JP3688488B2 - Fixed abrasive tool - Google Patents

Fixed abrasive tool Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3688488B2
JP3688488B2 JP36686398A JP36686398A JP3688488B2 JP 3688488 B2 JP3688488 B2 JP 3688488B2 JP 36686398 A JP36686398 A JP 36686398A JP 36686398 A JP36686398 A JP 36686398A JP 3688488 B2 JP3688488 B2 JP 3688488B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
tool
abrasive
abrasive grains
primary particles
force
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JP36686398A
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Japanese (ja)
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JP2000190228A (en
Inventor
俊之 榎本
泰弘 谷
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Ricoh Co Ltd
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Ricoh Co Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、セラミクス、シリコン等の硬脆材料や、鉄鋼、アルミニウム等の金属材料を研削、研磨加工する際に用いる固定砥粒加工工具、特に加工の高能率化及び高品位化を同時に満足できる固定砥粒加工工具に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来から、優れた表面平滑性や高い加工面品位を得るために用いられる、研削砥石や研磨フィルムといった固定砥粒加工工具においては、砥粒1個当たりの切込み深さを微小化するために使用する砥粒として一層微細なものを選択して来ている。
【0003】
また、最近では、ナノメーターのオーダーの表面粗さにまで仕上げる超精密加工が求められるようになって来ているが、この条件を満たすためには粒径がミクロンオーダー或いはミクロン以下のサイズの微細砥粒が必要となる。ところが、このような微細砥粒は粒子同士が凝集し易く、一般的な砥石製造法である結合剤と砥粒とを機械的に混合する製造方法では砥粒の凝集を回避できない。従って、一次粒子(砥粒)が如何に微細であっても、凝集が起き、その凝集力が強いと、研磨加工面にスクラッチが発生することを避けることは不可能となる。このような研削研磨工具として、多結晶ダイアモンド凝集体を挙げることができる(平井明彦外、1991年度砥粒加工学会・学術講演論文集、第47〜50頁)。この砥粒工具の材料である多結晶ダイアモンドは一次粒子間の凝集力が極めて強いため、単結晶ダイアモンドと同様な研削工具としての加工性を備えていながら、使用中に砥粒切れ刃に摩耗・脱落が生じても直ちに新しい切れ刃が自生する作用をも有する利点がある。このように、多結晶ダイアモンド凝集体からなる研削工具は高能率性において他の追従を許さない特色をもつ。しかしながら、この研削工具は微細な一次粒子を使用しているにも拘わらず、一次粒子が研削加工面に直接作用することがなく、ナノメーターのオーダーに近い表面粗さにまで被研磨物を仕上げる超精密加工性を備えていない。この多結晶ダイアモンドを合成法で形成した市販品(SCMファインダイヤ)もある。単結晶ダイアモンド切れ刃は鋭利な結晶面が摩耗すると研削能率が激減するのに較べ多結晶ダイアモンド切れ刃は鮫の歯のように次々と刃が自生的に更新されるため研削能率が高い。もっとも、多結晶ダイアモンド凝集体からなる切れ刃は超精密研磨性、加工面高品位といった加工性を狙った切れ刃ではない。
【0004】
