JP3375901B2 - Slow release organic liquid composite fertilizer and method for producing the same - Google Patents
Slow release organic liquid composite fertilizer and method for producing the sameInfo
- Publication number
- JP3375901B2 JP3375901B2 JP37798998A JP37798998A JP3375901B2 JP 3375901 B2 JP3375901 B2 JP 3375901B2 JP 37798998 A JP37798998 A JP 37798998A JP 37798998 A JP37798998 A JP 37798998A JP 3375901 B2 JP3375901 B2 JP 3375901B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- slow
- liquid
- organic
- organic liquid
- potassium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C9/00—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds
- C05C9/02—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds containing urea-formaldehyde condensates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
- C05G5/23—Solutions
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、緩効性であり、付
加価値の高い有機成分を含み、しかも高肥料成分の緩効
性有機液体複合肥料に関するものである。TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a slow-acting organic liquid compound fertilizer having a slow-acting, high-value-added organic component and a high fertilizer component.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】農作業の省力化や過剰肥料の抑制のため
に使用される緩効性肥料は、肥料の窒素成分が土壌中等
で緩やかに無機化し農作物に吸収されるようになってお
り、通常の肥料形態は固形粒状品となっている。このよ
うな形態の肥料は、土壌施用が主であり葉面散布や養液
栽培等の要素には使用困難という問題がある。2. Description of the Related Art Slow-release fertilizers used for labor saving of agricultural work and control of excess fertilizers are such that the nitrogen component of the fertilizer is gradually mineralized in soil and absorbed into agricultural products. The fertilizer form is solid granules. The fertilizer in such a form is mainly applied to the soil, and there is a problem that it is difficult to use as an element such as foliar spraying or hydroponics.
【０００３】これに対して、特開平８−２９０９８７号
公報には、尿素とホルムアルデヒドを中性〜酸性領域で
反応させて生成する尿素樹脂を微粒化し、水に懸濁させ
た液状の緩効性肥料が開示されている。このような緩効
性液体肥料は尿素−ホルムアルデヒド縮合物によって緩
効度は向上しているが、沈澱を生じないように懸濁させ
るには限界があり高成分肥料は望めない。On the other hand, in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 8-290987, a urea resin produced by reacting urea and formaldehyde in a neutral to acidic region is atomized and suspended in water to give a liquid slow-release effect. Fertilizer is disclosed. Although such slow-release liquid fertilizer has an improved degree of slow-release due to the urea-formaldehyde condensate, there is a limit to suspending it so as not to cause precipitation, and a high-component fertilizer cannot be expected.
【０００４】また、従来の緩効性肥料は化学肥料といわ
れるもので、農作物に有効に働き、かつ施用された土壌
にも好結果を示す有機物は含まれていなかった。Further, conventional slow-release fertilizers are known as chemical fertilizers, and they do not contain organic matter which works effectively on agricultural crops and shows good results in the applied soil.
【０００５】[0005]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】上述した従来の緩効性
液体肥料は、尿素由来の窒素成分が主であり、植物の生
育に必要な燐酸及び加里成分が含まれていないため、こ
れらの肥料成分を別途、施用しなくてはならないという
問題点があった。The above-mentioned conventional slow-release liquid fertilizers mainly contain nitrogen components derived from urea and do not contain phosphoric acid and potassium components necessary for plant growth. There was a problem that the components had to be applied separately.
【０００６】また、従来の緩効性液体肥料は含有成分量
が低いため、多量に施用しなくてはならないという問題
点もあった。Further, since the conventional slow-release liquid fertilizer has a low content of components, there has been a problem that it has to be applied in a large amount.
【０００７】本発明は、このような問題点を解決するも
のであり、その目的は農作物の育成に必要な肥料成分が
高濃度にバランス良く含まれており、しかも、緩効性を
持った緩効性有機液体複合肥料と、その製造方法を提供
することにある。The present invention solves such a problem, and its purpose is to contain fertilizer components necessary for growing agricultural products in a high concentration in a well-balanced manner, and yet to provide a slow-acting loosening agent. An object is to provide an effective organic liquid compound fertilizer and a method for producing the same.
