JP3814670B2 - Detoxified pufferfish - Google Patents

Detoxified pufferfish Download PDF

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JP3814670B2
JP3814670B2 JP2003135773A JP2003135773A JP3814670B2 JP 3814670 B2 JP3814670 B2 JP 3814670B2 JP 2003135773 A JP2003135773 A JP 2003135773A JP 2003135773 A JP2003135773 A JP 2003135773A JP 3814670 B2 JP3814670 B2 JP 3814670B2
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pufferfish
fish
puffer
net
culture
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JP2004016234A (en
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玉雄 野口
修 荒川
智裕 高谷
聖二 山口
國博 板谷
明秀 小川
雅孝 木梨
善久 太田
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玉雄 野口
修 荒川
智裕 高谷
株式会社関門海
鷹島阿翁漁業協同組合
小川水産有限会社
木梨ふぐ九州店株式会社
株式会社萬坊
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81Aquaculture, e.g. of fish

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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、フグの養殖方法及びそれを用いたフグの無毒化方法に関し、特に、底生性生物を遮断した環境下におけるフグの養殖方法及びそれを用いたフグの無毒化方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
一般に、フグの養殖方法として、湾を仕切って5月から6月にかけて4千〜4千五百尾の稚魚を仕切った区域内に入れ次の年の10月ころまで育てる方法が知られている。フグの稚魚は体重1〜10g程度であるがわずか1年で300〜400gまでに成長、出荷段階で0.7〜1.3kgまで急成長する。
【0003】
フグはハマチやタイに比べ市場価格が高く、病気に注意すれば、採算性が高い養殖魚といえる。
【0004】
そして、古来より、フグが有毒である事が知られている一方、フグは美味で、昔から人に食され、特に筋肉、肝臓、及び白子が好まれていた。
【0005】
このようなことから、現在では盛んに養殖が行なわれている。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、上述の養殖法においては、天然フグと同様に、毒性を有するフグが多数存在していた。特に湾を仕切る粗放的な養殖においては、毒性を有するものが多く存在していたが、一部の生け簀養殖においても毒性を有するものが存在していた。
【0007】
一方、一部の地域においては、伝統食品としてフグ肝が生産されていた事実もあった。これは、同種のフグ間においても、毒性を有するものと有しないものとが存在するという理由からである。したがって、フグの中には、一般に有毒と知られているものであっても無毒化したフグも存在していた。元来有毒のフグがどのような過程で、無毒化されるに至ったのか判明すれば、再び、伝統食品としてフグ肝のみならず、フグが安心して食卓に提供されることとなりうる。
【0008】
しかし、何故にこのような毒を有するフグと毒を有しないフグとが同種のフグ間においてさえ存在するのかについてこれまで詳細な研究調査がなされていない。
【0009】
そこで、本発明の目的は、フグを無毒化し得るフグの養殖方法を提供することにある。
【0010】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的を達成するために、発明者らは、長年に渡ってフグ毒を鋭意研究した結果、フグ毒の由来は食物連鎖である事を見出し、本発明に至った。
【0011】
本発明のフグは、天然魚及び養殖魚由来の卵を人工授精させて孵化させた15週間以内の孵化稚魚を、底生性生物を遮断した環境下、養殖して成長させるフグの養殖方法によりフグを養殖して、実質的に無毒化したフグであって、前記フグがトラフグであり、かつ、2MU/g未満の毒性値を有するトラフグであることを特徴とする。
【0012】
本発明のフグの好ましい実施態様において、底生性生物が、フグ毒を生産するバクテリアを含む生物であることを特徴とする。
【0013】
また、本発明のフグの好ましい実施態様において、底生性生物の遮断を、囲い養殖法により行なうフグの養殖方法にしたがって、無毒化したことを特徴とする。
【0014】
また、本発明のフグの好ましい実施態様において、囲い養殖法が、網生け簀養殖、又は陸上養殖であることを特徴とする。
【0015】
また、本発明のフグの好ましい実施態様において、網生け簀養殖において、海底から網生け簀用の網を離して行なうことを特徴とする。
【0016】
また、本発明のフグの好ましい実施態様において、海底から10m以上網を離して行なうフグの養殖方法にしたがって、無毒化したことを特徴とする。