微細な砥粒を用いた研削・研磨加工工具として、粗大な高分子粒子の表面に前記微細砥粒を塗布したものが知られている(米国特許第4954140号明細書)。この技術は高分子粗大粒子にコーティングすることで超微細砥粒を目詰まりさせることなく、研磨加工に利用できる優れモノである。しかしながら、加工工具の表面には高分子粒子による粗大な凹凸が形成され、この状態で表面加工が施されるので、加工能率の向上やあるいはその維持は達成されているものの、平滑な加工面を得ることは極めて困難である。この特許明細書から窺い知るように、研削・研磨の加工工具として極めて微細な砥粒を使用すると、加工能率が低下する弊害が生じ、また工具の目詰まりが起き易く加工抵抗が過大になり、ひいては加工不可能に陥るという問題があり、加工能率の向上と加工面品位の向上とは二律背反的で、同時にこれらの要求を達成することは至難であると言われてきた。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、加工能率の向上と加工面品位の向上とを同時に満足できる新たな砥粒工具の開発を課題とするものであって、ナノメーターのオーダーの表面粗さにまで仕上げる超精密加工に適応可能な研磨工具の提供を目的とするものである。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、上記の目的を達成するために為されたものであって、微細砥粒が適度な結合力で凝集した粉末を砥粒に用いることで、工具表面の凹凸が大きくなるため、工作物と砥粒工具接触部との押圧が高まり、加工能率を向上できると共に、工具表面に大きなチップポケットが形成されるため、砥石目詰まりといった現象の発生を抑制することができる。そして、同時に凝集体と工具結合剤との接着力に比べて凝集体を形成している一次粒子の凝集力(接着力)の方が弱いので、工具使用時には砥粒が凝集した二次粒子の一部に破壊や変形が生じ、一次粒子の状態で切削・研磨加工に寄与することとなる。従って、加工物の研削・研磨表面は極めて平滑に仕上がり、加工面の品位が高くなる。
【0007】
しかして、上記課題を達成するために、請求項1に係わる発明は、微細な砥粒の一次粒子が凝集した凝集体からなる砥粒工具であって、使用時に該凝集体が破壊又は変形して、該凝集体表面が平滑となることを特徴とする固定砥粒加工工具である。そして、一次粒子同士の凝集をもたらす凝集力は、砥石の使用時に該凝集体が被研磨物と接することにより破壊又は変形して、該凝集体表面が平滑となる程度のものである砥粒粉末を選択する。
【0008】
さらに、請求項に係わる発明は、凝集体を構成する砥粒一次粒子同士の凝集力と、凝集体(一次粒子も含まれる)・結合剤間の接着力とを比較したとき、前者の凝集力が後者の接着力よりも弱いことを特徴とする固定砥粒加工工具である。
ここで、凝集体を構成する一次粒子同士の凝集力が、凝集体(一次粒子も含まれる)・結合剤間の接着力より強いと、使用時に凝集体単位で工具から脱落してしまい、微細砥粒が一次粒子として加工に寄与しないため、良好な加工面品位を得ることが極めて困難となる。
また、請求項2に係わる発明は、前記一次粒子の直径が5nm〜100nmであることを特徴とする固定砥粒加工工具である。
【0009】
なお、従来技術として、既述した多結晶ダイアモンド凝集体は微細な一次粒子の集合したものであるが、一次粒子同士の凝集力が極めて高く、粒子間で破壊が起こらず、微細な一次粒子を加工面に直接寄与させることが出来ない。この工具は多結晶ダイアモンドの超硬度を利用した高能率研削加工であり、本発明と機能、使用目的を異にする。
【0010】
【作用】
本発明の固定砥粒加工工具によれば、微細砥粒が凝集した粉末(凝集体)を砥粒として用いるため、工具表面の凹凸が大きくなる。この結果、砥粒加工具と工作物との接触部における圧力が高まり、加工能率を向上せしめることが可能となる。同時に、工具表面に比較的大きいチップポケットが形成されるため、砥石目詰まりと言った問題の発生を抑制することも可能となる。そして、上述の凝集体粉末からなる砥粒は適切な凝集力により形成されているので、使用時には破壊や変形を起こし、一次粒子である微細砥粒研磨加工に寄与するようになるため、極めて平滑な加工面の研磨状態、高品位な加工面を得ることができる。このように、本発明の固定砥粒加工工具によれば、高い加工能率と優れた加工面品位とを同時に実現することが可能となる。
【0011】
【発明実施の態様】
砥粒としては、加工対象物にも依るが、一般に硬度の高い(モース硬度7以上)材料であって、直径が5nm乃至100nm程度の一次粒子の微細粉末が凝集して40nm乃至数μm程度の二次粒子径を備えたものが適する。通常の砥粒に供する材料は、コロイダルシリカ、ヒュームドシリカ、コロイダルセリア、ダイアモンド、CBN、アルミナ、炭化珪素等である。凝集体はゾルゲル法、スプレードライヤ法等の手段で造ることができる。以下の実施例で述べるコロイダルシリカ、ヒュームドシリカ及びコロイダルセリアは超微粒子であるばかりでなく、化学的に活性を有し、工作物に対し、メカノケミカル作用を呈するので、砥粒工具として、極めて好まし材料となる。
【0012】
凝集体を固定する際に使用する樹脂の例示としては、フェノール樹脂、ポリイミド樹脂、メラミン樹脂、アクリル樹脂、ウレタン樹脂等の熱硬化性樹脂が適する。勿論、光硬化性に変性したアクリル樹脂等も実用性に富む。