【０００８】[0008]
【課題を解決するための手段】上記の課題を解決するた
めに、本発明のうち、請求項１記載の発明は、緩効性有
機液体複合肥料を、鰹ソリュウブルから得られたアミノ
酸含有の有機消化液と尿素とホルムアルデヒドとの混合
物をアルカリ性下で加熱して得られる緩効性有機液と、
燐酸及びカリウム成分含有水溶液とで構成したことを特
徴とする。[Means for Solving the Problems] In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the invention according to claim 1 of the present invention provides a slow- acting organic liquid compound fertilizer with an amino acid obtained from bonito sauce. > A slow-acting organic liquid obtained by heating a mixture of acid-containing organic digestive liquid and urea and formaldehyde under alkaline conditions,
It is characterized by being composed of an aqueous solution containing phosphoric acid and a potassium component.
【０００９】請求項２記載の発明は、鰹ソリュウブルか
ら有機消化液を得る工程、得られた有機消化液と尿素と
ホルムアルデヒド混合物をアルカリ性下で加熱して得ら
れる緩効性有機液を得る工程、及び得られた緩効性有機
液に燐酸及びカリウム成分含有水溶液を混合する工程と
の三工程を包含することを特徴とする緩効性有機液体複
合肥料の製造方法である。According to the second aspect of the present invention, a step of obtaining an organic digestive solution from bonito sauce, a step of obtaining a slow-acting organic solution obtained by heating the obtained organic digestive solution and a mixture of urea and formaldehyde under alkaline conditions, And a step of mixing the obtained slow-release organic liquid with an aqueous solution containing phosphoric acid and a potassium component, which is a method for producing a slow-release organic liquid compound fertilizer.
【００１０】請求項３記載の発明は、上記請求項２記載
の方法において、有機消化液を得る工程を、鰹ソルュウ
ブル液にプロテアーゼを添加したものを、加熱処理する
ことにより得られた透明液部を分取するものと、限定し
たことを特徴とする。According to the invention of claim 3, in the method of claim 2, the step of obtaining an organic digestive liquid is a transparent liquid part obtained by subjecting bonito solvable liquid to which protease is added to heat treatment. It is characterized by the fact that it is sorted and limited.
【００１１】請求項４記載の発明は、上記請求項２記載
の方法において、緩効性有機液を得る工程で、水酸化カ
リウムとアンモニア水を添加したことを特徴とする。The invention according to claim 4 is characterized in that, in the method according to claim 2, potassium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia are added in the step of obtaining a slow-release organic liquid.
【００１２】請求項５記載の発明は、上記請求項２記載
の方法において、緩効性有機液に燐酸及びカリウム成分
含有水溶液を混合する工程で、予めカリウム成分含有水
溶液に、燐酸二水素カリウムと水酸化カリウム及びトリ
ポリ燐酸カリウムを添加したことを特徴とする。According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, in the method according to the second aspect, in the step of mixing the slow-acting organic liquid with phosphoric acid and a potassium component-containing aqueous solution, potassium dihydrogen phosphate is previously added to the potassium component-containing aqueous solution. It is characterized by the addition of potassium hydroxide and potassium tripolyphosphate.
【００１３】[0013]
【発明の実施の形態】以下、本発明の実施の形態を説明
する。BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Embodiments of the present invention will be described below.
【００１４】まず、本発明の緩効性有機液体複合肥料
は、アミノ酸含有の有機消化液と尿素とホルムアルデヒ
ドとの混合物をアルカリ性下で加熱して得られる緩効性
有機液と、燐酸及びカリウム成分含有水溶液とで構成さ
れている。First, the slow-acting organic liquid compound fertilizer of the present invention comprises a slow-acting organic liquid obtained by heating a mixture of an amino acid-containing organic digestive liquid, urea and formaldehyde under alkaline conditions, and phosphoric acid and potassium components. It is composed of a contained aqueous solution.
【００１５】上記の緩効性有機液体複合肥料の製造は、
鰹ソリュウブルから有機消化液を得る工程と、得られた
有機消化液と尿素とホルムアルデヒド混合物をアルカリ
性下で加熱して得られる緩効性有機液を得る工程、及び
得られた緩効性有機液に燐酸及びカリウム成分含有水溶
液を混合する工程の三つの工程で行われる。The above-mentioned slow-release organic liquid compound fertilizer is manufactured by
The step of obtaining organic digestive juice from bonito sauce, the step of obtaining a slow-acting organic solution obtained by heating the obtained organic digestive juice and a mixture of urea and formaldehyde under alkaline conditions, and the obtained slow-acting organic solution It is carried out in three steps of mixing phosphoric acid and an aqueous solution containing a potassium component.
【００１６】上記の有機消化液を得る工程としては、例
えば、鰹ソルュウブル液にプロテアーゼを添加し、これ
を加熱することにより、得られた透明液部を分取する方
法がある。As a step of obtaining the above organic digestive liquid, for example, there is a method in which a protease is added to bonito soluble liquid and the resulting liquid is heated to separate the obtained transparent liquid portion.