【0017】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明のフグの養殖方法は、底生性生物を遮断した環境下で養殖する。これは、フグ毒の由来は食物連鎖によるものであるとの知見に基づき、フグは、毒を保有している底生性生物を好んで食する事を見出し、これを遮断することにより、フグを無毒化しようとするためである。
【0018】
ここで、底生性生物とは、フグ毒を生産するバクテリアを含む生物であることを意図する。このような生物は通常海底に生息しており、例えば、ヒラムシ、ヒモムシ、ヤムシ、カニ、小型巻き貝、ワレカラ、ヒトデ類、フグ類、ツムギハゼ、ヒョウモンダコ、肉食性巻き貝、カブトガニ、ヤムシからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を挙げることができる。本発明において、底生性生物を遮断して養殖を行なうのは、底生性生物をフグが好んで食することによりフグが毒化することが判明した事による。すなわち、フグの毒は、食物連鎖によるものであり、どのような養殖法によっても、典型的には、例えば、湾を仕切る粗放的な養殖等、海底に生息する底生性生物を遮断せずに行なえば、フグは、底生性生物を好んで食し、次第に内臓等に毒が蓄積していき、毒化すると考えられる。
【0019】
底生性生物の遮断は、囲い養殖により行なうことができる。囲い養殖としては、網生け簀養殖、陸上養殖を挙げることができるが、いずれの方法による場合でも、これらの方法をそのまま用いるのではなく、底生性生物を遮断した環境下で行なう必要がある。底生性生物の遮断の方法の一例を示すと以下の通りとなる。
まず、囲い養殖法を例に説明すれば、養殖に用いる網を海底から離す様にする事が必要である。すなわち、毒保有のカニ、ヒトデなどが網に接触しない様にする必要がある。あるいは、接触したとしても網の目を細かくしておく事により、養殖場内に底生性生物が混入しない様にする事が好ましい。
【0020】
海底から網の距離は、好ましくは、海底から10m以上、より好ましくは20m以上である。海底との距離があまりに短いと、粗放的な養殖と同様に、養殖場内に底生性生物が侵入してくる場合もあり、誤って養殖フグがこれらを食するおそれがあるからである。
【0021】
また、網の目の大きさについては、海底からの網の距離を十分とった場合には、養殖フグが逃げない大きさである限り限定されないが、海底からの距離が10m未満の場合、網の目を4mm 〜10mmとするのが好ましい。この程度の網の目であれば、たとえ網の中へ未成熟の底生性生物が侵入したとしても毒性が極めて低いので、後述するフグの無毒化には影響を与えないと考えられるからである。
【0022】
また、底生性生物を遮断する環境を維持するために、一旦、底生性生物を遮断する環境が得られれば、養殖場を固定する必要がある。なぜなら、潮の流れ等により、養殖場が浅瀬に流される場合もあり、この場合、底生性生物に養殖用の網が接触するおそれがあるからである。
【0023】
固定化の方法は特に限定されないが、複数箇所において、例えば、いかだに固定したロープを繋いだアンカーを海底に打ち固定する事ができる。これによって、いかだが流されない様に、ひいては、網が海底に接近しない様にする事ができる。
【0024】
ここで、囲い養殖法の一例を図1を用いて説明する。図1Aは、囲い養殖用の網を斜視図で示したものであり、図中、1はフロート、2は鋼管、3は網である。すなわち、囲い養殖法に用いる装置としては、少なくともフロート、筏、網、及び装置固定用アンカーを備える。フロート1は、発泡スチロール等、網及び鋼管を沈ませないほどの浮力を有するものであれば特に限定されない。筏の材質は特に限定されないが、例えば、鋼管2等のある程度強度を有するものである。網3の材質も特に限定されず例えば、化繊等を挙げることができる。網3の網目は、フグが逃げ出さない程度であれば、特に限定されない。但し、網が海底に十分近い場合、例えば10m以内等では、底生性生物が混入しないように、網目を細かくする必要がある。このような網目は、4〜10mmの範囲である。アンカーは、主として海底から一定の距離を確保するために装置を固定するためのものである。
【0025】
網について、簡単に説明すれば、稚魚サイズが5cm〜12cm(稚魚重量50g)ほどの間では、 網目を、4〜20mmの範囲とするのが好ましい。魚サイズ12cm〜20cm(魚重量50〜200g)ほどの間では、網目を、8〜20mmの範囲とするのが好ましい。魚サイズ20cm〜30cm(魚重量600gまで)ほどの間では、網目を、18〜40mmの範囲とするのが好ましい。魚サイズ30cm〜50cm(魚重量1000〜1500g)ほどの間では、網目を、35〜60mmの範囲とするのが好ましい。このような養殖を、図1Aに示す点線で鋼管を仕切って行なってもよい。すなわち、成長時期に合わせて筏を区分けして成長の異なるフグを同時に養殖しても良い。
【0026】
これに対して、陸上養殖法においては、囲い養殖と異なり、養殖当初に底生性生物を遮断した環境を準備すれば、ほとんどの場合、当該環境を維持する事ができる。したがって、陸上養殖法においては、養殖を開始する時期に、底生性生物が混入している場合は、積極的に除去する必要がある。
【0027】
しかしながら、陸上養殖法においても、底生性生物の卵等が当初から養殖場に混入していれば、次第に底生性生物が成長、増殖するおそれがある。このような場合には、適当な濾過装置を用いて養殖場の海水を濾過して、底生性生物を除去しつつ養殖をすることができる。このような濾過装置は、特別のものを用意する必要は必ずしもなく、底生性生物の卵等が除去できる限り特に限定されない。
【0028】
