JP3772749B2 - Melanin production inhibitor - Google Patents

Melanin production inhibitor Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3772749B2
JP3772749B2 JP2002017137A JP2002017137A JP3772749B2 JP 3772749 B2 JP3772749 B2 JP 3772749B2 JP 2002017137 A JP2002017137 A JP 2002017137A JP 2002017137 A JP2002017137 A JP 2002017137A JP 3772749 B2 JP3772749 B2 JP 3772749B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
oligosaccharide
xylo
melanin production
acidic
acid
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JP2002017137A
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JP2003221307A (en
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昭一 池水
尚也 安住
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New Oji Paper Co Ltd
Oji Holdings Corp
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Oji Holdings Corp
Oji Paper Co Ltd
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  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、化粧品及び医薬部外品分野に於いて使用される新規なメラニン生成抑制剤に関する。より詳細には、優れた生理活性を有し、しかも安全性の高いメラニン生成抑制剤に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
しみ・そばかす及び日焼け後の肌への色素沈着は、加齢に伴い発生、増加、或いは消失しにくくなり、中高年齢層にとって悩みとなっている。これらの色素沈着症の発生機構は未だ解明されていないが、太陽光線、特に紫外線やメラノサイト刺激ホルモン等の作用により表皮メラノサイトのメラニン合成機構が亢進する為と考えられている。
【0003】
また、表皮角化細胞(ケラチノサイト)の加齢に伴う角化遅延もメラニンの表皮外への***速度を遅延させ、メラニン合成能の亢進と合わせて、表皮内のメラニン顆粒密度の増加、即ち臨床的に色素沈着が増加する症状を発現させるものと考えられている。更に、それらの色素沈着部は局部的に存在し、周囲の正常皮膚部と明らかな差異を生ずることもある。
【0004】
この為、上記の後天的な色素沈着部を正常な皮膚色にまで回復させる薬剤や、色素沈着を予防する薬剤(美白剤)が強く望まれており、これまでにもアスコルビン酸、グルタチオン、コロイドイオウ等が開発され、美白剤の有効成分として商品化されてきた。また、種々の薬用植物抽出物や海草抽出物、植物由来の没食子酸、ゲラニイン等を用いた例もある。近年は、コウジ酸やグルコピラノシド誘導体であるアルブチン等も美白剤成分として使用されている。かかる美白剤成分としては、メラニン生成を触媒するチロシナーゼの活性を阻害するチロシナーゼ活性阻害剤、チロシンからドーパ、ドーパキノン、ドーパクロムを経てメラニンを生成する過程の一部又は全部を阻害するメラニン生合成阻害剤、メラニンの代謝を正常化するメラニン***促進剤等が知られている。
【0005】
しかしながら、アスコルビン酸は酸化されやすく不安定であり、グルタチオンやコロイドイオウは特有の異臭や沈殿を生じるという欠点がある。また、従来の薬用植物抽出物や海草抽出物は効果が不十分であったり、品質が一定しないという問題点があった。更に、コウジ酸等に於いても高濃度では安全性に問題があり、また、その安定性の維持等にも配慮しなければならなかった。その他にも、運用により副作用を生じるものもあった。
【0006】
なお、酸性キシロオリゴ糖の生理効果に関しては、水耕栽培に於けるスギ挿穂の発根促進効果の記載(セルラーゼ研究会報第16巻2001年)があるのみで、メラニン生成抑制剤に関する開示はなされていない。
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明に於いては、メラニン生成抑制効果に優れ、かつ安全性及び安定性の高いメラニン生成抑制剤及び美白剤を提供することを目的とした。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
前記課題を解決する為、培養メラニン産生細胞に於けるメラニン生成を指標として、メラニン生成抑制剤のスクリーニングを行った。その結果、ウロン酸残基が付加した酸性キシロオリゴ糖が優れたメラニン生成抑制効果を有することを見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。
【0009】
本発明は前記課題を解決するため、以下の構成を採用する。即ち、本発明の第1は、「キシロオリゴ糖分子中にウロン酸残基を有する酸性キシロオリゴ糖を含有することを特徴とするメラニン生成抑制剤」である。
【0010】
本発明の第2は、前記第1発明において、該酸性キシロオリゴ糖はキシロースの重合度が異なるオリゴ糖の混合組成物であり、キシロースの平均重合度が2.0〜3.0であることを特徴とするメラニン生成抑制剤である。
【0011】
本発明の第3は、前記第1または第2の発明において、前記酸性キシロオリゴ糖が、「リグノセルロース材料を酵素的及び/又は物理化学的に処理してキシロオリゴ糖成分とリグニン成分の複合体を得、次いで該複合体を酸加水分解処理してキシロオリゴ糖混合物を得、得られるキシロオリゴ糖混合物から、1分子中に少なくとも1つ以上のウロン酸残基を側鎖として有するキシロオリゴ糖を分離して得たもの」であること特徴とするメラニン生成抑制剤である。
【0012】
本発明の第4は、前記第1〜第3のいずれかの発明において、ウロン酸がグルクロン酸もしくは4-O-メチル−グルクロン酸であることを特徴とするメラニン生成抑制剤である。