【００１７】上記の緩効性有機液を得る工程としては、
例えば、上記の有機消化液に尿素とホルムアルデヒドを
混合し、これに水酸化カリウムとアンモニア水を添加し
たうえで煮沸する方法がある。As the step of obtaining the above-mentioned slow-release organic liquid,
For example, there is a method in which urea and formaldehyde are mixed with the above organic digestive solution, potassium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia are added thereto, and then the mixture is boiled.
【００１８】なお、上記の緩効性有機液に燐酸及びカリ
ウム成分含有水溶液を混合する工程においては、混合後
の液のｐＨが８以上となるように、予め混合されるカリ
ウム成分含有水溶液のｐＨを、燐酸二水素カリウムと水
酸化カリウム及びトリポリ燐酸カリウムなどで調整して
おくことが望ましく、このことにより、良好な結果が得
られた。In the step of mixing the slow-acting organic liquid with the phosphoric acid and potassium component-containing aqueous solution, the pH of the potassium component-containing aqueous solution premixed is adjusted so that the pH of the liquid after mixing is 8 or more. Is preferably adjusted with potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium hydroxide, potassium tripolyphosphate, and the like, whereby good results were obtained.
【００１９】次に本発明の緩効性有機液体複合肥料の製
造方法を具体的な例を挙げて説明する。Next, the method for producing the slow-release organic liquid compound fertilizer of the present invention will be described with reference to specific examples.
【００２０】[0020]
【実施例】有機消化液の製造工程は、以下のとおりであ
る。[Examples] The steps for producing an organic digestive fluid are as follows.
【００２１】鰹ソリュウブルを２倍の重量の水で希釈し
て、鰹ソリュウブルが十分に懸濁するように攪拌する。
この懸濁液に、産業用プロテアーゼを０．０１％添加し
て軽く攪拌して均一に混合する。この液を５０〜５５℃
に２時間以上保ち、以後冷却すると、液は下層の褐色透
明液（約６０％）と、上層の未消化粕（約４０％）の２
層に分離する。そして下層の褐色透明液を取り出して、
有機消化液とした。The bonito sauce is diluted with twice the weight of water and stirred so that the bonito sauce is sufficiently suspended.
To this suspension, 0.01% of industrial protease is added, and the mixture is stirred lightly and uniformly mixed. This liquid at 50-55 ℃
Keep it for 2 hours or more and cool it later.
Separate into layers. And take out the brown transparent liquid of the lower layer,
The organic digestive fluid was used.
【００２２】上記の操作において、未消化粕は熱により
油脂に包含され、上層に浮上すると思われる。従って、
魚油の含有が低い鰹ソリュウブルは使用できない。ま
た、下層の液層は酵素を使用することにより浮遊する低
分子の蛋白質が消化され、より透明な液が得られるとと
もに遊離のアミノ酸も付加されてくる。In the above operation, the undigested meal is considered to be included in the oil and fat by heat and floated to the upper layer. Therefore,
You cannot use bonito sauce that has a low content of fish oil. Further, in the lower liquid layer, by using an enzyme, floating low-molecular proteins are digested, and a clearer liquid is obtained and free amino acids are added.
【００２３】上記工程で得られた有機消化液の分析値を
表１に示す。Table 1 shows the analytical values of the organic digestive juice obtained in the above steps.
【００２４】[0024]
【表１】 [Table 1]
【００２５】表１に示された通り、上記の工程で得られ
た有機消化液は、比重１．２９、ｐＨ６．１であり、液
の組成は水分７１％と固形物２９％となっていた。固形
物２９％の内容は灰分（無機物）５．７％と灼熱残量
（有機物）２３．３％であった、肥料成分は窒素（Ｎ）
３．４％、燐酸（Ｐ２Ｏ５）０．７％及び加里（Ｋ
２Ｏ）０．８％であって、窒素分が最も多かったAs shown in Table 1, the organic digestion liquid obtained in the above process had a specific gravity of 1.29 and a pH of 6.1, and the composition of the liquid was 71% water and 29% solids. . The content of solids 29% was ash (inorganic) 5.7% and the remaining amount of burning (organic) 23.3%. The fertilizer component was nitrogen (N).
3.4%, phosphoric acid (P 2 O 5 ) 0.7% and Kari (K
2 O) 0.8%, with the highest nitrogen content
【００２６】緩効性有機液の製造工程は、以下の通りで
ある。The process for producing the slow-acting organic liquid is as follows.