例えば、図を用いて、本発明における陸上養殖法の一例を示せば以下の通りになる。図4は、取水方法の一例を示す。図4に示す取水装置は、少なくとも、水中ポンプ、濾過機、貯水槽を備える。図4に基づき説明すると、海水21を水中ポンプ20によって貯水槽23まで汲み上げる。この貯水槽23は、より慎重に取水するために設けたものであり、必ず必要なものではなく、したがって、水中ポンプから汲み上げた海水を直接的に濾過機へ導入しても良い。貯水槽23から送水ポンプ22で濾過機24へ送水する。濾過機24において、濾過しつつ、塩素等により殺菌、滅菌処理することができる。これによって、底生性生物を除去することができる。濾過、殺菌された海水は、非常用、補給用等のために貯水槽で一時保存される。なお、濾過、殺菌された海水を直接飼育槽に導入しても良い。
【0029】
図2は、飼育槽及び飼育槽内を循環する海水の様子を示したものである。すなわち陸上養殖装置を説明したものである。陸上養殖装置は、飼育槽、濾過槽、温度調整槽、曝気装置、酸素供給装置を備える。濾過槽は、底生性生物の混入が永続的に保つことをより確実にするため、複数の濾過槽を設けても良い。たとえば、以下では、一次、二次、三次の3段階の濾過槽を用いた場合について説明する。海水の流れに沿って説明すると、飼育槽からポンプ(図示せず)を通じて、一次濾過槽6へ海水を送水する。一次濾過槽6では、主にSS除去を行なう。SSとは、浮遊物質量(Suspended Solids)の略称で、水中に浮遊又は懸濁している直径2mm以下の粒子状物質をいう。これには、粘土鉱物による微粒子、動植物プランクトンやその死骸、下水、工場廃水などに由来する有機物や金属の沈澱物が含まれている。
【0030】
一次濾過槽6で濾過された海水は循環ポンプ7を通して二次濾過槽8へ送水される。二次濾過槽8では海水を電気分解して得られた塩素で殺菌、滅菌する。殺菌、滅菌された海水は、三次濾過槽9へ送られる。三次濾過槽9では、主として、生物による濾過が行われる。すなわち、好気性細菌による濾過を行なう。
【0031】
このようにして濾過された海水は、必要に応じて、温度調整、曝気調整、酸素調整されて、元の飼育槽へ戻る。温度調整は、温度調整槽11で行なうことができ、ここでは、冷凍機10などの温度調整機能を有する器具を備える。この温度調整槽によって、夏場など海水が高温に達することにより、飼育に問題が生じた場合に対処することができる。一般に飼育槽内の海水が25℃以上となると魚に影響を及ぼすので、適宜冷却するのが好ましい。
【0032】
また、曝気は、濃縮酸素を濾過海水に強制的に混入するもので、これによって、酸素を供給する。また、曝気の主たる目的は、窒素ガスや炭酸ガスの放出にある。SSを除去した飼育水を硝化細菌の働きでアンモニア態窒素→亜硝酸態窒素→硝酸態窒素に変え水中から放出する。また、飼育魚やろ過システム中の細菌が呼吸することによって水中に***する炭酸ガスもこのシステムで大気中に放出する。したがって、以上が順調に進まないと酸素の溶入が困難となる。水中に溶け込む酸素量には限度があり循環システムでは酸素を過飽和に溶け込ませる技術が求められる。
酸素供給においては、大気(空気)中の酸素を濃縮し、循環ろ過システムでクリーニングされた海水に溶入する。エアレーションでは大気の温度が海水に影響を与えるため、酸素濃度を高めるシステムでは曝気は最小限に留めることが望ましい。濃縮酸素の代わりに、液体酸素(純酸素)を溶入してもよい。
なお、排水処理は、SS除去後、生物濾過槽を経由して塩素で滅菌して行なう。
【0033】
このように、まず、取水処理時に海水を殺菌、滅菌処理し、さらに、飼育時においても海水を循環させて殺菌、滅菌処理することにより、底生性生物の卵、幼生等が海水に混入されていたとしても、未然に飼育槽から遮断することが可能となる。
【0034】
なお、その他の養殖法に関しては、通常の養殖法に従う。例えば、フグは雑食であるので、餌として特に限定されることはないが、通常の餌は、例えば、発酵魚粉、市販魚粉餌料、アジ、サバ、アミ等の生餌等である。本発明においては、上述の底生性生物を遮断した環境下、これらの通常の餌をフグに与えることができる。
【0035】
次に、本発明のフグの無毒化方法について説明する。本発明のフグの無毒化方法においては、上述した本発明の養殖方法により養殖することによって、フグを実質的に無毒化する。
【0036】
ここで、実質的に無毒化とは、人体に害を及ぼすおそれがない10MU/g未満をいう。具体的な養殖方法については、上述の説明を本発明の無毒化方法にそのまま引用する事ができる。
【0037】
また、ふ化後15週間以内のフグを前述の本発明のフグの養殖法を用いて養殖することにより、実質的に無毒化することができる。ふ化後15週間以内のものであれば、あまり成長していないので、フグが元来保有する毒量も少なく、かかる段階のフグを上述の養殖法により養殖すれば、フグの無毒化を達成できる。
【0038】
なお、ある程度成長したフグの場合、天然の有毒魚であれ、毒餌を摂取し毒化した養殖魚であれ、殆ど毒が抜ける事がなく、1〜3年の間毒を保持しつづける傾向がある。この観点から、ある程度成長したフグに関しては、十分長い間、上記本発明の養殖法で養殖する必要がある。
【0039】
また、本発明の好ましい実施態様において、前記フグの、肝臓、生殖巣(精巣、卵巣)、その他の内臓を無毒化する。これらは、フグ毒が、食物連鎖によるものであるとの知見に基づき、上述の底生性生物を遮断した環境下で行なうことにより、毒の由来を絶つことによる結果、フグが無毒化することを見出したことによるものである。
【0040】
【実施例】
以下、本発明を実施例により更に具体的に説明するが、本発明は、下記実施例に限定して解釈されることを意図するものではない。
【0041】
実施例1
体重3kgの雌の天然魚及び養殖魚から採卵し、卵に養殖の雄親の***をかけて人工授精させ、次いでふ化させて稚魚を得た。孵化稚魚を陸上で10〜11週位まで飼育し、人口餌料やミンチ肉を与えて飼育できるようになった後、屋外施設に収容し、その約9〜11日後海面いけすにうつした。これは、フグはタイやヒラメに比べて体形が水流を受けやすいので、水質、水流のコントロールが飼育し易い施設で飼育するのが好ましいからである。特に、海面いけすでは波や風の影響を受けやすく、稚魚がいけす網ですれるおそれもある。