【0013】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の構成について詳述する。キシロオリゴ糖とは、キシロースの2量体であるキシロビオース、3量体であるキシロトリオース、あるいは4量体〜20量体程度のキシロースの重合体を言う。本発明で使用する酸性キシロオリゴ糖とは、キシロオリゴ糖1分子中に少なくとも1つ以上のウロン酸残基を有するものを言う。
また、キシロースの重合度が異なるオリゴ糖の混合組成物であっても良い。一般的には、天然物から製造するために、このような組成物として得られることが多く、以下、主として酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物について説明する。
該組成物は、平均重合度で示す数値は正規分布をとる酸性キシロオリゴ糖のキシロース鎖長の平均値で、2〜11が好ましく、2.0〜3.0がより好ましい。キシロース鎖長の上限と下限との差は20以下が好ましく、10以下がより好ましい。ウロン酸は天然では、ペクチン、ペクチン酸、アルギン酸、ヒアルロン酸、ヘパリン、コンドロイチン硫酸、デルタマン硫酸等の種々の生理活性を持つ多糖の構成成分として知られている。本発明におけるウロン酸としては特に限定されないが、グルクロン酸もしくは4-O-メチル−グルクロン酸が好ましい。
【0014】
上記のような酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物を得ることが出来れば、その製法は特に限定されないが、(1)木材からキシランを抽出し、それを酵素的に分解する方法(セルラーゼ研究会報第16巻、2001年6月14日発行、P17-26)と、(2)リグノセルロース材料を酵素的及び/又は物理化学的に処理してキシロオリゴ糖成分とリグニン成分の複合体を得、次いで該複合体を酸加水分解処理してキシロオリゴ糖混合物を得、得られるキシロオリゴ糖混合物から、1分子中に少なくとも1つ以上のウロン酸残基を側鎖として有するキシロオリゴ糖を分離する方法が挙げられる。
特に、(2)の方法が好ましく、以下にその概要を示す。
【0015】
酸性オリゴ糖組成物は、化学パルプ由来のリグノセルロース材料を原料とし、加水分解工程、濃縮工程、希酸処理工程、精製工程を経て得ることができる。加水分解工程では、希酸処理、高温高圧の水蒸気(蒸煮・爆砕)処理もしくは、ヘミセルラーゼによってリグノセルロース中のキシランを選択的に加水分解し、キシロオリゴ糖とリグニンからなる高分子量の複合体を中間体として得る。濃縮工程では逆浸透膜等により、キシロオリゴ糖−リグニン様物質複合体が濃縮され、低重合度のオリゴ糖や低分子の夾雑物などを除去することができる。濃縮工程は逆浸透膜を用いることが好ましいが、限外濾過膜、塩析、透析などでも可能である。得られた濃縮液の希酸処理工程により、複合体からリグニン様物質が遊離し、酸性キシロオリゴ糖と中性キシロオリゴ糖を含む希酸処理液を得ることができる。この時、複合体から切り離されたリグニン様物質は酸性下で縮合し沈殿するのでセラミックフィルターや濾紙などを用いたろ過等により除去することができる。希酸処理工程では、酸による加水分解を用いることが好ましいが、リグニン分解酵素などを用いた酵素分解などでも可能である。
【0016】
精製工程は、限外濾過工程、脱色工程、吸着工程からなる。一部のリグニン様物質は可溶性高分子として溶液中に残存するが、限外濾過工程で除去され、着色物質等の夾雑物は活性炭を用いた脱色工程によってそのほとんどが取り除かれる。限外濾過工程は限外濾過膜を用いることが好ましいが、逆浸透膜、塩析、透析などでも可能である。こうして得られた糖液中には酸性キシロオリゴ糖と中性キシロオリゴ糖が溶解している。以下のようなイオン交換樹脂を用いた吸着工程により、この糖液から酸性キシロオリゴ糖のみを取り出すことができる。
糖液をまず強陽イオン交換樹脂にて処理し、糖液中の金属イオンを除去する。ついで強陰イオン交換樹脂を用いて糖液中の硫酸イオンなどを除去する。この工程では、硫酸イオンの除去と同時に弱酸である有機酸の一部と着色成分の除去も同時に行っている。強陰イオン交換樹脂で処理された糖液はもう一度強陽イオン交換樹脂で処理し更に金属イオンを除去する。最後に弱陰イオン交換樹脂で処理し、酸性キシロオリゴ糖を樹脂に吸着させる。
【0017】
樹脂に吸着した酸性オリゴ糖を、低濃度の塩(NaCl、CaCl2、KCl、MgCl2など)によって溶出させることにより、夾雑物を含まない酸性キシロオリゴ糖溶液を得ることができる。この溶液を、例えば、スプレードライや凍結乾燥処理により、白色の酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物の粉末を得ることができる。
【0018】
化学パルプ由来のリグノセルロースを原料とし、キシロオリゴ糖とリグニンからなる高分子量の複合体を中間体とした酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物の上記製造法のメリットは、経済性とキシロースの平均重合度の高い酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物が容易に得られる点にある。平均重合度は、例えば、希酸処理条件を調節するか、再度ヘミセルラーゼで処理することによって変えることが可能である。また、弱陰イオン交換樹脂溶出時に用いる溶出液の塩濃度を変化させることによって、1分子あたりに結合するウロン酸残基の数が異なる酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物を得ることもできる。さらに、適当なキシラナーゼ、ヘミセルラーゼを作用させることによってウロン酸結合部位が末端に限定された酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物を得ることも可能である。
【0019】
このようにして得られた酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物は、エタノール、プロパノール及びイソプロパノール等の低級アルコール、プロピレングリコール、ジプロピレングリコール、1,3-ブチレングリコール及びグリセリン等の多価アルコール、希酸、希アルカリの水溶液等に溶解して美白剤基材に含有させる。或いは、アルコール、エステル等を含有する基材成分に直接添加、溶解して含有させることもできる。また、マイクロカプセル化やリポソームに内含させて添加してもよい。
【0020】
本発明の酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物の美白剤への配合量は、その効果から考え、0.001〜20%(以下全て質量%)の濃度範囲とすることが望ましい。配合量が0.001%未満であると十分な効果が得られない。また、20%を越えると美白剤の安定性等に影響を及ぼすことがある。
【0021】