【００２７】緩効性有機液の製造原料及び原料量（重量
比）は、上記有機消化液＝１３、尿素＝３０）苛性加里
（ＫＯＨ）＝１．５，ホルマリン（３７％）＝１５．
５、アンモニア水＝１である。この原料割合は液体肥料
の有機率を上げるために有機消化液を増量するなど、多
少の変更は可能である。The raw materials for producing the slow-acting organic liquid and the raw material amounts (weight ratio) are as follows: organic digestive liquid = 13, urea = 30) caustic potassium (KOH) = 1.5, formalin (37%) = 15.
5, ammonia water = 1. The raw material ratio can be changed to some extent, for example, by increasing the amount of organic digestive liquid to increase the organic ratio of liquid fertilizer.
【００２８】この原料を混合して加熱して緩効性（尿素
−ホルムアルデヒド縮合体）有機液を得るのであるが、
液のｐＨをアルカリ性に保って反応を進めて緩効性のあ
る液が得られる。ここでは、肥料成分にもなる苛性加里
を用いて液を十分にアルカリ性にした。アンモニア水は
必ずしも必要でないが、少量添加することにより液の緩
効度が上昇するようである。This raw material is mixed and heated to obtain a slow-acting (urea-formaldehyde condensate) organic liquid.
The pH of the solution is kept alkaline and the reaction proceeds to obtain a solution having a slow effect. Here, the liquid was made sufficiently alkaline using caustic potassium, which also serves as a fertilizer component. Ammonia water is not always necessary, but the addition of a small amount seems to increase the slowing effect of the liquid.
【００２９】尿素とホルムアルデヒドを完全に縮合させ
るには、尿素１モルに対してホルムアルデヒド１モル以
上を必要とするが、製造する目的が液体肥料であるため
農作物の初期育成に係わる遊離体の尿素及び農作物育成
中に適宜可給化される低縮合尿素が必要であり、かつ、
不必要な遊離のホルムアルデヒドを含まないようにする
ため、ホルムアルデヒド量は、尿素１モルに対し、ホル
ムアルデヒドは０．５モル程度で十分と考えられる。本
実施例では、尿素１モルに対してホルムアルデヒドを
０．５３モル用いた。In order to completely condense urea and formaldehyde, 1 mol or more of formaldehyde is required for 1 mol of urea. However, since the purpose of production is liquid fertilizer, urea and free form of urea related to the initial growth of agricultural products are required. It requires low-condensation urea that is appropriately made available during crop cultivation, and
In order to prevent unnecessary free formaldehyde from being contained, it is considered that the amount of formaldehyde is about 0.5 mol per 1 mol of urea. In this example, 0.53 mol of formaldehyde was used per 1 mol of urea.
【００３０】この原料による有機緩効液の製造法は、上
記原料混合液を軽く攪拌しながら加熱する、液温が７０
℃程度になると尿素等は完全に溶解し透明液になってく
るため、攪拌を中止する。加熱は液が沸騰するまで継続
する。沸騰時間は２分間が最適である。沸騰時間が２分
以下の場合は、尿素−ホルマリンの縮合が十分でなく緩
効性液は得られない。また、２分をすぎると縮合が進み
すぎ沈澱が生じてきて、液体肥料製造には不適当であ
る。このような方法で得られた緩効性有機液には、少量
の粘ちょう物質が含まれている。この粘ちょう物質は、
次の工程で添加する燐酸及び加里成分と反応し沈澱生成
の核となるため、除去する必要がある。このため、液を
冷却後、加熱による液量の減少を水で補正のうえ、濾過
する。In the method for producing an organic slow-release liquid using this raw material, the above raw material mixed liquid is heated with light stirring, and the liquid temperature is 70.
When the temperature reaches about ℃, urea etc. is completely dissolved and becomes a transparent liquid, so stop stirring. Heating continues until the liquid boils. The optimum boiling time is 2 minutes. When the boiling time is 2 minutes or less, the urea-formalin condensation is insufficient and a slow-acting liquid cannot be obtained. Further, if it exceeds 2 minutes, condensation proceeds too much and precipitation occurs, which is unsuitable for liquid fertilizer production. The slow-release organic liquid obtained by such a method contains a small amount of a viscous substance. This viscous substance is
Since it reacts with phosphoric acid and potassium components added in the next step and becomes a nucleus of precipitate formation, it must be removed. Therefore, after cooling the liquid, the decrease in the liquid amount due to heating is corrected with water and then filtered.