このように、稚魚を室内で数週間程度アルテミア、ミジンコなどの飼料で飼育し、その後囲い養殖用の種苗に用いた。
【0042】
網生け簀養殖用の概念図を図1に示す。図1A中、1はフロート、2は鋼管(60mm)、3は網である。フロートとしては、発泡スチロールを用いた。網3としては、縦10m×横10m×深さ4mのものを用いた。実際に、深さ4mの網を海底から10m以上離し、底生性生物が接触しない様に十分注意した。
【0043】
稚魚のサイズ12cm以下までは、図1に示す筏を4分割して、4〜10mmの網を用いて、5〜10週間の間養殖した。その後は、8〜37mmの網に稚魚を移し、6〜14ヵ月の間養殖した。養殖中は、1日に2〜5回、イワシ、サバ、アジなどの市販の魚粉餌料を与え、1〜3年間飼育した。
【0044】
最終的に、養殖したフグの毒性を検査した。毒性の検査に用いたフグは、全部で2,295尾であった。このうち、2,245尾は肝臓、25尾は卵巣、残り25尾は筋肉、肝臓、皮膚、生殖巣及びその他の内臓について検査した。この結果、すべてのトラフグのこれらの部位について毒性値は、いずれも2MU/g未満であり、非常に安全な値が得られた。
【0045】
実施例2
実施例1と同様に、4週間程飼育した稚魚を用いて、今度は、陸上養殖方式によって、養殖を行なった。
【0046】
図2は、飼育用の海水を殺菌濾過しながら行なう方法の一例を示す。図3は、排水処理のフローを示す。
【0047】
陸上養殖方式では、100トン水槽(直径10m)の底に砂を敷詰め、海水を循環させて養殖を行なった。取水は海面養殖場から1km近く離れた場所で水深3m程の中層からポンプアップすることにより、図4に示すようなシステムを通じて行なった。
【0048】
これを300m程離れた養殖場の高架貯水タンク(100トン)に濾過機を通して一時貯水した。この海水は飼育槽の補充用と緊急用としてストックし、逆洗や機材の洗浄水は水道水を使用した。
【0049】
飼育槽の海水は蒸発分と餌の脂肪分を表面から取り除く分(飼育水の5〜10%/日)を除きSS除去、生物濾過、酸素溶入をし循環再利用した。図2に示すシステムを用いて、海水を循環させつつフグの飼育を行なった。一次濾過槽では、主として、SS除去し、二次濾過槽では、海水を電気分解して得た塩素で殺菌、滅菌し、三次濾過槽では、生物濾過(好気性細菌による濾過)を行なった。なお、必要に応じて、曝気装置により、濾過海水に濃縮酸素を強制的に溶入し(純酸素を利用する装置もある)、また、温度調整槽(冷凍機)により、温度調整を行なった。飼育魚に問題が起きるのは主として高水温なので最高水温を26℃に押える事を目的に使用した。 排水処理はSS除去後、生物濾過槽を経由して塩素で滅菌して行なった。
【0050】
このような飼育槽内で、1日に2回〜5回イワシ、サバ、アジや市販の魚粉飼料を与えることにより、1〜3年間飼育した。
【0051】
このような飼育方法によって、飼育したトラフグ114尾の肝臓、精巣、卵巣、その他の内臓の毒性試験を実施例1と同様に行なった結果、すべてのトラフグの各部位における毒性値は、いずれも2MU/g未満であり、非常に安全な値が得られた。
【0052】
【発明の効果】
本発明のフグの養殖方法は、フグを実質的に無毒化することができるという有利な効果を奏する。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 囲い養殖用の網の一例を斜視図で示す。
【図2】 飼育用の海水を殺菌濾過しながら行なう方法の一例を示す。
【図3】 排水処理のフローの一例を示す。
【図4】 取水方法の一例を示す。
【符号の説明】
1 フロート
2 鋼管
3 網
4 ポンプ
5 飼育槽
6 一次濾過槽
7 循環ポンプ
8 二次濾過槽
9 三次濾過槽
10 冷凍機
11 温度調製槽
12 曝気装置
13 酸素供給装置
14 洗浄水
15 殺菌水
16 排水調整槽
17 薬液タンク
18 薬液ポンプ
19 側溝
20 水中ポンプ
21 海
22 送水ポンプ
23 貯水槽
24 濾過機
25 機械室
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a puffer fish culture method and a puffer fish detoxification method using the same, and more particularly to a puffer fish culture method in an environment in which benthic organisms are blocked and a puffer fish detoxification method using the same.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Generally, as a method for raising puffer fish, it is known to divide the bay and put it in an area where 4,000 to four hundred five hundred fry fish are divided from May to June and grow it until the next October. . Puffer fish is about 1 to 10 g in weight, but grows to 300 to 400 g in just one year, and grows rapidly to 0.7 to 1.3 kg at the shipping stage.
