JP4017521B2 - 酸素強化されたNOx低減燃焼 - Google Patents
酸素強化されたNOx低減燃焼 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 181
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 title claims description 96
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 96
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 95
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 title description 9
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 83
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 17
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002802 bituminous coal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910017464 nitrogen compound Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002830 nitrogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003476 subbituminous coal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003916 acid precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
- F23L7/00—Supplying non-combustible liquids or gases, other than air, to the fire, e.g. oxygen, steam
- F23L7/007—Supplying oxygen or oxygen-enriched air
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F23M3/00—Firebridges
- F23M3/02—Firebridges modified for circulation of fluids, e.g. air, steam, water
- F23M3/04—Firebridges modified for circulation of fluids, e.g. air, steam, water for delivery of gas, e.g. air, steam
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C6/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion
- F23C6/04—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection
- F23C6/045—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection with staged combustion in a single enclosure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion apparatus using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in air; Combustion processes therefor
- F23C2900/06041—Staged supply of oxidant
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
- F23L2900/00—Special arrangements for supplying or treating air or oxidant for combustion; Injecting inert gas, water or steam into the combustion chamber
- F23L2900/07007—Special arrangements for supplying or treating air or oxidant for combustion; Injecting inert gas, water or steam into the combustion chamber using specific ranges of oxygen percentage
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Air Supply (AREA)
Description
NOx排出を減少させるために、多くの技術が使用できる。これらの技術は、第1及び第2の2つの大きな種類に分けられる。第1の技術は、燃焼プロセスを制御して燃焼区域でのNOx生成を最小化し又は防止する。第2の技術では、薬剤を使用して、燃焼区域で形成されるNOxを減少させて窒素分子とする。本発明は第1の制御技術に関する。
低NOx燃焼器はかなり成熟した技術であり、広く特許や技術文献で検討されている。LNBの効率を上げ、かつ燃焼炎の不安定性や灰中の炭素の増加等の欠点を最小化するために、多くの着想が検討された。これら着想の中で、第一(燃焼)段階への空気の予備加熱、及びオキシ燃料燃焼用への燃焼器(combustor)の変更の2つが特に適切である。
このように、1以上の窒素化合物を含有する燃料(特に石炭)の燃焼におけるNOx排出の減少を達成する方法が求められており、特に、既存の燃焼炉で大幅な構造的改造の必要なく行なうことのできる方法が求められている。
第一燃焼段階へ燃料及び21vol%を超え、好ましくは21.8〜29vol%の範囲の酸素を含有する気体状酸化剤を、その段階が空気のみを酸化剤として操作される場合と同量のNOxを生成する化学量論的割合より低い割合で供給し、
第一燃焼段階でその燃料を気体状酸化剤と燃焼させ、燃焼生成物及び未燃焼燃料を生成する燃焼方法に係るものである。
好ましくは、第二燃焼段階中で上記未燃焼燃料を追加酸化剤流を使用して燃焼させる段階を含み、第一燃焼段階へ供給されるものを含む全ての酸化剤の平均酸素含有量が20.9〜27.4vol%の範囲であり、第一燃焼段階からの燃焼生成物及び未燃焼燃料から充分な熱を蒸気発生管による熱交換等で除去して、第二燃焼段階での燃焼中のNOxの更なる生成を最小化するのに充分な低温にする方法に係る。
又、本発明の目的は、燃焼炉で生成するNOx量を減少させるために、その中で炭化水素燃料が空気を唯一の酸化剤として燃焼される既存の燃焼炉を適用(装置改造)することを可能とするものである。中で炭化水素燃料が燃焼される燃焼炉を、上記燃焼炉内での上記燃料と唯一の酸化剤としての空気との燃焼により生成されるNOx量と比べて、燃焼炉により生成されるNOx量を減少させるための操作方法であり、例えば、上記燃焼炉の第一燃焼段階へ、上記燃料及び21vol%を超える酸素を含有する気体状酸化剤を、その段階が空気のみを酸化剤として操作される場合と同量のNOxを生成する化学量論的割合より低い割合で供給し、上記燃焼段階でその燃料を気体状酸化剤と燃焼させ、燃焼生成物及び未燃焼燃料を生成する。
上記例のいずれでも、酸素は、純粋酸素又は充分に酸素リッチな空気の単一流、又は純粋酸素及び/又は充分に酸素リッチな空気の複数流のいずれの形でも供給できる。
下記記載で、燃焼装置の1の燃焼段階へ供給される酸化剤の酸素含有量は、たとえ、その燃焼段階中で酸素含有量が異なる場所では変化するとしても、その燃焼段階を全体とした場合の全平均酸素含有量を表すものである。
詳細には、関連する従来技術から予測されることとして、空気中での段階的燃焼の第一燃焼段階として観測された従来の化学量論的割合において、空気中の酸素含有量を上げることはNOxの生成を上昇させるとされていた。ここで使用される「化学量論的割合」とは、供給される酸素の、供給分を含む物質材料中に存在する全ての炭素、イオウ及び水素を二酸化炭素、二酸化イオウ及び水へ完全に変換するのに必要な合計酸素量に対する割合を表す。