凝集体の凝集力の評価や砥粒・接着剤との接着力の評価は、形態保持状態でせん断力を加え、粒子が樹脂層から脱落するか、粒子が破壊(粒間破壊)するかを観察することによる。凝集力のみの測定は圧縮試験でも定量的に評価できる。
【0013】
本発明の固定砥粒加工工具では、砥粒凝集体と接着性の樹脂を基本構成材料としているが、粒子の凝集性や樹脂の接着性に著しい影響がない限り、他の添加剤を加えることは差し支えない。このような添加剤として、グラファイト、モリブデンのごとき固体滑材を例示できる。
以下、本発明を実施例により補説する。
[実施例1]
先ず、コロイダルシリカからなる一次粒径約40nmからなる超微細シリカ砥粒を、スプレードライヤ法により約10μm径の大きさに凝集させる。そして、凝集状態の砥粒粉末をアクリル樹脂と混合し、ポリエチテレフタレートフィルム上に塗布し、研磨用フィルムを作成した。このように作製した研磨フィルムを用いてシリコンウェーハを研磨加工した結果、10分間の加工時間でスクラッチのない最大高さ粗さ20nmRyの鏡面が得られた。これに対し、比較例として、スプレードライヤ法により凝集させずに、砥粒一次粒子と前記アクリル樹脂とを直ちに攪拌混合して、実施例と同一のポリエチテレフタレートフィルム上に塗布したものは、研磨時間を20分間以上かけないと鏡面が得られなかった。別に、平均粒径が4μmのシリカ砥粒を樹脂と攪拌混合して、ポリエチテレフタレートフィルム上に塗布した研磨用フィルムによると、砥粒に起因する除去作用が強く、スクラッチのない鏡面を得ることができなかった。また、本発明の研磨フィルムについて加工後に表面観察を行ったところ、二次粒子(凝集体)である砥粒が破壊され、一次粒子が加工に作用していたことが確認できた。
[実施例2]
ヒュームドシリカからなる一次粒径5〜30nmからなる超微細シリカ砥粒を、高速気流を用いた粒子衝突による凝集化、即ち、衝撃法により平均約8μm径の大きさに凝集させる。このような手段により得られた二次粒子凝集体も実施例1の場合と同様に、10分間の研磨加工により微細シリカ砥粒に破壊され被研磨物シリコンウェーハは鏡面にまで研磨されていた。
【0014】
なお、本発明は、一次粒子である砥粒の種類、凝集方法、加工工具の形状・形態において、上記の実施例に限定されるものではない。
【0015】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、固定砥粒加工工具において、微細砥粒が適度な結合力で凝集した粉末を砥粒に用いることで、工具表面の凹凸が大きくなるため、工作物と砥粒工具接触部との押圧が高まり、加工能率を向上できると共に、工具表面に大きなチップポケットが形成されるため、砥石目詰まりといった現象の発生を抑制することができる。そして、同時に凝集体と工具結合剤との接着力に比べて凝集体を形成している一次粒子の凝集力(接着力)の方が弱いので、工具使用時には砥粒が凝集した二次粒子の一部に破壊や変形が生じ、一次粒子の状態で切削・研磨加工に寄与することとなる。従って、加工物の研削・研磨表面は極めて平滑に仕上がり、加工面の品位が高くなる。
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention can simultaneously satisfy the high efficiency and high quality of fixed abrasive processing tools used when grinding and polishing hard and brittle materials such as ceramics and silicon, and metal materials such as steel and aluminum. The present invention relates to a fixed abrasive machining tool.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, in fixed abrasive processing tools such as grinding wheels and polishing films used to obtain excellent surface smoothness and high machined surface quality, it is used to reduce the depth of cut per abrasive grain. The finer ones have been selected as the abrasive grains.
