JP4013519B2 - Rolling bearing - Google Patents

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JP4013519B2
JP4013519B2 JP2001321117A JP2001321117A JP4013519B2 JP 4013519 B2 JP4013519 B2 JP 4013519B2 JP 2001321117 A JP2001321117 A JP 2001321117A JP 2001321117 A JP2001321117 A JP 2001321117A JP 4013519 B2 JP4013519 B2 JP 4013519B2
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Prior art keywords
rolling
fretting
raceway
hardness
ring raceway
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JP2003120693A (en
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治 篠田
賢二 山村
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NSK Ltd
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NSK Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、転動装置(転がり軸受、ボールねじ、およびリニアガイド等)に関する。特に、ハードディスクドライブ装置(HDD)やビデオテープレコーダー(VTR)、あるいは車両のターボチャージャー、ファンモーター、クリーナーモータ一等に組み込まれる転がり軸受等のように、静粛性が要求される用途で使用される転動装置に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
転がり軸受等の転動装置を構成する部材には、高硬度、長寿命、耐摩耗性などの諸特性が要求される。そこで、一般的に、これらの材料としては、軸受鋼であれば「JIS SUJ2」が、ステンレス鋼であれば「JIS SUS440C」あるいは「13Cr」系のマルテンサイト系ステンレス鋼が、肌焼鋼であれば「JIS SCr420」相当の鋼材が使用されている。そして、これらの材料を所定形状に加工し、焼入処理、浸炭処理、または浸炭窒化処理を施した後に、焼入・焼戻しを施して、転がり寿命を確保するために軌道面や転動面の硬さをHRC58〜64とすることが行われている。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
近年、機器の小型化による可搬性が高まったことで、種々の問題が浮き彫りになってきた。すなわち、機器の搬送中の落下や輸送中の振動にさらされる機会が増えたことで、機器に組み込まれた転がり軸受に損傷が生じ易く、損傷が生じた場合には、機器の性能を劣化させる原因となり得ることが最近の研究で明らかになってきた。
【0004】
機器に衝撃荷重が加えられた場合、特に小型の玉軸受においては、軌道面と転動体との接触楕円が小さいこともあって、比較的小さな衝撃荷重でも軌道面が永久変形し、音響劣化や回転トルクのむらが生じ、軸受を組み込んだ機器の性能が劣化する可能性がある。この問題については、特開平7−103241号公報に記載されるように、鋼中に内在する残留オーステナイトを低減することで対策がなされている。
【0005】
また、可搬性の要求が高まったことによって振動にさらされる機会が増え、転動体と軌道面との接触面において微小な振動や揺動によるフレッチングが発生して、音響劣化が生じ易くなるという問題が浮き彫りになってきた。上記の対策は衝撃荷重による音響劣化に主眼を置いたものであり、機器の振動などで生じるフレッチングに対しては全く考慮されていない。
このフレッチングという問題に対して、最近では、転動体として、窒化珪素等のセラミックスボールを使用することが検討されている( 以下、セラミックスボールを使用した軸受を「ハイブリッド軸受」と称する) 。セラミックスボールは摺動性が良好であることに加えて、高硬度であるため極めて損傷を受けにくく、鋼球に比べてフレッチング耐久性が極めて向上することが分かってきた。
【0006】
しかしながら、セラミックスボールは鋼球と比較して、コストが非常に高いという問題があるばかりでなく、鋼との線膨張係数の差に起因した温度上昇時の与圧抜けや、セラミックスが絶縁体であることに起因した静電作用による異物吸引などのトラブルが生じやすいという問題もある。