本発明の酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物を配合した美白剤は、ローション、乳剤、クリーム、軟膏等の形態をとることが出来る。また更に、柔軟性化粧水、収れん性化粧品、洗浄用化粧水等の化粧水類、エモリエントクリーム、モイスチュアクリーム、クレンジングクリーム、メイクアップクリーム等のクリーム類、エモリエント乳液、モイスチュア乳液、ナリシング乳液、クレンジング乳液等の乳液類、ゼリー状パック、ピールオフパック、洗い流しパック、粉末パック等のパック類、美容液及び洗顔料といった種々の製剤形態の美白化粧料としても配合することが出来る。
【0022】
本発明に於いては、更に、他の美白剤成分や、保湿剤、抗炎症剤、紫外線吸収剤等、他の有効成分を配合することも出来、日焼け止め化粧料、皮膚保護用化粧料、肌荒れ改善用化粧料等の薬用化粧料或いは医薬部外品等として提供することも出来る。
【0023】
【実施例】
以下、本発明について実施例により詳説する。本発明はこれにより限定されるものではない。まず、各測定法の概要、本発明で有効成分として含有させた酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物UX2の調製例1を示す。
【0024】
<測定法の概要>
(1) 全糖量の定量:
全糖量は検量線をD−キシロース(和光純薬工業(株)製)を用いて作製し、フェノール硫酸法(還元糖の定量法、学会出版センター発行)にて定量した。
(2) 還元糖量の定量:
還元糖量は検量線をD−キシロース(和光純薬工業(株)製)を用いて作製、ソモジ−ネルソン法(還元糖の定量法、学会出版センター発行)にて定量した。
(3) ウロン酸量の定量:
ウロン酸は検量線をD−グルクロン酸(和光純薬工業(株)製)を用いて作製、カルバゾール硫酸法(還元糖の定量法、学会出版センター発行)にて定量した。
(4) 平均重合度の決定法:
サンプル糖液を50℃に保ち15000rpmにて15分遠心分離し不溶物を除去し上清液の全糖量を還元糖量(共にキシロース換算)で割って平均重合度を求めた。
(5) 酸性キシロオリゴ糖の分析方法:
オリゴ糖鎖の分布はイオンクロマトグラフ(ダイオネクス社製、分析用カラム:Carbo Pac PA−10)を用いて分析した。分離溶媒には100mMのNaOH溶液を用い、溶出溶媒には前述の分離溶媒に酢酸ナトリウムを500mMとなるように添加し、溶液比で、分離溶媒:溶出溶媒=10:0〜4:6となるような直線勾配を組み分離した。得られたクロマトグラムより、キシロース鎖長の上限と下限との差を求めた。
(6) オリゴ糖1分子あたりのウロン酸残基数の決定法
サンプル糖液を50℃に保ち15000rpmにて15分遠心分離し不溶物を除去し上清液のウロン酸量(D−グルクロン酸換算)を還元糖量(キシロース換算)で割ってオリゴ糖1分子あたりのウロン酸残基数を求めた。
(7) 酵素力価の定義:
酵素として用いたキシラナーゼの活性測定にはカバキシラン(シグマ社製)を用いた。酵素力価の定義はキシラナーゼがキシランを分解することで得られる還元糖の還元力をDNS法(還元糖の定量法、学会出版センター発行)を用いて測定し、1分間に1マイクロモルのキシロースに相当する還元力を生成させる酵素量を1ユニットとした。
【0025】
<酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物の調整例>
<調製例1>
混合広葉樹チップ(国内産広葉樹70%、ユーカリ30%)を原料として、クラフト蒸解及び酸素脱リグニン工程により、酸素脱リグニンパルプスラリー(カッパー価9.6、パルプ粘度25.1cps)を得た。スラリーからパルプをろ別、洗浄した後、パルプ濃度10%、pH8に調製したパルプスラリーを用いて以下のキシラナーゼによる酵素処理を行った。
【0026】
バチルスsp.S-2113株(独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所特許微生物寄託センター、寄託菌株FERM BP-5264)の生産するキシラナーゼを1単位/パルプgとなるように添加した後、60℃で120分間処理した。その後、ろ過によりパルプ残渣を除去し、酵素処理液1050Lを得た。
【0027】
次に、得られた酵素処理液を濃縮工程、希酸処理工程、精製工程の順に供した。
濃縮工程では、逆浸透膜(日東電工(株)製、RO NTR-7410)を用いて濃縮液(40倍濃縮)を調製した。希酸処理工程では、得られた濃縮液のpHを3.5に調整した後、121℃で60分間加熱処理し、リグニンなどの高分子夾雑物の沈殿を形成させた。さらに、この沈殿をセラミックフィルターろ過で取り除くことにより、希酸処理溶液を得た。
【0028】
精製工程では、限外濾過・脱色工程、吸着工程の順に供した。限外濾過・脱色工程では、希酸処理溶液を限外ろ過膜(オスモニクス社製、分画分子量8000)を通過させた後、活性炭(和光純薬(株)製)770gの添加及びセラミックフィルター濾過により脱色処理液を得た。吸着工程では、脱色処理液を強陽イオン交換樹脂(三菱化学(株)製PK218)、強陰イオン交換樹脂(三菱化学(株)製PA408)、強陽イオン交換樹脂(三菱化学(株)製PK218)各100kgを充填したカラムに順次通過させた後、弱陰イオン交換樹脂(三菱化学(株)製WA30)100kgを充填したカラムに供した。この弱陰イオン交換樹脂充填カラムから75mMのNaCl溶液によって溶出した溶液をスプレードライ処理することによって、酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物の粉末(全糖量353g、回収率13.1%)を得た。以下、この酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物をUX10とする。前述の測定方法により、UX10は平均重合度10.3、キシロース鎖長の上限と下限との差は10、酸性キシロオリゴ糖1分子あたりウロン酸残基を1つ含む糖組成化合物であった。
【0029】
得られたUX10の10%水溶液100mlに、スミチームX50mgを添加し、60℃、20時間反応後、弱アニオン交換樹脂(WA30)10gを充填したカラムに供した。カラムを水洗した後、75mMのNaCl溶液によって溶出した溶液を凍結乾燥することによって、酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物粉末(全糖量2.1g、回収率21%)を得た。以下、この酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物をUX2とする。前述の測定方法により、UX2は平均重合度2.3、キシロース鎖長の上限と下限との差は2、酸性キシロオリゴ糖1分子あたりウロン酸残基を1つ含む糖組成化合物であった。
【0030】
