CCDs is excluded from the gist of the present invention.
[0010]
According to the present invention, amplifiers placed at the last stage of each horizontal CCD read out different color information. Therefore, variations in amplifier characteristics can be absorbed by the color filter characteristics, and the variations in amplifier characteristics can be read at high speed without affecting the image quality. A camera system having such a CCD solid-state imaging device is also included in the spirit of the present invention.
[0011]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
[0012]
FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a single-plate CCD solid-state imaging device. This is a CCD solid-state imaging device having a Bayer array color filter. In the illustrated color filter array, R is red, Gr and Gb are both green, and B is blue. Gr is the green next to R in the horizontal direction, and Gb is the green next to B in the horizontal direction. Gr and Gb are both green, but the filters located on the left and right are different, so they are treated as different colors.
[0013]
The CCD solid-state image sensor 10 in FIG. 1 is obtained by two-dimensionally arranging a plurality of photodetectors (photodiodes) in an imaging region 11 and overlaying a color filter thereon. The electric charges converted by the photodetector having the R and Gb color filters are transferred to the horizontal CCD 14 disposed below through the vertical CCD 12. On the other hand, the charges converted by the photodetector having the Gr and B color filters are transferred to the horizontal CCD 15 disposed on the upper side via the vertical CCD 13. Thus, the signal charge having R and Gb color information is in the final stage of the lower horizontal CCD 14, and the signal charge having Gr and B color information is in the final stage of the upper horizontal CCD 15. Respectively. As a result, the amplifiers 16 and 17 read different color information, so that variations in amplifier characteristics can be absorbed by the color filter characteristics, and the variations in amplifier characteristics can be read at high speed without affecting the image quality .
[0014]
Figure 2, Figure 3 shows an example of an electrode structure of a perpendicular CCD12,1 3 to enable reverse charge transfer of FIG. Here, progressive readout of signal charges (all pixel non-addition readout) is possible, and four-phase transfer is performed using a two-layer polysilicon process.
[0015]
Figure 2 is a top view of the electrode structure of the transfer gate, FIG. 3 (a), 3 (b) is obtained by displaying the A-A ', B-B ' cross-section of which shown in FIG. 2, respectively It is. FIG. 3 (a), the are expressed as PD in FIG. 3 (b) that the photodiode, in fact is shown by a dotted line to show the positional relationship between but not on the sectional electrode. Here, the electrode for reading the signal charge from the PD is φV1.
[0016]
2 and 3 , the odd-numbered columns are arranged in the downward direction of φV1 → φV2 → φV3 → φV4, while the even-numbered columns are arranged in the upward direction of φV4 → φV3 → φV2 → φV1. The signal charge is transferred to.
[0017]
4 and 5 show timing charts of the reverse transfer. FIG. 4 shows pulse waveforms applied to φV1, φV2, φV3, and φV4, and FIG. 5 schematically shows the state of transfer. When the transfer pulse shown in FIG. 4 is applied to the four-phase gate electrodes shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 , in the odd-numbered columns, the gate electrodes are arranged in the order of φV1 → φV2 → φV3 → φV4, so that the charge is Since the gate electrodes are arranged in the order of φV4 → φV3 → φV2 → φV1 from the bottom to the top in the even-numbered columns, the charges are transferred to the upper horizontal CCD. As a result, reverse transfer is performed alternately for each column.
[0018]
Figure 6 shows an example of a camera system using the CCD solid-state imaging device 1 0 of FIG. 6, 50 is a lens, 51 is a driving circuit for driving the CCD solid-state imaging device 1 0. CCD-type solid-state signal read from the upper and lower stages of the amplifiers of the imaging device 1 0 are each independently CDS (correlated double sampling) circuit 52a, and 52 b, ADC (analog-to-digital converter) circuit 53a, and 53b Pass through. After the ADC is performed, control is performed by the memory control circuit 55, rearrangement is performed in the memory circuit 54, and the data read from the two amplifiers is combined into one image. After the synthesis, the circuit 56 performs image processing and outputs the image data.