【００３１】得られた緩効性有機液には、尿素及びホル
ムアルデヒド由来のメチロール尿素化合物及び低縮合の
メチレン尿素、有機消化液とホルムアルデヒド由来のア
ミノメチレン尿素が生成していると考えられる。又、未
反応の尿素及びアミノ酸等の有機物が含まれていると推
測される。It is considered that a methylolurea compound derived from urea and formaldehyde, a low-condensation methyleneurea, an organic digestion solution and aminomethyleneurea derived from formaldehyde are produced in the obtained slow-acting organic liquid. It is also presumed that unreacted organic substances such as urea and amino acids are contained.
【００３２】燐酸及び加里成分含有液の製造工程は次の
通りである。The manufacturing process of the liquid containing phosphoric acid and potassium components is as follows.
【００３３】製造原料及び原料の重量比は水＝２２，燐
酸２水素カリウム（ＫＨ２ＰＯ４）＝６，水酸化カリウ
ム＝７，燐酸＝４．５，トリポリ燐酸カリウム（Ｋ３Ｐ
３Ｏ１０）＝０．５である。The starting materials and the weight ratio of the starting materials are water = 22, potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ) = 6, potassium hydroxide = 7, phosphoric acid = 4.5, potassium tripolyphosphate (K 3 P).
3 O 10 ) = 0.5.
【００３４】製造方法は、燐酸二水素カリウム，水酸化
カリウム，燐酸及びトリポリ燐酸カリウムを秤取し、こ
れに水と燐酸の溶解液を徐々に添加する。燐酸液の添加
は強い発熱を伴うので注意が必要である。添加終了後、
液量が減少していれば水を加えて補正する。In the manufacturing method, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium hydroxide, phosphoric acid and potassium tripolyphosphate are weighed, and a solution of water and phosphoric acid is gradually added thereto. Care must be taken because the addition of the phosphoric acid solution is accompanied by strong heat generation. After the addition is complete
If the liquid volume has decreased, add water to correct it.
【００３５】トリポリ燐酸カリウムは、次の工程で緩効
性有機液とこの酸・カリウム液を合して、緩効性有機液
体複合肥料を製造した場合、沈澱を生じることがあるた
め、その防止策として添加するものである。When potassium tripolyphosphate is combined with a slow-acting organic liquid and this acid / potassium liquid in the next step to produce a slow-acting organic liquid compound fertilizer, precipitation may occur. It is added as a measure.
【００３６】以上の三工程を経て得られた緩効性有機液
及び加里・燐酸含有液を重量比で６：４の割合で合し
て、目的の緩効性有機液体複合肥料を得る。The desired slow-release organic liquid compound fertilizer is obtained by combining the slow-release organic liquid and the potassium-phosphoric acid-containing liquid obtained through the above three steps in a weight ratio of 6: 4.
【００３７】このようにして得られた本発明の緩効性有
機液体複合肥料を肥料分析法で分析した結果を表２に示
す。Table 2 shows the results obtained by analyzing the thus obtained slow-release organic liquid compound fertilizer of the present invention by the fertilizer analysis method.
【００３８】[0038]
【表２】 [Table 2]
【００３９】上記表２に示されたように、本発明方法で
製造された緩効性有機液体複合肥料は、窒素・燐酸・加
里の成分保証量が１４−６−９と、高成分となってい
る。As shown in Table 2 above, the slow-releasing organic liquid compound fertilizer produced by the method of the present invention has a high guaranteed amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potassium of 14-6-9. ing.
【００４０】なお、この成分保証量及び有機物含有割合
は、各工程毎の原料割合を変えることにより、多少は可
能であり、このことで各種成分の肥料が得られる。The component guarantee amount and the organic matter content ratio can be changed to some extent by changing the raw material ratio in each step, and thus fertilizers of various components can be obtained.