このような問題を解決するために、特開平13−74053号公報には、転動体を構成する鋼の表面に硬質かつ緻密な窒化層を形成することによって、フレッチング耐久性を向上させる方法が示されている。しかし、この公報では、フレッチング耐久性に及ぼす軌道輪の物性の影響についての定量的な評価がなされていない。
【0007】
本発明は、前記諸問題を解決すべく開発されたものであり、フレッチング耐久性に優れた転がり軸受を安価に提供することを目的とする。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、内輪軌道を有する内と、外輪軌道を有する外と、内輪軌道と外輪軌道との間に転動自在に配設された複数個の転動体と、を少なくとも備えた、フレッチング対策が要求される用途の転がり軸受において、前記内輪、、および転動体は、高炭素鋼により形成された後に浸炭処理または浸炭窒化処理と焼き戻しが施されて得られ、前記内輪軌道および外輪軌道の軌道面と転動体の転動面は、残留オーステナイト量が0体積%であり、表面硬さがHRC64.3以上であることを特徴とする転がり軸受を提供する。
【0009】
本願発明者らが研究を重ねた結果、フレッチング耐久性を向上させるためには残留オーステナイト量を低減し、硬さを上昇させる必要があることが分かった。すなわち、オーステナイトはマルテンサイトに比べて降伏応力が低い為に変形しやすく、小さな荷重によって永久変形を生じてしまう。また、軌道面に加わる転がり応力によって、軌道面表層部のオーステナイトは分解する。オーステナイトの分解は体積膨張を伴うため、軌道面の表面精度の劣化を招く。これに対し、本発明の転動装置によれば、前記内輪軌道および外輪軌道の軌道面と転動体の転動面の残留オーステナイト量が0体積%であるため、このような音響特性の劣化は生じ得ない。
【0010】
一方、軌道面の硬さを上昇させることはフレッチング耐久性を向上する上で有効な手段である。例えば、特開2001−99163号公報に示すような、高温から焼入を行い、サブゼロ処理、高温焼戻し処理を行うことで、高硬度かつ残留オーステナイト量0を達成することができる。
さらに、本願発明者等が検討を重ねた結果、前記内方部材、外方部材、および転動体を、高炭素鋼により形成した後に、適切な浸炭処理または浸炭窒化処理と焼き戻しを施すことによって、フレッチング耐久性が格段に向上することを見出した。すなわち、焼入時に多量の炭素を基地に固溶させることによって、焼戻し時に微細析出物が分散し、且つ、数μmレベルの初析炭化物も分散する。これらの析出粒子の分散強化によって硬さが上昇し、フレッチング耐久性が向上する。
【0011】
ずぶ焼の場合には、析出物の総体積は一定なので、微細析出物を増やそうとすると初析炭化物が減るが、本発明のように、浸炭または浸炭窒化を施した場合には、初析炭化物を減らすことなく微細析出物を増やすことができるため、フレッチング耐久性に関して格段の効果が得られるのである。
【0012】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施形態について説明する。
先ず、内径5mm、外径13mm、幅4mmであって、玉の直径が2mmである玉軸受を以下のようにして作製した。
「JIS SUJ(高炭素クロム軸受鋼)2」からなる素材を内輪(内方部材)、外輪(外方部材)、および玉(転動体)の各形状に加工した後、下記の表1に示す構成で熱処理を行った。すなわち、ずぶ焼きまたは浸炭による焼入れ、サブゼロ処理(比較例6と7では行わず)、焼き戻しの順に、熱処理を行った。
【0013】
ずぶ焼は、820℃〜900℃に30分間保持した後に油中冷却することによって行った。浸炭としては、温度:850℃〜950℃、雰囲気:アセチレンガス、圧力:1kPa以下の条件で、真空浸炭処理を行った。サブゼロ処理は、−90℃の液体窒素に20〜30分間保持することで行った。焼戻しは、160〜250℃に1.5〜2.0時間保持することで行った。
次に、ロックウェル硬度測定とX線回折測定用の試験片を「JIS SUJ2」により作製し、この試験片に対して表1の各条件で熱処理を行った。熱処理後の各試験片を用いて、表面硬さをロックウェル硬度計(Cスケール)で測定し、残留オーステナイト量をX線回折法で測定した。この結果も表1に併せて示す。
【0014】
【表1】

Figure 0004013519
【0015】
なお、実施例1〜7および比較例1〜5は、残留オーステナイトが0体積%となって硬さが各値となるように、前記熱処理条件(温度または時間)を調整したものであり、比較例6、7は、残留オーステナイト量が約10体積%となって硬さが各値となるように、前記熱処理条件(温度または時間)を調整したものである。