ところが驚くべきことに、より低い化学量論的割合での燃焼は、酸化剤ガス中の全酸素含有量が比較的わずかに増加すると、NOxの生成を非常に減少させる結果を生じるという特性を有することが見いだされた。
燃焼空気の一部が酸素で置き換わる燃焼装置中の空気力学的段階付けの影響を考慮するために、計算流体力学(CFD)計算が使用できる。従って、最終的な装置の設置前に、モデリング結果を確認するための実験を行なうことができる。
又、本発明により、NOx及び非燃焼炭素の大部分を生成することが示されたボイラー内バーナー(燃焼器)を選択的に(燃料)リッチとすることにより、ボイラー内のNOxを減少できる。
本発明の他の利点としては、段階的燃焼装置の第一燃焼段階中(又は段階的燃焼器の燃料リッチ領域中)でここに記載された条件下での燃焼が燃料からの揮発性成分の液化(揮発分留去)を増加させ、これら条件下で生じるチャーの量を劇的に低下させ、従来の段階的装置中よりもより完全燃焼が可能となることである。
Claims (4)
- 単一燃焼段階中の燃料リッチ領域又は第一燃焼段階及び第二燃焼段階中の第一燃焼段階の燃料リッチ領域へ、1以上の窒素含有炭化水素化合物含有燃料及び21vol%酸素を超え、29vol%までの平均酸素濃度を有する気体状酸化剤を、その段階が空気のみを酸化剤として操作される場合と同量のNOxを生成する化学量論的割合より低い割合で供給する工程、
単一燃焼段階又は第一燃焼段階で上記燃料を上記気体状酸化剤と燃焼させる工程、
燃焼生成物及び未燃焼燃料を生成させる工程、並びに
上記未燃焼燃料を、第二燃焼段階で追加の気体状酸化剤と共に燃焼させる工程
を含む炭化水素燃料の燃焼方法であり、
第一燃焼段階及び第二燃焼段階へ供給される酸化剤の平均酸素含有量が20.9〜27.4vol%の範囲であり、
第一燃焼段階で生成する燃焼生成物及び未燃焼燃料から充分な熱を除去することにより、第二燃焼段階における燃焼中のNOxの更なる生成を最小化するのに充分な低温にする方法。 - 更に第一燃焼段階へ供給される前に酸化剤を加熱する工程を含む請求項1の方法。
- 第一燃焼段階の化学量論的割合は、その段階が空気を唯一の酸化剤として行われる場合と同量のNOxを生成する化学量論的割合より低く、かつ
それより低い以外は同一の条件下で上記燃料を上記酸化剤と燃焼させた場合に同一のNOx量を生成する化学量論的割合以上である、請求項1又は2の方法。 - 燃料が石炭である請求項1〜3いずれか1項の方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/757,611 US20020127505A1 (en) | 2001-01-11 | 2001-01-11 | Oxygen enhanced low nox combustion |
PCT/US2001/048713 WO2002055933A1 (en) | 2001-01-11 | 2001-12-20 | Oxygen enhanced low nox combustion |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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JP2004523717A JP2004523717A (ja) | 2004-08-05 |
JP4017521B2 true JP4017521B2 (ja) | 2007-12-05 |
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JP2002556548A Expired - Fee Related JP4017521B2 (ja) | 2001-01-11 | 2001-12-20 | 酸素強化されたNOx低減燃焼 |
Country Status (10)
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US (3) | US20020127505A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1350063B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4017521B2 (ja) |
KR (2) | KR20040028709A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1243927C (ja) |
BR (1) | BR0116771A (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2434445C (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2392506T3 (ja) |
MX (1) | MXPA03006238A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2002055933A1 (ja) |
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- 2001-01-11 US US09/757,611 patent/US20020127505A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-12-20 EP EP01991189A patent/EP1350063B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2001-12-20 WO PCT/US2001/048713 patent/WO2002055933A1/en active Application Filing
- 2001-12-20 JP JP2002556548A patent/JP4017521B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-12-20 CN CNB018230199A patent/CN1243927C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-12-20 KR KR10-2003-7009317A patent/KR20040028709A/ko active Search and Examination
- 2001-12-20 ES ES01991189T patent/ES2392506T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
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CA2434445A1 (en) | 2002-07-18 |
KR20050017111A (ko) | 2005-02-21 |
MXPA03006238A (es) | 2003-09-22 |
EP1350063A1 (en) | 2003-10-08 |
US6957955B2 (en) | 2005-10-25 |
CA2434445C (en) | 2008-11-04 |
EP1350063A4 (en) | 2005-11-16 |
KR20040028709A (ko) | 2004-04-03 |
WO2002055933A1 (en) | 2002-07-18 |
EP1350063B1 (en) | 2012-08-08 |
CN1243927C (zh) | 2006-03-01 |
BR0116771A (pt) | 2003-12-23 |
US20020127505A1 (en) | 2002-09-12 |
CN1492982A (zh) | 2004-04-28 |
ES2392506T3 (es) | 2012-12-11 |
US20030009932A1 (en) | 2003-01-16 |
KR101030361B1 (ko) | 2011-04-20 |
JP2004523717A (ja) | 2004-08-05 |
US20030108833A1 (en) | 2003-06-12 |
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