[0003]
The pufferfish has a higher market price than Hamachi and Thailand.
[0004]
And since ancient times it has been known that pufferfish is toxic, but pufferfish has been delicious and has been eaten by humans since ancient times, and has especially loved muscles, liver and white catfish.
[0005]
Because of this, aquaculture is actively being carried out now.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the above-described aquaculture method, there are many toxic puffers like natural puffers. In particular, in the aquaculture that partitions the bay, there are many toxic ones, but there are also some toxic ones in some aquaculture.
[0007]
On the other hand, in some areas, puffer liver was produced as a traditional food. This is because, even among the same type of pufferfish, there are those that have toxicity and those that do not. Therefore, some pufferfish were detoxified even if they were generally known as toxic. If it becomes clear how the originally toxic pufferfish became detoxified, not only pufferfish liver but also pufferfish can be provided to the table with peace of mind as a traditional food.
[0008]
However, there has been no detailed research so far on why such a puffer with a poison and a puffer without a poison exist even among similar puffers.
[0009]
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for cultivating puffer fish that can detoxify puffer fish.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the inventors have intensively studied pufferfish poison over many years, and as a result, found that the pufferfish poison originated from the food chain, leading to the present invention.
[0011]
The puffer fish of the present invention is produced by a puffer fish breeding method in which hatched fry within 15 weeks that have been hatched by artificial insemination of eggs derived from natural fish and cultured fish are cultured and grown in an environment where benthic organisms are blocked. The pufferfish is substantially detoxified and is characterized by the fact that the pufferfish is a pufferfish and has a toxicity value of less than 2 MU / g.
[0012]
In a preferred embodiment of the puffer fish according to the present invention, the benthic organism is an organism containing bacteria producing a puffer toxin.
[0013]
In a preferred embodiment of the pufferfish according to the present invention, the benthic organisms are blocked according to the puffer culture method performed by the enclosure culture method.
[0014]
Moreover, in a preferred embodiment of the puffer fish according to the present invention, the enclosure culture method is net cage culture or land culture.
[0015]
In a preferred embodiment of the puffer fish according to the present invention, the net cage culture is performed by separating the net for net cage from the seabed.
[0016]
In a preferred embodiment of the pufferfish according to the present invention, the pufferfish is detoxified in accordance with a puffer culture method performed by separating the net by 10 m or more from the seabed.
[0017]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The puffer culture method of the present invention is cultivated in an environment in which benthic organisms are blocked. This is based on the finding that the pufferfish poison is derived from the food chain, and found that pufferfish preferred to eat benthic organisms that carry the poison, and by blocking this, This is to try to detoxify.
[0018]
Here, benthic organisms are intended to be organisms containing bacteria that produce pufferfish poisons. Such organisms usually inhabit the sea floor, for example, selected from the group consisting of rotifers, caterpillars, caterpillars, crabs, small snails, walnuts, starfishes, puffers, swallow goose, leopard octopus, carnivorous snails, horseshoe crabs, caterpillars And at least one of them. In the present invention, aquaculture is performed while blocking benthic organisms because it has been found that pufferfish are poisoned when they prefer to eat benthic organisms. In other words, the pufferfish poison is due to the food chain, and by any aquaculture method, typically without blocking the benthic organisms that inhabit the seabed, such as the abundant culture that partitions the bay. If done, the pufferfish eats benthic organisms and gradually accumulates poisons in the internal organs and the like, and is considered to be poisoned.
[0019]
Blocking benthic organisms can be done by enclosure farming. Examples of the enclosure culture include net cage culture and terrestrial culture, but in any case, these methods are not used as they are, but must be performed in an environment where benthic organisms are blocked. An example of a method for blocking benthic organisms is as follows.
First, if an enclosure culture method is described as an example, it is necessary to keep the net used for aquaculture away from the seabed. That is, it is necessary to prevent poison-bearing crabs and starfish from contacting the net. Alternatively, it is preferable that the benthic organisms are not mixed in the aquaculture farm by keeping the mesh of the mesh fine even if they come into contact.
[0020]
The distance from the seabed to the net is preferably 10 m or more, more preferably 20 m or more from the seabed. This is because if the distance from the seabed is too short, benthic organisms may invade into the farm, as in the case of crude farming, and the farmed puffer fish may inadvertently eat them.
[0021]
Moreover, the size of the mesh is not limited as long as the size of the cultured pufferfish does not escape when the distance from the seabed is sufficient, but when the distance from the seabed is less than 10 m, The eyes are preferably 4 mm to 10 mm. This is because it is considered that this type of mesh has very low toxicity even if immature benthic organisms invade the net, so that it does not affect the detoxification of puffer fish, which will be described later. .
[0022]
Further, in order to maintain an environment for blocking benthic organisms, once an environment for blocking benthic organisms is obtained, it is necessary to fix the farm. This is because the culturing ground may be swept into the shallows due to the flow of the tide, etc., and in this case, there is a possibility that the aquaculture net may contact the benthic organisms.