次に、得られた酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物を用いて行ったメラニン生成抑制試験の概要と結果を実施例1に、安全性試験及び安定性試験の概要と結果を実施例2に示す。また、酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物を含有する美白化粧品(化粧水及び軟膏)の処方と製造法を実施例3及び実施例4に示す。
【0031】
<実施例1>
メラニン生成抑制試験は、マウス由来のメラニン産生細胞であるB16メラノーマ細胞(大日本製薬(株)製)を用いて実施した。以下にその概要を示す。まず、B16メラノーマ細胞を培地(FBS(大日本製薬(株)製)10%を含むMEMダルベッコ培地(大日本製薬(株)製)、以下培地と略す)5mlを入れたフラスコに播種し、前培養(CO2濃度:5%、37℃、以下培養と略す)した。5日後、常法に従い、トリプシン処理及び遠心分離により細胞を集めた。次に、得られた細胞を、96ウエルマイクロプレートに1×103個/培地100μl/1ウエルになるように播種した。24時間培養後、サンプルを培地に添加し、培養を継続した。更に4日後、培養上清の420nmに於ける吸光度を測定し、下記の計算式によりメラニン生成抑制率及びSD(標準偏差)を算出した。なお、各サンプルについて同試験を6ウエルずつ実施し、対照としてはコウジ酸(陽性、和光純薬工業(株)製)及び培地(陰性)を用いた。
【0032】
メラニン生成抑制率(%)=〔(a−b)/a〕×100
a:サンプル無添加培養に於ける吸光度、b:サンプル添加培養に於ける吸光度
【0033】
また、上記の各ウエルを洗浄、培地交換(100μl)後、アラマーブルー(旭テクノグラス(株)製)を用いた常法に従って、蛍光強度を測定(励起波長:544nm、検出波長:590nm)し、下記の計算式により細胞増殖阻害率を算出した。なお、細胞増殖阻害率は細胞毒性に相当する。
【0034】
細胞増殖阻害率(%)=〔(c−d)/c〕×100
c:試料無添加培養における蛍光強度、d:試料添加培養における蛍光強度
【0035】
酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物UX2のメラニン生成抑制試験の結果を表1に示す。
【表1】

Figure 0003772749
【0036】
表1より明らかなように、酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物UX2には顕著なメラニン生成抑制効果が認められた。また、何れの濃度でもUX2には細胞毒性はなかったが、コウジ酸の場合は0.1%以上の濃度で強い細胞毒性が認められた。細胞毒性のない濃度範囲に於けるメラニン生成抑制効果を比較すると、UX2(1%)はコウジ酸(0.05%)と同等以上の効果があると言える。
【0037】
<実施例2>
安全性試験及び安定性試験は以下のように実施した。酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物UX2の2%溶液(50%エタノール)100μlをC3Hマウス(雄、6週齢、日本チャールズリバー(株)製)の背皮に約1ヶ月間連日塗布した結果、背皮の炎症等の副作用は観察されなかった。また、1ヶ月後の上記UX2溶液のイオンクロマトグラムに於ける変化は認められなかった。これらのことは、酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物の高い安全性と安定性を示す。
【0038】
<実施例3>
酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物UX2を用いて、メラニン生成抑制作用を付与した下記組成の化粧水を常法にて製造した。
処方:(1)1,3−ブチレングリコール、3.0% (2)ソルビトール、2.0% (3)エタノール、10.0% (4)カルボキシビニルポリマー1%水溶液、10.0% (5)UX2、1.0% (6)パラオキシ安息香酸メチル、0.1% (7)香料、0.1% (8)精製水、73.8%
製造法:(6)(7)を(3)に溶解して(8)に加え、(1)(2)(5)を順次添加して混合した後、(4)を加え、混合し、均一化した。
【0039】
<実施例4>
酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物UX2を用いて、メラニン生成抑制作用を付与した下記組成の軟膏を常法にて製造した。
処方:(1)白色ワセリン、25.0% (2)ステアリルアルコール、15.0% (3)ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム、1.0% (4)パラオキシ安息香酸ブチル、0.1%(5)UX2、1.0% (6)精製水、57.9%
製造法:(1)〜(4)の油相成分を混合し、75℃に加熱して、溶解、均一化する。75℃に加熱した(6)に油相成分を添加して乳化し、冷却後40℃にて(5)を順次添加、混合、均一化する。
【0040】
【発明の効果】
本発明で得られる酸性キシロオリゴ糖組成物を含有したメラニン生成抑制剤は、強い薬理活性を有しており、化粧品及び医薬部外品の成分として、肌を白くする効果が期待でき、美白剤として有用である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a novel melanin production inhibitor used in cosmetics and quasi drugs. More specifically, the present invention relates to a highly safe melanin production inhibitor having excellent physiological activity.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Spots, freckles, and pigmentation on the skin after sunburn become difficult to occur, increase, or disappear with aging, which is a problem for middle-aged and elderly people. The mechanism of the occurrence of these pigmentation diseases has not yet been elucidated, but it is considered that the mechanism of melanin synthesis of epidermal melanocytes is enhanced by the action of sunlight, particularly ultraviolet rays and melanocyte stimulating hormone.