次に、同じ条件で熱処理を行った内輪、外輪、および玉を用いて玉軸受を組み立て、実施例1〜7および比較例1〜7の玉軸受を得た。これらの玉軸受について、以下の方法によりフレッチング耐久性を調べる試験を行った。
【0016】
先ず、各玉軸受を、潤滑:グリース封入、予圧:11.76N(1.2kgf)、回転数:1800rpmの条件で回転させることによって、音圧を測定した。次に、この測定を行った各転がり軸受を、予圧:11.76N(1.2kgf)、揺動角度:2°、揺動周波数:27Hzの条件で、30万回揺動させた。次に、再度、予圧:11.76N(1.2kgf)、回転数:1800rpmで回転させることによって音圧を測定した。
【0017】
そして、各供試体毎に、揺動試験を行った後の音圧測定値から、揺動試験を行う前の音圧測定を差し引いて、揺動試験による音圧の上昇量を算出した。この試験を各供試体毎に10回行って、音圧上昇値の平均値でフレッチング耐久性を評価した。
ここでは、比較例4(HRC60、残留オーステナイト量0.0体積%)の玉軸受の音圧上昇値を基準とし、(比較例4の音圧上昇量)/(各供試体の音圧上昇量)を、その供試体における耐フレッチング性指数と定義した。例えば、耐フレッチング性指数が2であった場合、その玉軸受の音圧上昇量は、基準とした比較例4の玉軸受の半分であったことを意味する。
【0018】
このようにして得られた耐フレッチング性指数と、前述の残留オーステナイト量および表面硬さの測定値と、の関係を整理すると以下のようになる。
図1のグラフは、残留オーステナイトが0.0体積%の場合(実施例1〜7、比較例1〜5)の耐フレッチング性指数と表面硬さとの関係を示す。このグラフから分かるように、表面硬さが増大するにしたがって耐フレッチング性指数は増大(すなわち、フレッチング耐久性が向上)しており、特に、HRC62以上となった場合に、その傾向は顕著となる。
【0019】
これまでは、小型の玉軸受において、軌道面および転動面の残留オーステナイト量を0体積%とした場合、軌道面および転動面の表面硬さはHRC58〜62としていた。そのため、フレッチング耐久性と表面硬さとの関係は、図1のグラフに破線で示す関係であると予想されていた。
しかしながら、この結果から、軌道面および転動面の表面硬さがHRC62以上となると、表面硬さがHRC62未満の場合でのフレッチング耐久性と表面硬さとの関係からは予想できない、顕著なフレッチング耐久性向上効果が得られることが分かった。また、この結果から、軌道面および転動面の表面硬さを、耐フレッチング性指数が2以上となるHRC64以上とすることが特に好ましいことが分かる。
【0020】
図2のグラフは、軌道面および転動面の表面硬さが同じであって残留オーステナイト量(γR )が異なる組み合わせ(比較例4と比較例8、実施例2と比較例9)での、耐フレッチング性指数の違いを示す。このグラフから、残留オーステナイト量が0でないとフレッチング耐久性が低下すること、軌道面および転動面の表面硬さがHRC62以上であっても、残留オーステナイト量が0でないと良好なフレッチング耐久性が得られないことが分かる。
【0022】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、本発明の転がり軸受はフレッチング耐久性に優れるため、この軸受を組み込んだ機器の音響特性が、輸送時の振動により劣化することを防止できる。また、セラミックス製の転動体を使用しないため、ハイブリット軸受よりも安価となる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】フレッチング耐久性の評価試験の結果から得られた、残留オーステナイトが0.0体積%の場合の耐フレッチング性指数と表面硬さとの関係を示すグラフである。
【図2】フレッチング耐久性の評価試験の結果から得られた、軌道面および転動面の表面硬さが同じで残留オーステナイト量(γR )が異なる組み合わせで、耐フレッチング性指数の違いを示すグラフである。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a rolling device (such as a rolling bearing, a ball screw, and a linear guide). In particular, it is used in applications where quietness is required, such as rolling bearings incorporated in hard disk drive devices (HDD), video tape recorders (VTR), vehicle turbochargers, fan motors, cleaner motors, etc. The present invention relates to a rolling device.