[0003]
In recent years, ultra-precision machining has been required to achieve surface roughness on the order of nanometers. To satisfy this requirement, fine particles with a particle size on the order of microns or less than a micron are required. Abrasive grains are required. However, such fine abrasive grains are likely to aggregate with each other, and agglomeration of abrasive grains cannot be avoided by a manufacturing method in which a binder and abrasive grains are mechanically mixed, which is a general grinding wheel manufacturing method. Therefore, no matter how fine the primary particles (abrasive grains), agglomeration occurs, and if the agglomeration force is strong, it is impossible to avoid the occurrence of scratches on the polished surface. An example of such a grinding / polishing tool is a polycrystalline diamond aggregate (Akihiko Hirai, 1991, Abrasive Processing Society / Academic Lecture Collection, pp. 47-50). Polycrystalline diamond, which is the material of this abrasive tool, has extremely strong cohesion between primary particles, so it has the same workability as a grinding tool similar to single crystal diamond, but wears and breaks the abrasive cutting edge during use. There is an advantage that even if a dropout occurs, a new cutting edge is immediately generated. As described above, the grinding tool made of polycrystalline diamond aggregate has a feature that does not allow other follow-up in high efficiency. However, even though this grinding tool uses fine primary particles, the primary particles do not directly act on the ground surface and finish the workpiece to a surface roughness close to the nanometer order. Does not have ultra-precision workability. There is also a commercial product (SCM fine diamond) in which this polycrystalline diamond is formed by a synthesis method. A single-crystal diamond cutting edge has a high grinding efficiency because the cutting edge of a polycrystalline diamond cutting edge is renewed one after another like a tooth of a tooth compared to a sharp reduction in grinding efficiency when a sharp crystal surface is worn. However, cutting edges made of polycrystalline diamond agglomerates are not cutting edges aimed for workability such as ultra-precision polishing and high quality of the machined surface.
[0004]
As a grinding / polishing tool using fine abrasive grains, a tool in which the fine abrasive grains are coated on the surface of coarse polymer particles is known (US Pat. No. 4,954,140). This technology is an excellent product that can be used for polishing without clogging ultrafine abrasive grains by coating polymer coarse particles. However, rough irregularities due to polymer particles are formed on the surface of the processing tool, and surface processing is performed in this state, so that although the processing efficiency has been improved or maintained, a smooth processing surface has been achieved. It is extremely difficult to obtain. As you can see from this patent specification, when extremely fine abrasive grains are used as a grinding / polishing processing tool, the processing efficiency is reduced, and the tool is easily clogged, resulting in excessive processing resistance. As a result, there is a problem that it becomes impossible to process, and improvement in processing efficiency and improvement in machined surface quality are contradictory, and it has been said that it is difficult to achieve these requirements at the same time.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The object of the present invention is to develop a new abrasive tool that can simultaneously satisfy the improvement of machining efficiency and the quality of machined surface. The purpose is to provide an adaptable polishing tool.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention has been made to achieve the above-described object, and the use of a powder obtained by agglomerating fine abrasive grains with an appropriate bonding force for the abrasive grains increases the unevenness of the tool surface. The pressure between the workpiece and the abrasive tool contact portion is increased, so that the processing efficiency can be improved and a large chip pocket is formed on the tool surface, so that the occurrence of a phenomenon such as clogging of the grinding stone can be suppressed. At the same time, the cohesive force (adhesive force) of the primary particles forming the aggregate is weaker than the adhesive force between the aggregate and the tool binder. Part of the material is broken or deformed and contributes to cutting and polishing in the form of primary particles. Accordingly, the ground / polished surface of the workpiece is finished very smoothly, and the quality of the processed surface is improved.