[0003]
In addition, the keratinization delay associated with aging of epidermal keratinocytes (keratinocytes) also delays the rate of melanin excretion outside the epidermis, and together with the enhancement of melanin synthesis capacity, the increase in melanin granule density in the epidermis, ie clinical It is thought that the symptom that the pigmentation increases is developed. In addition, these pigmented areas are present locally and may make a clear difference from the surrounding normal skin.
[0004]
Therefore, a drug that restores the acquired pigmented part to normal skin color and a drug that prevents pigmentation (whitening agent) have been strongly desired. Ascorbic acid, glutathione, colloids Sulfur and the like have been developed and commercialized as an active ingredient for whitening agents. There are also examples using various medicinal plant extracts, seaweed extracts, plant-derived gallic acid, geraniin and the like. In recent years, kojic acid and arbutin which is a glucopyranoside derivative are also used as a whitening agent component. Examples of such whitening agents include a tyrosinase activity inhibitor that inhibits the activity of tyrosinase that catalyzes the production of melanin, and a melanin biosynthesis inhibitor that inhibits part or all of the process of producing melanin from tyrosine via dopa, dopaquinone, dopachrome. Melanin excretion promoters and the like that normalize melanin metabolism are known.
[0005]
However, ascorbic acid is easily oxidized and unstable, and glutathione and colloidal sulfur have the disadvantage of producing a characteristic off-flavor and precipitation. Further, conventional medicinal plant extracts and seaweed extracts have problems that their effects are insufficient and the quality is not constant. Further, even with kojic acid and the like, there is a problem in safety at a high concentration, and maintenance of its stability has to be taken into consideration. In addition, there were some side effects caused by operation.
[0006]
Regarding the physiological effects of acidic xylo-oligosaccharides, there is only a description of the rooting promotion effect of sugi cuttings in hydroponics (Cellulase Research Report Vol. 16, 2001), and no disclosure of melanin production inhibitors is made. Not.
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In the present invention, an object of the present invention is to provide a melanin production inhibitor and a whitening agent that have an excellent melanin production inhibitory effect and are highly safe and stable.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above problems, melanin production inhibitors were screened using melanin production in cultured melanin-producing cells as an index. As a result, it has been found that acidic xylo-oligosaccharides to which uronic acid residues have been added have an excellent melanin production inhibitory effect, and the present invention has been completed.
[0009]
The present invention adopts the following configuration in order to solve the above problems. That is, the first of the present invention is “a melanin production inhibitor characterized by containing an acidic xylo-oligosaccharide having a uronic acid residue in the xylo-oligosaccharide molecule”.
[0010]
A second aspect of the present invention is the melanin according to the first aspect, wherein the acidic xylooligosaccharide is a mixed composition of oligosaccharides having different degrees of xylose polymerization, and the average degree of xylose polymerization is 2.0 to 3.0. It is a production inhibitor.
[0011]
According to a third aspect of the present invention, in the first or second aspect of the invention, the acidic xylo-oligosaccharide is “a complex of a xylo-oligosaccharide component and a lignin component by enzymatically and / or physicochemically treating a lignocellulose material. Then, the complex is subjected to an acid hydrolysis treatment to obtain a xylooligosaccharide mixture. From the resulting xylooligosaccharide mixture, xylooligosaccharide having at least one uronic acid residue as a side chain in one molecule is separated. It is a melanin production inhibitor characterized by being “obtained”.
[0012]
A fourth aspect of the present invention is the melanin production inhibitor according to any one of the first to third aspects, wherein the uronic acid is glucuronic acid or 4-O-methyl-glucuronic acid.
[0013]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the configuration of the present invention will be described in detail. Xylooligosaccharide refers to a xylose polymer which is a dimer of xylose, a xylotriose which is a trimer, or a tetramer to a 20-mer xylose polymer. The acidic xylo-oligosaccharide used in the present invention means one having at least one uronic acid residue in one molecule of xylo-oligosaccharide.
Moreover, the mixed composition of the oligosaccharide from which the polymerization degree of xylose differs may be sufficient. Generally, it is often obtained as such a composition in order to produce it from a natural product. Hereinafter, an acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition will be mainly described.
In the composition, the numerical value represented by the average degree of polymerization is an average value of the xylose chain length of the acidic xylooligosaccharide having a normal distribution, preferably 2 to 11, and more preferably 2.0 to 3.0. The difference between the upper limit and the lower limit of the xylose chain length is preferably 20 or less, and more preferably 10 or less. Uronic acid is known in nature as a component of a polysaccharide having various physiological activities such as pectin, pectinic acid, alginic acid, hyaluronic acid, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, and deltaman sulfate. The uronic acid in the present invention is not particularly limited, but glucuronic acid or 4-O-methyl-glucuronic acid is preferable.
[0014]
If the acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition as described above can be obtained, its production method is not particularly limited, but (1) a method of extracting xylan from wood and enzymatically decomposing it (Cellulase Research Report Vol. 16, Issued on June 14, 2001, P17-26), and (2) Lignocellulosic material was treated enzymatically and / or physicochemically to obtain a complex of xylooligosaccharide component and lignin component, Examples thereof include a method of obtaining a xylo-oligosaccharide mixture by acid hydrolysis, and separating the xylo-oligosaccharide having at least one uronic acid residue as a side chain in one molecule from the obtained xylo-oligosaccharide mixture.
In particular, the method (2) is preferable, and an outline thereof is shown below.