【００４１】〈土壌中無機化試験〉土壌に尿素を施用す
ると主として微生物の作用により無機化して、先ず、ア
ンモニアが生成し、次いでアンモニアが硝酸に変わって
いく。農作物はアンモニアや硝酸に変わって初めて土壌
から吸収し育成していく。尿素等ではその無機化作用は
極めて速く、窒素成分が農作物に吸収されない前に溶脱
や脱窒作用により多くの部分が失われ肥料の利用率を低
下させている。従って、尿素をホルマリンで処理し、緩
効化し、窒素成分の無機化をコントロールさせ、肥効の
持続性を図ることが重要になってくる。<Soil Mineralization Test> When urea is applied to soil, it is mineralized mainly by the action of microorganisms, and ammonia is first produced, and then ammonia is changed to nitric acid. Agricultural crops will be absorbed and grown from soil only after they are converted to ammonia and nitric acid. In the case of urea and the like, its mineralization action is extremely fast, and most of the nitrogen component is lost by the leaching and denitrifying action before the nitrogen component is absorbed by the agricultural products, and the utilization rate of fertilizer is reduced. Therefore, it becomes important to treat urea with formalin to slow its effect, control the mineralization of nitrogen components, and maintain the fertilizing effect.
【００４２】本発明の緩効性有機液体複合肥料は、肥料
成分中、最重要成分である窒素を緩効化し、肥効が長続
きするようにしたものである。肥料を土壌に加えて窒素
成分の無機化状況を測定することにより緩効化の状況を
明らかにするために、土壌中無機化試験を、無肥料区を
ブランク及び尿素区を対照として行った。The slow-releasing organic liquid compound fertilizer of the present invention is one in which nitrogen, which is the most important component among fertilizer components, is slow-released so that the fertilizing effect continues. In order to clarify the state of the slowing effect by measuring the mineralization status of nitrogen components by adding fertilizer to the soil, the mineralization test in soil was conducted with the non-fertilizer group as the blank and the urea group as controls.
【００４３】土壌中無機化試験は実施例区、尿素区及び
無肥料区を設け、実施した。土壌に添加した肥料量は、
無肥料区を除き窒素成分量１５０ｍｇに相当する緩効性
有機液体複合肥料及び尿素である。これを土性Ｌの造成
畑土から得られた風乾細土３００ｇに水７０ｍＬととも
に添加してよく混合し、ポリ袋に入れ密封した。そし
て、このポリ袋を３５℃の恒温器に入れて所定の日数が
経過する毎に、土壌の水分、ｐＨ、電気伝導度、アンモ
ニア態窒素及び硝酸態窒素の分析を行った。その結果
は、表３及び図１〜５に示した通りである。The mineralization test in soil was carried out by setting an example section, a urea section and a fertilizer-free section. The amount of fertilizer added to the soil is
It is a slow-release organic liquid compound fertilizer and urea equivalent to the amount of nitrogen component of 150 mg excluding the fertilizer-free area. This was added to 300 g of air-dried fine soil obtained from the upland soil of soil L together with 70 mL of water, mixed well, put in a plastic bag and sealed. Then, this plastic bag was placed in a thermostat at 35 ° C., and every time a predetermined number of days passed, soil moisture, pH, electric conductivity, ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were analyzed. The results are as shown in Table 3 and FIGS.
【００４４】[0044]
【表３】 [Table 3]
【００４５】土壌ｐＨは、土壌中にアンモニアが生成す
ると上昇し、アンモニアが硝酸に変わると共に低下して
いく。従って、土壌ｐＨは、無機化状況を間接的に示す
ものである。表３並びに図１に示されたように、日数の
経過と共に無肥料区では余り変化がないのに対し、尿素
及び実施例区では施用後、直ちにｐＨが上昇し、以後は
低下していくことが確認された。この変化速度は、実施
例区に比べ尿素区の方が速く、実施例区の施用肥料は窒
素分は緩効化していることが伺える。The soil pH increases when ammonia is produced in the soil, and decreases as the ammonia changes to nitric acid. Therefore, soil pH is an indirect indicator of mineralization status. As shown in Table 3 and FIG. 1, there is little change in the fertilizer-free group with the passage of days, whereas in urea and the Example group, the pH immediately increases after application and then decreases thereafter. Was confirmed. This rate of change is faster in the urea group than in the Example group, and it can be seen that the fertilizer applied in the Example group has a slower nitrogen content.
【００４６】土壌の電気伝導度は、土壌中に硝酸が増え
ると上昇してきており、ｐＨとともに無機化状況が間接
的に推定される。The electric conductivity of the soil increases as the amount of nitric acid increases in the soil, and the mineralization status is indirectly estimated together with pH.