[0019]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, since the color information of the signal charge to be read for each amplifier is changed, speeding up by multi-amp reading is realized, and image quality deterioration due to variations in amplifier characteristics does not occur.
[Brief description of the drawings]
1 is a block diagram showing a usage scenario of the CCD type solid-state imaging device according to the present invention.
2 is a plan view showing an example of a transfer gate structure of the vertical CCD in FIG. 1. FIG.
3A and 3B are cross-sectional views taken along lines AA ′ and BB ′ in FIG. 2 , respectively.
4 is a timing chart showing an example of a four-phase drive pulse waveform of the transfer gate in FIGS. 2 and 3. FIG.
5 is a diagram showing a state of reverse charge transfer in two vertical CCDs adjacent to each other in FIG. 2 ;
6 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of a camera system using the CCD type solid-state imaging device of FIG. 1. FIG.
[Explanation of symbols]
10 CCD-type solid-state imaging device 11 Imaging area 12, 13 Vertical CCD
14,15 Horizontal CCD
16,17 amplifier <br/> 50 lens 51 driving circuit 52a~52 b CDS circuit 53a~53 b ADC circuit 54 memory circuit 55 the memory control circuit 56 the image processing circuit PD photodiode (photodetector)
R, Gr, Gb, B Color filter φV1 to φV4 Transfer gate

Claims (2)

撮像領域に複数の光検出器を2次元配列してなるCCD型固体撮像素子であって、
前記複数の光検出器に重ねられ、ベイヤ配列のカラーフィルタと、
前記複数の光検出器のうち、RおよびGbのカラーフィルタを持つ奇数列の光検出器の信号電荷を垂直方向へ上向き又は下向きに転送するための第1の垂直CCDと、
前記複数の光検出器のうち、GrおよびBのカラーフィルタを持つ偶数列の光検出器の信号電荷を前記第1の垂直CCDとは逆向きに転送するための第2の垂直CCDと、
前記第1の垂直CCDから受け取った信号電荷を水平方向に転送するための第1の水平CCDと、
前記第2の垂直CCDから受け取った信号電荷を水平方向に転送するための第2の水平CCDと、
前記第1の水平CCDの最終段に設けられた第1のアンプと、
前記第2の水平CCDの最終段に設けられた第2のアンプとを備え、
前記第1の水平CCDと前記第2の水平CCDとの間に、前記撮像領域が挟まれており、
前記第1及び第2のアンプから、それぞれRおよびGbのカラーフィルタを持つ奇数列の光検出器の信号電荷と、GrおよびBのカラーフィルタを持つ偶数列の光検出器の信号電荷とを別々に読み出すことを特徴とするCCD型固体撮像素子(3本以上の水平CCDを有するCCD型固体撮像素子を除く)
A CCD type solid-state image pickup device in which a plurality of photodetectors are two-dimensionally arranged in an image pickup region,
Overlaid on the plurality of photodetectors, a Bayer array color filter;
A first vertical CCD for transferring the signal charges of the odd-numbered photodetectors having R and Gb color filters among the plurality of photodetectors upward or downward in the vertical direction;
A second vertical CCD for transferring a signal charge of an even-numbered photodetector having Gr and B color filters among the plurality of photodetectors in a direction opposite to that of the first vertical CCD;
A first horizontal CCD for transferring the signal charge received from the first vertical CCD in a horizontal direction;
A second horizontal CCD for transferring the signal charge received from the second vertical CCD in the horizontal direction;
A first amplifier provided at the last stage of the first horizontal CCD;
A second amplifier provided at the last stage of the second horizontal CCD,
The imaging area is sandwiched between the first horizontal CCD and the second horizontal CCD,
The signal charges of the odd-numbered photodetectors having the R and Gb color filters and the signal charges of the even-numbered photodetectors having the Gr and B color filters are separately supplied from the first and second amplifiers. CCD type solid-state imaging device (excluding CCD type solid-state imaging device having three or more horizontal CCDs) .
請求項1に記載のCCD型固体撮像素子を用いたカメラシステム。A camera system using the CCD solid-state imaging device according to claim 1 .
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