[0015]
The acidic oligosaccharide composition can be obtained through a hydrolysis process, a concentration process, a dilute acid treatment process, and a purification process using a lignocellulosic material derived from chemical pulp as a raw material. In the hydrolysis process, xylan in lignocellulose is selectively hydrolyzed with dilute acid treatment, high-temperature and high-pressure steam (cooking / explosion) treatment, or hemicellulase, and a high molecular weight complex composed of xylooligosaccharide and lignin is intermediated. Get as a body. In the concentration step, the xylooligosaccharide-lignin-like substance complex is concentrated by a reverse osmosis membrane or the like, and oligosaccharides having a low polymerization degree, low-molecular impurities, and the like can be removed. In the concentration step, a reverse osmosis membrane is preferably used, but ultrafiltration membrane, salting out, dialysis and the like are also possible. A lignin-like substance is released from the complex by the diluted acid treatment step of the obtained concentrated liquid, and a diluted acid-treated liquid containing acidic xylo-oligosaccharides and neutral xylo-oligosaccharides can be obtained. At this time, the lignin-like substance separated from the complex condenses and precipitates under acidic conditions, and can be removed by filtration using a ceramic filter or filter paper. In the dilute acid treatment step, acid hydrolysis is preferably used, but enzymatic degradation using lignin degrading enzyme or the like is also possible.
[0016]
The purification process includes an ultrafiltration process, a decolorization process, and an adsorption process. Some lignin-like substances remain in the solution as soluble polymers, but are removed by an ultrafiltration process, and most of impurities such as coloring substances are removed by a decolorization process using activated carbon. In the ultrafiltration step, an ultrafiltration membrane is preferably used, but reverse osmosis membrane, salting out, dialysis and the like are also possible. Acid xylo-oligosaccharides and neutral xylo-oligosaccharides are dissolved in the sugar solution thus obtained. Only an acidic xylo-oligosaccharide can be extracted from this sugar solution by an adsorption process using an ion exchange resin as described below.
First, the sugar solution is treated with a strong cation exchange resin to remove metal ions in the sugar solution. Next, sulfate ions and the like in the sugar solution are removed using a strong anion exchange resin. In this step, simultaneously with the removal of sulfate ions, a part of the organic acid, which is a weak acid, and the colored component are simultaneously removed. The sugar solution treated with the strong anion exchange resin is treated again with the strong cation exchange resin to further remove metal ions. Finally, it is treated with a weak anion exchange resin to adsorb acidic xylo-oligosaccharides to the resin.
[0017]
The acid oligosaccharide adsorbed on the resin, by eluting with a low concentration of salt (NaCl, CaCl 2, KCl, etc. MgCl 2), it is possible to obtain an acidic xylooligosaccharide solution containing no contaminants. From this solution, for example, a powder of a white acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition can be obtained by spray drying or freeze-drying treatment.
[0018]
The merit of the above-mentioned production method of acidic xylooligosaccharide composition using chemical pulp-derived lignocellulose as a raw material and high molecular weight complex consisting of xylooligosaccharide and lignin as an intermediate is economical and acidic with high average polymerization degree of xylose. The xylo-oligosaccharide composition is easily obtained. The average degree of polymerization can be changed, for example, by adjusting dilute acid treatment conditions or treating with hemicellulase again. In addition, by changing the salt concentration of the eluate used for elution of the weak anion exchange resin, acidic xylo-oligosaccharide compositions having different numbers of uronic acid residues bound per molecule can be obtained. Furthermore, it is also possible to obtain an acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition in which the uronic acid binding site is limited to the terminal by acting an appropriate xylanase or hemicellulase.
[0019]
The acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition thus obtained is composed of lower alcohols such as ethanol, propanol and isopropanol, polyhydric alcohols such as propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol and glycerin, dilute acids and dilute alkalis. It is dissolved in an aqueous solution or the like and contained in a whitening agent base material. Alternatively, it can be directly added to and dissolved in a base material component containing alcohol, ester or the like. Further, it may be added by microencapsulation or liposome.
[0020]
The amount of the acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition of the present invention to be added to the whitening agent is preferably in a concentration range of 0.001 to 20% (hereinafter all mass%) in view of its effect. If the blending amount is less than 0.001%, a sufficient effect cannot be obtained. If it exceeds 20%, it may affect the stability of the whitening agent.
[0021]
The whitening agent containing the acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition of the present invention can take the form of lotion, emulsion, cream, ointment and the like. Furthermore, skin lotions such as flexible lotions, astringent cosmetics, cleansing lotions, emollient creams, moisture creams, cleansing creams, makeup creams, emollient emulsions, moisturizing emulsions, nourishing emulsions, cleansing emulsions. Etc., can also be blended as whitening cosmetics in various preparation forms such as packs such as jelly-like packs, peel-off packs, wash-out packs, powder packs, cosmetic liquids and face wash.
[0022]
In the present invention, other active ingredients such as other whitening agents, moisturizers, anti-inflammatory agents, ultraviolet absorbers, etc. can also be blended, sunscreen cosmetics, skin protection cosmetics, It can also be provided as medicinal cosmetics such as cosmetics for improving rough skin or quasi drugs.
[0023]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples. The present invention is not limited thereby. First, an outline of each measurement method and Preparation Example 1 of an acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition UX2 contained as an active ingredient in the present invention are shown.
[0024]
<Outline of measurement method>
(1) Quantification of total sugar content:
The total sugar amount was prepared using a calibration curve using D-xylose (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and quantified by the phenol sulfate method (quantitative method for reducing sugar, published by the Academic Publishing Center).
(2) Quantification of reducing sugar content:
The amount of reducing sugar was prepared by using D-xylose (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) with a calibration curve, and quantified by the Sommoji-Nelson method (quantitative method for reducing sugar, published by Academic Publishing Center).
(3) Quantification of uronic acid content:
Uronic acid was prepared by using D-glucuronic acid (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) with a calibration curve, and quantified by the carbazole sulfate method (reducing sugar quantification method, published by Academic Publishing Center).