【００４７】表３並びに図２に示されるように、無肥料
区の電気伝導度は緩やかに上昇していったのに対し、尿
素区及び実施例区では当初数日間は無肥料区と同様に緩
い上昇であったが、以後は１２日頃までは急速に上昇
し、１３日以降はまた緩やかな変化に転じた。尿素区と
実施例区では尿素区の方が常に高い値を示し、硝酸の土
壌中への蓄積が多いことが伺われた。As shown in Table 3 and FIG. 2, the electric conductivity of the fertilizer-free area gradually increased, whereas in the urea area and the example area, the same as in the fertilizer-free area for the first few days. Although it was a gradual rise, it rose rapidly until around the 12th, and turned to a gradual change again after the 13th. In the urea group and the example group, the urea group always showed higher values, indicating that nitric acid was more accumulated in the soil.
【００４８】アンモニアについては、表３並びに図３に
示している。無肥料区においても、土壌中に窒素が少し
残存していて僅かの量が検出され、ほぼ１週間以後は硝
酸に変わってしまい検出されなくなった。尿素区及び実
施例区ではアンモニア化成は極めて速く、１日後におい
て尿素区及び実施例区のそれぞれ１００ｇ乾土当たり２
７．６及び１９．８ｍｇＮのアンモニアが検出された。
アンモニア量はアンモニア化成より硝酸化成速度が大き
いため３日後をピークに急減していき、２０日後以降の
検出は微量となっていった。また、検出量は３日以降は
常に尿素区より実施例区が遅れて発現していた。Ammonia is shown in Table 3 and FIG. Even in the fertilizer-free area, a small amount of nitrogen remained in the soil, and a small amount was detected. After almost one week, it changed to nitric acid and was not detected. Ammonia formation was extremely fast in the urea plot and the experimental plot, and after 1 day, 2 per 100 g dry soil of the urea plot and the experimental plot, respectively.
7.6 and 19.8 mg N ammonia was detected.
Since the nitric acid formation rate was higher than that of ammonia formation, the amount of ammonia decreased sharply after 3 days, and the amount detected after 20 days became very small. In addition, the detected amount was always expressed in the Example group later than the urea group after 3 days.
【００４９】また、硝酸についは、表３と図４に示し
た。無肥料区においては硝酸量が緩やかに上昇し最終的
に１００ｇ乾土当たりほぼ１０ｍｇＮが検出され、供試
土中にもかなりの窒素が含まれていたことが示された。
尿素及び実施例区の推移は、３日後まで緩やかに上昇
し、以後１３日後まで急上昇した。それ以後の変化は少
なくかなり乱れた結果になったが、これは窒素ガスとな
って脱窒したり、土壌中の微生物が活性化して窒素が再
有機化したためと考えられる。しかし、硝酸化成量はア
ンモニアと同様に実施例区の方が尿素区より常に遅れて
発現し、しかも最終的には実施区の方が高い値を示した
実施例区の緩効性が明らかになっている。Further, nitric acid is shown in Table 3 and FIG. In the fertilizer-free area, the amount of nitric acid gradually increased, and finally about 10 mgN was detected per 100 g of dry soil, indicating that the test soil also contained a considerable amount of nitrogen.
The changes in urea and the example plots gradually increased until 3 days later, and then rapidly increased until 13 days later. There was little change after that, and the result was quite disturbed, but it is thought that this was due to nitrogen gas being denitrified and nitrogen in the soil being reorganized due to activation of microorganisms in the soil. However, similar to ammonia, the amount of nitrification was always delayed in the Example group compared to the urea group, and finally the Example group showed a higher value, indicating the slow-release effect of the Example group. Has become.
【００５０】前述したように農作物に対しての肥効は、
有機体の肥料では土壌中で無機化してアンモニア及び硝
酸に変わって初めて発現されるものである。従って（処
理区のアンモニア＋硝酸）−（無肥料区のアンモニア＋
硝酸）＝無機量を見ることにより肥効の状況を知ること
ができる。この無機化の状況を表３並びに図５に示し
た。無機化量は実施例区は常に尿素区に遅れて発現して
いた。しかし２０日以後の発現量は実施例区の方が高く
なり、肥効が長続きすることが示された。As described above, the fertilizing effect on agricultural products is
In organic fertilizer, it is first expressed when it is mineralized in soil and converted to ammonia and nitric acid. Therefore (ammonia in treated area + nitric acid)-(ammonia in fertilizer-free area +
It is possible to know the status of fertilization by looking at the amount of nitric acid = inorganic. The state of this mineralization is shown in Table 3 and FIG. The mineralization amount in the Example group always appeared after the urea group. However, the expression level after 20 days was higher in the Example group, and it was shown that the fertilizing effect lasted longer.