[0023]
The fixing method is not particularly limited, but, for example, an anchor connecting ropes fixed to a raft can be fixed to the seabed at a plurality of locations. This prevents the net from getting close to the seabed so that it will not be washed away.
[0024]
Here, an example of the enclosure culture method will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 1A is a perspective view of an enclosure culture net, in which 1 is a float, 2 is a steel pipe, and 3 is a net. That is, as an apparatus used for the enclosure culture method, at least a float, a kite, a net, and an apparatus fixing anchor are provided. The float 1 is not particularly limited as long as it has a buoyancy that does not sink the net and the steel pipe, such as polystyrene foam. The material of the rod is not particularly limited. For example, the steel tube 2 or the like has some strength. The material of the net 3 is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include synthetic fibers. The mesh of the net 3 is not particularly limited as long as the puffer does not escape. However, when the net is sufficiently close to the seabed, for example, within 10 m, it is necessary to make the net fine so that benthic organisms are not mixed. Such a mesh is in the range of 4-10 mm. The anchor is mainly for fixing the device in order to ensure a certain distance from the seabed.
[0025]
Briefly describing the net, it is preferable that the mesh be in the range of 4 to 20 mm when the fry size is about 5 cm to 12 cm (fry weight 50 g). In a fish size of about 12 cm to 20 cm (fish weight 50 to 200 g), the mesh is preferably in the range of 8 to 20 mm. For fish sizes of 20 cm to 30 cm (up to a fish weight of 600 g), the mesh is preferably in the range of 18 to 40 mm. The mesh is preferably in the range of 35 to 60 mm between fish sizes of 30 cm to 50 cm (fish weight 1000 to 1500 g). Such aquaculture may be performed by partitioning the steel pipe with a dotted line shown in FIG. 1A. In other words, puffers may be classified according to the growth period, and puffers with different growths may be cultured simultaneously.
[0026]
On the other hand, in the land culture method, unlike the enclosure culture, the environment can be maintained in most cases by preparing an environment in which benthic organisms are blocked at the beginning of the culture. Therefore, in the land culture method, it is necessary to positively remove benthic organisms if they are mixed at the time of starting the culture.
[0027]
However, even in the land farming method, if benthic eggs or the like are mixed in the farm from the beginning, the benthic organisms may gradually grow and proliferate. In such a case, it is possible to carry out aquaculture while removing benthic organisms by filtering seawater in the farm using an appropriate filtration device. Such a filtering device is not necessarily required to be provided with a special one, and is not particularly limited as long as benthic eggs and the like can be removed.
[0028]
For example, an example of the land culture method in the present invention is shown as follows using the drawings. FIG. 4 shows an example of a water intake method. The water intake device shown in FIG. 4 includes at least a submersible pump, a filter, and a water storage tank. Referring to FIG. 4, the seawater 21 is pumped up to the water storage tank 23 by the submersible pump 20. The water storage tank 23 is provided to take water more carefully and is not necessarily required. Therefore, the seawater pumped from the submersible pump may be directly introduced into the filter. Water is supplied from the water storage tank 23 to the filter 24 by the water supply pump 22. The filter 24 can be sterilized and sterilized with chlorine or the like while being filtered. Thereby, benthic organisms can be removed. The filtered and sterilized seawater is temporarily stored in a water tank for emergency use or replenishment. Note that filtered and sterilized seawater may be directly introduced into the breeding tank.
[0029]
FIG. 2 shows the breeding tank and the state of seawater circulating in the breeding tank. That is to say, an onshore aquaculture device is described. The land culture device includes a breeding tank, a filtration tank, a temperature adjustment tank, an aeration apparatus, and an oxygen supply apparatus. The filtration tank may be provided with a plurality of filtration tanks in order to ensure that the contamination of benthic organisms is permanently maintained. For example, a case where a three-stage filtration tank of primary, secondary, and tertiary is used will be described below. If it demonstrates along the flow of seawater, seawater will be sent to the primary filtration tank 6 from a breeding tank through a pump (not shown). In the primary filtration tank 6, SS is mainly removed. SS is an abbreviation for suspended solids, and means a particulate matter having a diameter of 2 mm or less that is suspended or suspended in water. This includes fine particles of clay minerals, animal and phytoplankton and their carcasses, organic matter and metal deposits derived from sewage, factory wastewater, and the like.
[0030]
Seawater filtered in the primary filtration tank 6 is sent to a secondary filtration tank 8 through a circulation pump 7. In the secondary filtration tank 8, the seawater is sterilized and sterilized with chlorine obtained by electrolysis. The sterilized and sterilized seawater is sent to the tertiary filtration tank 9. In the tertiary filtration tank 9, filtration by living organisms is mainly performed. That is, filtration with aerobic bacteria is performed.
[0031]
The seawater filtered in this manner is temperature-adjusted, aerated, and oxygen-adjusted as necessary, and returned to the original breeding tank. The temperature adjustment can be performed in the temperature adjustment tank 11, and here, an appliance having a temperature adjustment function such as the refrigerator 10 is provided. With this temperature control tank, it is possible to cope with a problem in breeding due to the seawater reaching a high temperature such as in summer. Generally, when the seawater in the breeding tank reaches 25 ° C. or more, it affects the fish, so it is preferable to cool appropriately.