(4) Determination of average degree of polymerization:
The sample sugar solution was kept at 50 ° C. and centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 15 minutes to remove insoluble matters, and the total amount of sugar in the supernatant was divided by the amount of reducing sugar (both converted to xylose) to determine the average degree of polymerization.
(5) Analytical method of acid xylooligosaccharide:
The oligosaccharide chain distribution was analyzed using an ion chromatograph (Dionex, analytical column: Carbo Pac PA-10). A 100 mM NaOH solution is used as a separation solvent, and sodium acetate is added to the above-mentioned separation solvent so as to have a concentration of 500 mM as an elution solvent. These linear gradients were combined and separated. From the obtained chromatogram, the difference between the upper limit and the lower limit of the xylose chain length was determined.
(6) Method for determining the number of uronic acid residues per molecule of oligosaccharide Keep the sample sugar solution at 50 ° C and centrifuge at 15000 rpm for 15 minutes to remove insoluble matter and remove the amount of uronic acid in the supernatant (D-glucuronic acid) (Converted) was divided by the amount of reducing sugar (converted to xylose) to determine the number of uronic acid residues per oligosaccharide molecule.
(7) Definition of enzyme titer:
Kabikilan (manufactured by Sigma) was used for measuring the activity of xylanase used as an enzyme. The enzyme titer is defined by measuring the reducing power of reducing sugar obtained by xylanase degrading xylan using the DNS method (quantitative method for reducing sugar, published by Academic Publishing Center), and 1 micromole of xylose per minute. The amount of enzyme that generates a reducing power corresponding to 1 was defined as 1 unit.
[0025]
<Example of preparation of acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition>
<Preparation Example 1>
Oxygen delignified pulp slurry (kappa number 9.6, pulp viscosity 25.1cps) was obtained from mixed hardwood chips (70% domestic hardwood, 30% eucalyptus) by kraft cooking and oxygen delignification processes. After the pulp was filtered and washed from the slurry, the following enzyme treatment with xylanase was performed using a pulp slurry adjusted to a pulp concentration of 10% and pH 8.
[0026]
After adding xylanase produced by Bacillus sp. S-2113 strain (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Patent Microorganism Deposit Center, deposited strain FERM BP-5264) to 1 unit / g of pulp, 120 ° C. at 120 ° C. Treated for minutes. Thereafter, the pulp residue was removed by filtration to obtain an enzyme treatment liquid 1050L.
[0027]
Next, the obtained enzyme treatment solution was subjected to a concentration step, a dilute acid treatment step, and a purification step in this order.
In the concentration step, a concentrated solution (40-fold concentration) was prepared using a reverse osmosis membrane (RO NTR-7410, manufactured by Nitto Denko Corporation). In the dilute acid treatment step, the pH of the obtained concentrated solution was adjusted to 3.5 and then heat-treated at 121 ° C. for 60 minutes to form precipitates of polymer contaminants such as lignin. Further, this precipitate was removed by ceramic filter filtration to obtain a diluted acid treatment solution.
[0028]
In the purification process, the ultrafiltration / decolorization process and the adsorption process were performed in this order. In the ultrafiltration / decolorization process, after passing the dilute acid treatment solution through an ultrafiltration membrane (Osmonics, molecular weight cut off 8000), addition of 770 g of activated carbon (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and ceramic filter filtration To obtain a decolorization treatment solution. In the adsorption process, the decolorization treatment solution is a strong cation exchange resin (PK218 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation), a strong anion exchange resin (PA408 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation), and a strong cation exchange resin (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation). PK218) Each was sequentially passed through a column packed with 100 kg and then applied to a column packed with 100 kg of weak anion exchange resin (WA30 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation). The solution eluted from the weak anion exchange resin-packed column with a 75 mM NaCl solution was spray-dried to obtain an acidic xylooligosaccharide composition powder (total sugar amount 353 g, recovery 13.1%). Hereinafter, this acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition is referred to as UX10. According to the measurement method described above, UX10 was a sugar composition compound having an average degree of polymerization of 10.3, a difference between the upper limit and the lower limit of the xylose chain length of 10, and one uronic acid residue per molecule of acidic xylooligosaccharide.
[0029]
To 100 ml of the obtained 10% aqueous solution of UX10, 50 mg of Sumiteam X was added, reacted at 60 ° C. for 20 hours, and then applied to a column packed with 10 g of weak anion exchange resin (WA30). After the column was washed with water, the solution eluted with 75 mM NaCl solution was freeze-dried to obtain an acidic xylooligosaccharide composition powder (total sugar amount 2.1 g, recovery rate 21%). Hereinafter, this acidic xylooligosaccharide composition is referred to as UX2. According to the measurement method described above, UX2 was a sugar composition compound having an average degree of polymerization of 2.3, a difference between the upper limit and the lower limit of the xylose chain length of 2, and one uronic acid residue per molecule of acidic xylooligosaccharide.
[0030]
Next, the outline and results of the melanin production inhibition test performed using the obtained acidic xylooligosaccharide composition are shown in Example 1, and the outline and results of the safety test and the stability test are shown in Example 2. Further, Examples 3 and 4 show the formulation and production method of whitening cosmetics (skin lotion and ointment) containing an acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition.
[0031]
<Example 1>
The melanin production inhibition test was carried out using B16 melanoma cells (Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), which are mouse-derived melanin producing cells. The outline is shown below. First, B16 melanoma cells were seeded in a flask containing 5 ml of a medium (MEM Dulbecco medium (Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) containing 10% FBS (Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), hereinafter abbreviated as medium). Culture was performed (CO 2 concentration: 5%, 37 ° C., hereinafter abbreviated as culture). After 5 days, cells were collected by trypsinization and centrifugation according to a conventional method. Next, the obtained cells were seeded in a 96-well microplate at 1 × 10 3 cells / 100 μl medium / 1 well. After culturing for 24 hours, the sample was added to the medium and the culture was continued. Further, after 4 days, the absorbance of the culture supernatant at 420 nm was measured, and the melanin production inhibition rate and SD (standard deviation) were calculated by the following formula. For each sample, the same test was performed for 6 wells, and kojic acid (positive, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and medium (negative) were used as controls.