[0007]
Therefore, in order to achieve the above object, the invention according to claim 1 is an abrasive tool composed of an aggregate in which primary particles of fine abrasive grains are aggregated, and the aggregate breaks or deforms during use. Thus, the fixed abrasive processing tool is characterized in that the surface of the aggregate becomes smooth. The agglomeration force that causes agglomeration of the primary particles is an abrasive powder that is broken or deformed when the agglomerate comes into contact with the object to be polished when the grindstone is used, and the agglomerate surface becomes smooth. Select.
[0008]
Furthermore , the invention according to claim 1 shows that the former agglomeration is obtained when the agglomeration force between the abrasive primary particles constituting the agglomerate is compared with the adhesive force between the agglomerates (including primary particles) and the binder. power is solid Teitogi particle machining tool you characterized weaker than the latter adhesion.
Here, if the agglomeration force between the primary particles constituting the agglomerate is stronger than the adhesion force between the agglomerates (including the primary particles) and the binder, the agglomerates will fall off from the tool at the time of use. Since the abrasive grains do not contribute to processing as primary particles, it becomes extremely difficult to obtain good processed surface quality.
The invention according to claim 2 is the fixed abrasive machining tool, wherein the primary particles have a diameter of 5 nm to 100 nm.
[0009]
As a conventional technique, the polycrystalline diamond aggregate described above is a collection of fine primary particles, but the agglomeration force between primary particles is extremely high, and no breakage occurs between the particles. Cannot contribute directly to the machined surface. This tool is a high-efficiency grinding process that uses the super hardness of polycrystalline diamond, and differs in function and purpose of use from the present invention.
[0010]
[Action]
According to the fixed abrasive processing tool of the present invention, since the powder (aggregate) in which fine abrasive grains are aggregated is used as abrasive grains, the unevenness of the tool surface becomes large. As a result, the pressure at the contact portion between the abrasive tool and the workpiece is increased, and the machining efficiency can be improved. At the same time, since a relatively large chip pocket is formed on the tool surface, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of a problem such as clogging of the grindstone. In addition, since the abrasive grains made of the above-mentioned aggregate powder are formed with an appropriate cohesive force, they are broken or deformed during use and contribute to the polishing process of fine abrasive grains, which are primary particles. It is possible to obtain a polished state of a processed surface and a high-quality processed surface. Thus, according to the fixed abrasive processing tool of the present invention, it is possible to simultaneously achieve high processing efficiency and excellent surface finish.
[0011]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The abrasive grains are generally high hardness (Mohs hardness 7 or more) material depending on the object to be processed, and the primary particle fine powder having a diameter of about 5 nm to 100 nm is aggregated to have a diameter of about 40 nm to several μm. Those having a secondary particle size are suitable. Materials used for ordinary abrasive grains are colloidal silica, fumed silica, colloidal ceria, diamond, CBN, alumina, silicon carbide, and the like. Aggregates can be produced by means such as a sol-gel method or a spray dryer method. Colloidal silica, fumed silica and colloidal ceria described in the following examples are not only ultrafine particles but also chemically active and exhibit a mechanochemical action on the workpiece. It becomes a preferred material.
[0012]
As examples of the resin used for fixing the aggregate, thermosetting resins such as phenol resin, polyimide resin, melamine resin, acrylic resin, and urethane resin are suitable. Of course, acrylic resins modified to be photocurable are also highly practical.
The evaluation of the cohesive strength of the aggregate and the adhesive strength with the abrasive grains / adhesive is based on whether shearing force is applied while maintaining the shape and the particles fall off the resin layer or the particles break (intergranular fracture). By observing. The measurement of only the cohesive force can be quantitatively evaluated even in a compression test.
[0013]
In the fixed abrasive processing tool of the present invention, abrasive agglomerates and adhesive resin are used as basic constituent materials, but other additives should be added as long as there is no significant effect on particle agglomeration and resin adhesion. Is fine. Examples of such additives include solid lubricants such as graphite and molybdenum.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be supplemented by examples.