[0002]
[Prior art]
A member constituting a rolling device such as a rolling bearing is required to have various properties such as high hardness, long life, and wear resistance. Therefore, in general, these materials are “JIS SUJ2” for bearing steel, “JIS SUS440C” or “13Cr” martensitic stainless steel for stainless steel, and case-hardened steel. For example, a steel material equivalent to “JIS SCr420” is used. After these materials are processed into a predetermined shape and subjected to quenching, carburizing, or carbonitriding, quenching and tempering are performed to ensure the rolling life of the raceway surface and rolling surface. Hardness is made HRC58-64.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In recent years, various problems have been highlighted due to increased portability due to downsizing of devices. In other words, due to the increased chances of falling during transportation of equipment and vibration during transportation, rolling bearings incorporated in equipment are likely to be damaged, and in the event of damage, the performance of the equipment is degraded. Recent studies have shown that this can be the cause.
[0004]
When an impact load is applied to the equipment, especially in a small ball bearing, the contact ellipse between the raceway surface and the rolling element may be small. Unevenness of rotational torque may occur, and the performance of equipment incorporating the bearing may deteriorate. As described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-103241, this problem is taken by reducing the residual austenite contained in the steel.
[0005]
In addition, there is an increased chance of being exposed to vibrations due to increased portability requirements, and fretting due to minute vibrations and swinging occurs on the contact surface between the rolling elements and the raceway surface, which tends to cause acoustic degradation. Has been embossed. The above countermeasures are focused on acoustic degradation due to impact loads, and are not considered at all for fretting caused by vibrations of equipment.
Recently, the use of ceramic balls made of silicon nitride or the like as a rolling element has been studied for the problem of fretting (hereinafter, bearings using ceramic balls are referred to as “hybrid bearings”). In addition to good sliding performance, ceramic balls have been found to be extremely resistant to damage because of their high hardness, and have been found to have significantly improved fretting durability compared to steel balls.
[0006]
However, ceramic balls are not only very expensive compared to steel balls, but also include pressure loss due to temperature rise due to the difference in coefficient of linear expansion with steel, and ceramics is an insulator. There is also a problem that troubles such as foreign matter suction due to electrostatic action are likely to occur.
In order to solve such a problem, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 13-74053 discloses a method for improving fretting durability by forming a hard and dense nitride layer on the surface of steel constituting a rolling element. Has been. However, this publication does not quantitatively evaluate the influence of the physical properties of the race on the fretting durability.
[0007]
The present invention has been developed to solve the above-described problems, and an object thereof is to provide a rolling bearing excellent in fretting durability at a low cost.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention includes an inner ring having an inner ring raceway, the outer ring having an outer ring raceway, a plurality of rolling elements rollably disposed between the inner ring raceway and the outer ring raceway, comprising at least a fretting in the rolling bearing applications where measures are required, the inner wheel, an outer wheel, and rolling elements, tempering and carburizing or carbonitriding treatment is obtained is subjected after being formed by high carbon steel, the inner ring raceway and rolling surface of the raceway surface and the rolling element of the outer ring raceway is residual austenite amount is 0% by volume, surface hardness to provide a rolling rising bearing, characterized in that at HRC6 4.3 or more.
[0009]
As a result of repeated studies by the present inventors, it has been found that it is necessary to reduce the amount of retained austenite and increase the hardness in order to improve fretting durability. That is, austenite is easily deformed because it has a lower yield stress than martensite, and permanent deformation is caused by a small load. Further, the austenite in the surface layer portion of the raceway surface is decomposed by the rolling stress applied to the raceway surface. Since the decomposition of austenite is accompanied by volume expansion, the surface accuracy of the raceway surface is degraded. On the other hand, according to the rolling device of the present invention, the amount of retained austenite on the raceway surfaces of the inner ring raceway and the outer ring raceway and the rolling surface of the rolling element is 0% by volume. It cannot happen.