[0032]
Melanin production inhibition rate (%) = [(ab) / a] × 100
a: Absorbance in the sample-free culture, b: Absorbance in the sample-added culture.
In addition, after washing each well and exchanging the medium (100 μl), the fluorescence intensity was measured according to a conventional method using Alamar Blue (manufactured by Asahi Techno Glass Co., Ltd.) (excitation wavelength: 544 nm, detection wavelength: 590 nm) Then, the cell growth inhibition rate was calculated by the following formula. The cell growth inhibition rate corresponds to cytotoxicity.
[0034]
Cell growth inhibition rate (%) = [(cd) / c] × 100
c: Fluorescence intensity in sample-free culture, d: Fluorescence intensity in sample-added culture
Table 1 shows the results of the melanin production inhibition test of the acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition UX2.
[Table 1]
Figure 0003772749
[0036]
As is clear from Table 1, the acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition UX2 showed a remarkable melanin production inhibitory effect. In addition, UX2 was not cytotoxic at any concentration, but in the case of kojic acid, strong cytotoxicity was observed at a concentration of 0.1% or more. Comparing the melanin production inhibitory effect in the non-cytotoxic concentration range, it can be said that UX2 (1%) is equivalent to or better than kojic acid (0.05%).
[0037]
<Example 2>
The safety test and the stability test were performed as follows. As a result of applying 100 μl of 2% solution (50% ethanol) of acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition UX2 to the back skin of C3H mice (male, 6 weeks old, manufactured by Charles River Japan Co., Ltd.) for about 1 month, No side effects such as inflammation were observed. In addition, no change was observed in the ion chromatogram of the UX2 solution after one month. These indicate the high safety and stability of the acidic xylooligosaccharide composition.
[0038]
<Example 3>
Using the acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition UX2, a lotion having the following composition to which a melanin production inhibitory effect was imparted was produced in a conventional manner.
Formula: (1) 1,3-butylene glycol, 3.0% (2) sorbitol, 2.0% (3) ethanol, 10.0% (4) 1% aqueous solution of carboxyvinyl polymer, 10.0% (5) UX2, 1.0% (6) Methyl paraoxybenzoate, 0.1% (7) Fragrance, 0.1% (8) Purified water, 73.8%
Production method: (6) (7) is dissolved in (3) and added to (8), (1), (2) and (5) are sequentially added and mixed, then (4) is added and mixed, Homogenized.
[0039]
<Example 4>
Using the acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition UX2, an ointment having the following composition to which a melanin production inhibitory effect was imparted was produced by a conventional method.
Formula: (1) White petrolatum, 25.0% (2) Stearyl alcohol, 15.0% (3) Sodium lauryl sulfate, 1.0% (4) Butyl paraoxybenzoate, 0.1% (5) UX2, 1.0% (6) Purified water, 57.9%
Production method: The oil phase components (1) to (4) are mixed, heated to 75 ° C., and dissolved and homogenized. The oil phase component is added to (6) heated to 75 ° C. to emulsify, and after cooling, (5) is sequentially added, mixed and homogenized at 40 ° C.
[0040]
【The invention's effect】
The melanin production inhibitor containing the acidic xylo-oligosaccharide composition obtained in the present invention has strong pharmacological activity, and can be expected to have an effect of whitening the skin as a component of cosmetics and quasi-drugs, and as a whitening agent Useful.

Claims (4)

キシロオリゴ糖分子中にウロン酸残基を有する酸性キシロオリゴ糖を含有することを特徴とするメラニン生成抑制剤。A melanin production inhibitor comprising an acidic xylo-oligosaccharide having a uronic acid residue in a xylo-oligosaccharide molecule. 該酸性キシロオリゴ糖はキシロースの重合度が異なるオリゴ糖の混合組成物であり、キシロースの平均重合度が2.0〜3.0であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のメラニン生成抑制剤。The melanin production inhibitor according to claim 1, wherein the acidic xylo-oligosaccharide is a mixed composition of oligosaccharides having different degrees of polymerization of xylose, and the average degree of polymerization of xylose is 2.0 to 3.0. 前記酸性キシロオリゴ糖が、「リグノセルロース材料を酵素的及び/又は物理化学的に処理してキシロオリゴ糖成分とリグニン成分の複合体を得、次いで該複合体を酸加水分解処理してキシロオリゴ糖混合物を得、得られるキシロオリゴ糖混合物から、1分子中に少なくとも1つ以上のウロン酸残基を側鎖として有するキシロオリゴ糖を分離して得たもの」であること特徴とする請求項1または請求項2に記載のメラニン生成抑制剤。The acidic xylo-oligosaccharide is “a lignocellulosic material is enzymatically and / or physicochemically treated to obtain a complex of xylo-oligosaccharide component and lignin component, and then the complex is subjected to an acid hydrolysis treatment to form a xylooligosaccharide mixture. The obtained xylo-oligosaccharide mixture is obtained by separating xylo-oligosaccharide having at least one uronic acid residue as a side chain in one molecule ". The melanin production inhibitor described in 1. ウロン酸がグルクロン酸もしくは4-O-メチル−グルクロン酸であることを特徴とする請求項1〜請求項3のいずれかに記載のメラニン生成抑制剤。The melanin production inhibitor according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the uronic acid is glucuronic acid or 4-O-methyl-glucuronic acid.
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