[0032]
Aeration is a method in which concentrated oxygen is forcibly mixed into the filtered seawater, thereby supplying oxygen. The main purpose of aeration is to release nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide gas. The breeding water from which SS has been removed is changed from ammonia nitrogen to nitrite nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen by the action of nitrifying bacteria and released from the water. In addition, carbon dioxide excreted in the water when bacteria in the breeding fish and filtration system breathe is also released into the atmosphere by this system. Therefore, if the above does not proceed smoothly, it becomes difficult to infuse oxygen. There is a limit to the amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in water, and a technique for dissolving oxygen into supersaturation is required in the circulation system.
In oxygen supply, oxygen in the atmosphere (air) is concentrated and dissolved in seawater cleaned by a circulating filtration system. In aeration, the atmospheric temperature affects seawater, so it is desirable to minimize aeration in systems that increase oxygen concentration. Instead of concentrated oxygen, liquid oxygen (pure oxygen) may be dissolved.
In addition, waste water treatment is performed by sterilizing with chlorine through a biological filtration tank after removing SS.
[0033]
In this way, seawater is first sterilized and sterilized at the time of water intake treatment, and even during breeding, seawater is circulated and sterilized and sterilized so that eggs, larvae, etc. of benthic organisms are mixed in the seawater. Even if it is, it becomes possible to cut off from the breeding tank in advance.
[0034]
For other aquaculture methods, follow normal aquaculture methods. For example, puffer fish are omnivorous and are not particularly limited as bait, but normal baits are, for example, fermented fish meal, commercially available fish meal feed, raw food such as horse mackerel, mackerel, and amy. In the present invention, these normal baits can be given to the puffer fish under an environment where the above benthic organisms are blocked.
[0035]
Next, the fugu detoxification method of the present invention will be described. In the pufferfish detoxification method of the present invention, the pufferfish is substantially detoxified by culturing by the above-described culture method of the present invention.
[0036]
Here, “substantially detoxified” refers to less than 10 MU / g, which does not cause harm to the human body. As for a specific aquaculture method, the above description can be directly referred to the detoxification method of the present invention.
[0037]
In addition, it is possible to substantially detoxify the pufferfish by culturing pufferfish within 15 weeks after hatching using the puffer culture method of the present invention described above. If it is within 15 weeks after hatching, it has not grown so much, so the pufferfish originally possesses a small amount of poison. .
[0038]
In the case of a puffer fish that has grown to some extent, whether it is a natural poisonous fish or a cultured fish that has been poisoned by ingesting a poisonous bait, the poison is hardly lost, and there is a tendency to keep the poison for one to three years. From this point of view, the pufferfish grown to a certain extent needs to be cultivated for a sufficiently long time by the culture method of the present invention.
[0039]
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liver, gonad (testis, ovary) and other internal organs of the puffer fish are detoxified. These are based on the knowledge that puffer venom is caused by the food chain. This is due to the finding.
[0040]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples. However, the present invention is not intended to be construed as being limited to the following examples.
[0041]
Example 1
Eggs were collected from natural female and cultured fish having a weight of 3 kg, artificial insemination was carried out by placing the sperm of cultured male parents on the eggs, and then hatched to obtain fry. After hatching fry were raised on land for about 10 to 11 weeks and were able to be fed with artificial feed and minced meat, they were housed in outdoor facilities, and after about 9 to 11 days, they were brought to sea surface. This is because the puffer fish is more susceptible to water flow than ties and flounder, so it is preferable to keep it in a facility where water quality and water flow control are easy to keep. In particular, sea surface ikebana is easily affected by waves and winds, and there is a risk of foul fish catching it.
In this way, fry were raised indoors with feed such as Artemia and Daphnia for several weeks and then used as seedlings for enclosure culture.
[0042]
Fig. 1 shows a conceptual diagram for fish cage culture. In FIG. 1A, 1 is a float, 2 is a steel pipe (60 mm), and 3 is a net. Styrofoam was used as the float. The net 3 was 10m long x 10m wide x 4m deep. Actually, a 4 m deep net was separated from the sea floor by 10 m or more, and sufficient care was taken not to contact benthic organisms.
[0043]
Until the size of the fry was 12 cm or less, the carp shown in FIG. 1 was divided into four and cultured for 5 to 10 weeks using a 4 to 10 mm net. After that, the fry was transferred to an 8-37 mm net and cultivated for 6-14 months. During the aquaculture, commercially available fish meal feed such as sardines, mackerel and horse mackerel was given 2 to 5 times a day and raised for 1 to 3 years.
[0044]
Finally, the farmed pufferfish were examined for toxicity. A total of 2,295 pufferfish were used for toxicity testing. Of these, 2,245 were examined for liver, 25 for ovary, and the remaining 25 for muscle, liver, skin, gonads and other internal organs. As a result, the toxicity values for these sites of all the trough puffers were all less than 2 MU / g, and very safe values were obtained.
[0045]
Example 2
In the same manner as in Example 1, using the fry reared for about 4 weeks, this time, aquaculture was performed by the land culture method.
[0046]
FIG. 2 shows an example of a method performed while sterilizing and filtering seawater for breeding. FIG. 3 shows the flow of wastewater treatment.
[0047]
In the land culture method, sand was laid on the bottom of a 100-ton water tank (diameter 10 m), and the seawater was circulated for aquaculture. Water intake was carried out through a system as shown in FIG. 4 by pumping up from the middle layer at a depth of about 3 m at a location near 1 km away from the sea farm.