[0010]
On the other hand, increasing the hardness of the raceway is an effective means for improving fretting durability. For example, as shown in JP 2001-99163 A, a high hardness and a retained austenite amount of 0 can be achieved by performing quenching from a high temperature and performing a subzero treatment and a high temperature tempering treatment.
Furthermore, as a result of repeated studies by the inventors of the present application, the inner member, the outer member, and the rolling element are formed of high carbon steel, and then subjected to appropriate carburizing treatment or carbonitriding treatment and tempering. It has been found that fretting durability is remarkably improved. That is, by dissolving a large amount of carbon in the matrix during quenching, fine precipitates are dispersed during tempering, and proeutectoid carbides of several μm level are also dispersed. The dispersion of these precipitated particles increases the hardness and improves the fretting durability.
[0011]
In the case of sukiyaki, since the total volume of precipitates is constant, the amount of pro-eutectoid carbide decreases when the fine precipitates are increased. Since the fine precipitates can be increased without reducing the fretting resistance, a remarkable effect can be obtained with respect to fretting durability.
[0012]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described.
First, a ball bearing having an inner diameter of 5 mm, an outer diameter of 13 mm, a width of 4 mm, and a ball diameter of 2 mm was produced as follows.
After processing the material consisting of “JIS SUJ (High Carbon Chromium Bearing Steel) 2” into each shape of inner ring (inner member), outer ring (outer member) and ball (rolling element), it is shown in Table 1 below. Heat treatment was performed with the configuration. That is, heat treatment was performed in the order of quenching by submerged or carburized, sub-zero treatment (not performed in Comparative Examples 6 and 7), and tempering.
[0013]
Sukiyaki was performed by holding in 820 ° C. to 900 ° C. for 30 minutes and then cooling in oil. As carburizing, vacuum carburizing treatment was performed under conditions of temperature: 850 ° C. to 950 ° C., atmosphere: acetylene gas, pressure: 1 kPa or less. The sub-zero treatment was performed by holding in liquid nitrogen at −90 ° C. for 20 to 30 minutes. Tempering was performed by holding at 160 to 250 ° C. for 1.5 to 2.0 hours.
Next, a test piece for Rockwell hardness measurement and X-ray diffraction measurement was produced by “JIS SUJ2”, and this test piece was heat-treated under each condition shown in Table 1. Using each test piece after the heat treatment, the surface hardness was measured with a Rockwell hardness meter (C scale), and the amount of retained austenite was measured by an X-ray diffraction method. The results are also shown in Table 1.
[0014]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004013519
[0015]
In Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5, the heat treatment conditions (temperature or time) were adjusted such that the retained austenite was 0% by volume and the hardness was each value. In Examples 6 and 7, the heat treatment conditions (temperature or time) are adjusted so that the amount of retained austenite is about 10% by volume and the hardness becomes each value.
Next, ball bearings were assembled using inner rings, outer rings, and balls that were heat-treated under the same conditions to obtain ball bearings of Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 7. These ball bearings were tested for fretting durability by the following method.
[0016]
First, the sound pressure was measured by rotating each ball bearing under conditions of lubrication: grease filling, preload: 11.76 N (1.2 kgf), rotation speed: 1800 rpm. Next, each rolling bearing subjected to this measurement was rocked 300,000 times under the conditions of preload: 11.76 N (1.2 kgf), rocking angle: 2 °, rocking frequency: 27 Hz. Next, the sound pressure was measured again by rotating at a preload of 11.76 N (1.2 kgf) and a rotational speed of 1800 rpm.
[0017]
Then, for each specimen, the amount of increase in sound pressure by the rocking test was calculated by subtracting the sound pressure measurement before the rocking test from the sound pressure measured value after performing the rocking test. This test was performed 10 times for each specimen, and the fretting durability was evaluated by the average value of the sound pressure increase values.
Here, based on the sound pressure increase value of the ball bearing of Comparative Example 4 (HRC 60, residual austenite amount 0.0 volume%), (Sound pressure increase amount of Comparative Example 4) / (Sound pressure increase amount of each specimen) ) Was defined as the fretting resistance index of the specimen. For example, when the fretting resistance index is 2, it means that the amount of increase in sound pressure of the ball bearing is half that of the ball bearing of Comparative Example 4 as a reference.