[Example 1]
First, ultrafine silica abrasive grains having a primary particle diameter of about 40 nm made of colloidal silica are aggregated to a size of about 10 μm by a spray dryer method. The agglomerated abrasive powder was mixed with an acrylic resin and applied on a polyethylene terephthalate film to prepare a polishing film. As a result of polishing the silicon wafer using the polishing film thus prepared, a mirror surface having a maximum height roughness of 20 nm Ry without scratches was obtained in a processing time of 10 minutes. On the other hand, as a comparative example, the primary particles of the abrasive grains and the acrylic resin were immediately stirred and mixed without being aggregated by a spray dryer method, and applied on the same polyethylene terephthalate film as in the examples. A mirror surface could not be obtained unless it was applied for 20 minutes or longer. Separately, a polishing film in which silica abrasive grains having an average particle diameter of 4 μm are stirred and mixed with a resin and coated on a polyethylene terephthalate film has a strong removal effect due to the abrasive grains, and a mirror-free mirror surface can be obtained. could not. Further, when the surface of the polishing film of the present invention was observed after processing, it was confirmed that the abrasive grains as secondary particles (aggregates) were destroyed and the primary particles were acting on the processing.
[Example 2]
Ultrafine silica abrasive grains having a primary particle size of 5 to 30 nm made of fumed silica are agglomerated by particle collision using a high-speed air stream, that is, agglomerated to an average size of about 8 μm by an impact method. Similarly to the case of Example 1, the secondary particle aggregate obtained by such means was broken into fine silica abrasive grains by polishing for 10 minutes, and the silicon wafer to be polished was polished to a mirror surface.
[0014]
In addition, this invention is not limited to said Example in the kind of abrasive grain which is primary particles, the aggregation method, and the shape and form of a processing tool.
[0015]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, in a fixed abrasive processing tool, the use of powder obtained by agglomerating fine abrasive grains with an appropriate bonding force for the abrasive grains increases the unevenness of the tool surface, so that the workpiece and the abrasive tool contact portion And the machining efficiency can be improved, and since a large chip pocket is formed on the tool surface, the occurrence of a phenomenon such as clogging of the grindstone can be suppressed. At the same time, the cohesive force (adhesive force) of the primary particles forming the aggregate is weaker than the adhesive force between the aggregate and the tool binder. Part of the material is broken or deformed and contributes to cutting and polishing in the state of primary particles. Accordingly, the ground / polished surface of the workpiece is finished very smoothly, and the quality of the processed surface is improved.

Claims (2)

微細な砥粒の一次粒子が凝集した凝集体からなる砥粒工具であって、使用時に該凝集体が破壊又は変形して、該凝集体表面が平滑となり、
凝集体を構成する砥粒一次粒子同士の凝集力と、凝集体(二次粒子)・結合剤間の接着力とを比較したとき、前者の凝集力が後者の接着力よりも弱いことを特徴とする固定砥粒加工工具。
A abrasive tool made of primary particles of fine abrasive grains are aggregated aggregates, agglomerates are destroyed or deformed during use, Ri is Do and a smoothing the aggregate surface,
When the agglomeration force between the primary particles of the abrasive grains constituting the agglomerate is compared with the adhesion force between the agglomerates (secondary particles) and the binder, the former agglomeration force is weaker than the latter agglomeration force. Fixed abrasive machining tool.
前記一次粒子の直径が5nm〜100nmであることを特徴とする請求項1に固定砥粒加工工具。 The fixed abrasive processing tool according to claim 1, wherein the primary particles have a diameter of 5 nm to 100 nm .
JP36686398A 1998-12-24 1998-12-24 Fixed abrasive tool Expired - Lifetime JP3688488B2 (en)

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US6685539B1 (en) 1999-08-24 2004-02-03 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Processing tool, method of producing tool, processing method and processing apparatus
JP2002292574A (en) * 2001-03-30 2002-10-08 Dainippon Printing Co Ltd Abrasive film and its manufacturing method
JP2003062754A (en) * 2001-08-24 2003-03-05 Ricoh Co Ltd Polishing tool and manufacturing method of polishing tool
JP2004082323A (en) * 2002-06-26 2004-03-18 Ricoh Co Ltd Grinding tool and manufacturing method therefor
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