[0048]
This was temporarily stored through a filter in an elevated water storage tank (100 tons) at a farm that was about 300 m away. This seawater was stocked for replenishment of breeding tanks and emergency use, and tap water was used for backwashing and washing of equipment.
[0049]
The seawater in the breeding tank was reused by recycling SS after removing the evaporated part and the fat content of the feed (5-10% / day of breeding water / day) after removing SS, biofiltering, and injecting oxygen. Using the system shown in FIG. 2, the puffer was raised while circulating seawater. In the primary filtration tank, SS was mainly removed, in the secondary filtration tank, sterilized and sterilized with chlorine obtained by electrolyzing seawater, and in the tertiary filtration tank, biological filtration (filtration by aerobic bacteria) was performed. In addition, if necessary, concentrated oxygen is forcibly infused into the filtered seawater by an aeration device (some devices use pure oxygen), and the temperature is adjusted by a temperature adjustment tank (refrigerator). . It was used for the purpose of keeping the maximum water temperature to 26 ° C. because the problem with the fish was mainly due to the high water temperature. The wastewater treatment was performed by sterilizing with chlorine via a biological filtration tank after removing SS.
[0050]
In such a breeding tank, sardines, mackerel, horse mackerel and commercially available fish meal feed were given 2 to 5 times a day for 1 to 3 years.
[0051]
According to this breeding method, the toxicity test on the liver, testis, ovary and other internal organs of 114 trough puffer fish was conducted in the same manner as in Example 1. As a result, the toxicity values at all sites of all trough puffers were 2 MU. It was less than / g, and a very safe value was obtained.
[0052]
【The invention's effect】
The puffer culture method of the present invention has an advantageous effect that the puffer can be substantially detoxified.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an example of an aquaculture net.
FIG. 2 shows an example of a method performed while sterilizing and filtering rearing seawater.
FIG. 3 shows an example of a wastewater treatment flow.
FIG. 4 shows an example of a water intake method.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Float 2 Steel pipe 3 Net 4 Pump 5 Breeding tank 6 Primary filtration tank 7 Circulation pump 8 Secondary filtration tank 9 Tertiary filtration tank 10 Refrigerator 11 Temperature adjustment tank 12 Aeration apparatus 13 Oxygen supply apparatus 14 Washing water 15 Sterilization water 16 Drainage adjustment Tank 17 Chemical liquid tank 18 Chemical liquid pump 19 Side groove 20 Submersible pump 21 Sea 22 Water pump 23 Water tank 24 Filter 25 Machine room

Claims (6)

天然魚及び養殖魚由来の卵を人工授精させて孵化させた15週間以内の孵化稚魚を、底生性生物を遮断した環境下、養殖して成長させるフグの養殖方法によりフグを養殖して、実質的に無毒化したフグであって、前記フグがトラフグであり、かつ、2MU/g未満の毒性値を有するトラフグ。  By fostering pufferfish using the method of puffing fish that has been hatched by artificially inseminating eggs from natural fish and cultured fish within a period of 15 weeks, Detoxified pufferfish, said pufferfish being a pufferfish and having a toxicity value of less than 2 MU / g. 底生性生物が、フグ毒を生産するバクテリアを含む生物であることを特徴とする請求項 1 記載のフグ。Benthic organisms, Blowfish according to claim 1, characterized in that the organisms including bacteria that produce puffer poison. 底生性生物の遮断を、囲い養殖法により行なうフグの養殖方法にしたがって、無毒化した請求項1又は 2 項に記載のフグ。Blocking of benthic organisms according to method of cultivating puffer performed by enclosure aquaculture method, puffer fish according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the detoxified. 囲い養殖法が、網生け簀養殖、又は陸上養殖である請求項3記載のフグ。The puffer fish according to claim 3 , wherein the enclosure culture method is net cage culture or land culture. 網生け簀養殖において、海底から網生け簀用の網を離して行なう請求項4記載のフグ。The puffer fish according to claim 4 , wherein in the net cage culture, the net for the net cage is separated from the seabed. 海底から10m以上網を離して行なうフグの養殖方法にしたがって、無毒化した請求項5記載のフグ。6. The pufferfish according to claim 5 , which has been detoxified according to a puffer culture method performed by separating the net by 10 m or more from the seabed.
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CN104012438A (en) * 2014-06-27 2014-09-03 黎观祥 Artificial breeding method for viviparid

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CN103053451B (en) * 2012-12-24 2014-07-16 广西红树林研究中心 Piston type opening pipe inserting benthonic animal nature conservation device and application
CN104872067A (en) * 2015-05-04 2015-09-02 钦州学院 Method for increasing egg laying amount of egg-laying female tachypleus tridutatus
CN105594639B (en) * 2016-01-13 2017-12-05 中国海洋大学 A kind of method that algae gammarid continues to multiply in Marsupenaeus japonicus cultivating pool
CN106172136B (en) * 2016-07-26 2019-10-11 江苏中洋集团股份有限公司 A kind of fugu obscurus winter artificial fecundation method
JP7112070B2 (en) * 2018-05-31 2022-08-03 公立大学法人大阪 aquaculture system

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104012438A (en) * 2014-06-27 2014-09-03 黎观祥 Artificial breeding method for viviparid

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