[0018]
The relationship between the fretting resistance index thus obtained and the above-described measured values of retained austenite and surface hardness is summarized as follows.
The graph of FIG. 1 shows the relationship between the fretting resistance index and the surface hardness when the retained austenite is 0.0% by volume (Examples 1 to 7, Comparative Examples 1 to 5). As can be seen from this graph, as the surface hardness increases, the fretting resistance index increases (that is, the fretting durability is improved), and the tendency becomes remarkable particularly when the HRC is 62 or more. .
[0019]
Until now, in small ball bearings, when the retained austenite amount of the raceway surface and the rolling surface was 0% by volume, the surface hardness of the raceway surface and the rolling surface was HRC58-62. Therefore, the relationship between fretting durability and surface hardness was expected to be a relationship indicated by a broken line in the graph of FIG.
However, from this result, when the surface hardness of the raceway surface and the rolling surface is HRC62 or more, remarkable fretting durability that cannot be predicted from the relationship between fretting durability and surface hardness when the surface hardness is less than HRC62. It was found that the effect of improving the properties can be obtained. In addition, it can be seen from this result that the surface hardness of the raceway surface and the rolling surface is particularly preferably HRC 64 or higher where the fretting resistance index is 2 or higher.
[0020]
The graph of FIG. 2 shows a combination (Comparative Example 4 and Comparative Example 8, Example 2 and Comparative Example 9) in which the surface hardness of the raceway surface and the rolling surface are the same and the amount of retained austenite (γ R ) is different. The difference in the fretting resistance index is shown. From this graph, it can be seen that fretting durability is reduced if the amount of retained austenite is not 0, and even if the surface hardness of the raceway surface and the rolling surface is HRC 62 or more, good fretting durability is obtained if the amount of retained austenite is not 0. It turns out that it cannot be obtained.
[0022]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, since the rolling bearing of the present invention is excellent in fretting durability, it is possible to prevent the acoustic characteristics of a device incorporating the bearing from being deteriorated by vibration during transportation. Further, since no ceramic rolling element is used, the cost is lower than that of the hybrid bearing.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the fretting resistance index and surface hardness when the retained austenite is 0.0% by volume, obtained from the results of an evaluation test for fretting durability.
FIG. 2 shows the difference in the fretting resistance index obtained by the combination of the surface hardness and the retained austenite amount (γ R ) obtained from the results of the evaluation test of fretting durability with the same surface hardness. It is a graph.

Claims (1)

内輪軌道を有する内と、外輪軌道を有する外と、内輪軌道と外輪軌道との間に転動自在に配設された複数個の転動体と、を少なくとも備えた、フレッチング対策が要求される用途の転がり軸受において、
前記内輪、、および転動体は、高炭素鋼により形成された後に浸炭処理または浸炭窒化処理と焼き戻しが施されて得られ、前記内輪軌道および外輪軌道の軌道面と転動体の転動面は、残留オーステナイト量が0体積%であり、表面硬さがHRC64.3以上であることを特徴とする転がり軸受
An inner ring having an inner ring raceway, the outer ring having an outer ring raceway, a plurality of rolling elements rollably disposed between the inner ring raceway and the outer ring raceway, comprising at least a fretting measures are required In rolling bearings for
The annulus, outer annulus, and rolling elements, tempering and carburizing or carbonitriding treatment after being formed by high carbon steel obtained is subjected, rotation of the inner ring raceway and the raceway surface of the outer ring raceway and the rolling elements sliding surface, the residual austenite amount is 0% by volume, the rolling rising bearing, wherein the surface hardness is HRC6 4.3 or more.
JP2001321117A 2001-10-18 2001-10-18 Rolling bearing Expired - Fee Related JP4013519B2 (en)

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WO2006063315A2 (en) * 2004-12-09 2006-06-15 United Technologies Corporation Method and process for thermochemical treatment of high-strength, high-toughness alloys
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