【００５１】以上のことから、本発明の緩効性有機液体
複合肥料は緩効性を持ち、しかも無機化窒素の発現が定
常的であり農作物へ好結果を与えるものであることが期
待される。From the above, it is expected that the slow-releasing organic liquid compound fertilizer of the present invention has slow-releasing properties, and the expression of mineralized nitrogen is constant, which gives good results to agricultural products. .
【００５２】〈小松菜の肥効試験〉上述した土壌中無機
化試験の室内試験で、本発明肥料の緩効性が明らかにな
ったので、農作物への効果を確認するため圃場での栽培
試験を行った。<Fertilizer effect test of Komatsuna> Since the slow effect of the fertilizer of the present invention was clarified in the indoor test of the soil mineralization test described above, a cultivation test in a field was conducted to confirm the effect on agricultural crops. went.
【００５３】栽培試験は会社内の造成畑（土性Ｌ）で、
粒状の化学肥料を対照区として液体の本発明肥料の実施
例区を設け、１区１．５ｍ２、畝間９０ｃｍ、２連性で
小松菜を栽培して行った。実施例区の施肥量は緩効性有
機液体複合肥料を窒素成分で１アール当たり０．５Ｋｇ
とした。この場合、燐酸生成及び加里成分は、１アール
当たりそれぞれ０．２１Ｋｇ及び０．３１Ｋｇとなっ
た。対照区の施肥は実施例区と同量の窒素、燐酸及び加
里成分を尿素、過燐酸石灰及び塩化加里で行った。Cultivation test was conducted in the company's built up field (soil L),
An example section of the liquid fertilizer of the present invention was provided with a granular chemical fertilizer as a control section, and one section was cultivated with 1.5 m 2 of furrow, 90 cm of furrow, and two rows of Komatsuna. The amount of fertilizer applied in the Example section is 0.5 kg per 1 are of the slow-release organic liquid compound fertilizer with nitrogen component.
And In this case, the amounts of phosphoric acid produced and potassium were 0.21 kg and 0.31 kg per are. Fertilization in the control group was performed with urea, lime superphosphate and potassium chloride in the same amounts as in the example group, with nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potassium components.
【００５４】１９９８年９月２２日に、供試肥料を試験
区全面に施用し、作土全層に混和し表面を均平にした
後、直ちに広葉小松菜を播種した。播種密度は株間１５
ｃｍ、２条千鳥植えとし、１穴に種子を数粒播種した。On September 22, 1998, the test fertilizer was applied to the entire surface of the test area, mixed with all layers of the soil and the surface was leveled, and then the broad-leaved Japanese mustard spinach was sown immediately. Seeding density is 15 between plants
cm, two-row staggered planting, and several seeds were sown in one hole.
【００５５】この栽培試験の結果を表４に示す、The results of this cultivation test are shown in Table 4.
【００５６】[0056]
【表４】 [Table 4]
【００５７】上記表４に示されたように、小松菜の草丈
及び茎葉重は常に実施区の方が対照区を上回り緩効性有
機液体複合肥料の肥効が大きいことが伺える。As shown in Table 4 above, the plant height and foliage weight of Komatsuna are always higher in the control plot than in the control plot, indicating that the slow-releasing organic liquid compound fertilizer is more effective.
【００５８】小松菜の生育の経過を見ると、生育初期に
おいても速効性成分が少ないと思われる実施例区の方が
良く、従って初期生育に必要な速効性肥料成分も十分で
あるうえ生育が対照区を上回っていることから、本発明
の緩効性有機液体複合肥料の有機成分も有効に働いてい
るようである。又、生育後期になっても実施区の生育は
旺盛で肥効の持続性が大きいことが示されている。しか
し、小松菜茎葉中の窒素成分の推移を見ると、生育中期
の窒素含有量がやや低下していて、この一時期肥効が停
滞しているようである。これは、肥効が速効性の部分か
ら緩効性の部分に移る時期に、一時肥効が低下する時期
が存在しているようであるが、この期間は短く、農作物
栽培には支障はないと考えられる。Looking at the progress of the growth of Komatsuna, it is better for the Example group which seems to have less fast-acting components even at the early stage of growth, and therefore the fast-acting fertilizer components necessary for the initial growth are sufficient and the growth is also a control. Since it exceeds the range, it seems that the organic component of the slow-release organic liquid compound fertilizer of the present invention also works effectively. In addition, it has been shown that even in the latter stage of growth, the growth in the practiced areas is vigorous and the fertility is long-lasting. However, looking at the transition of nitrogen components in the leaves and leaves of Komatsuna foliage, it seems that the nitrogen content in the mid-growth period is slightly lower, and the fertilization effect during this temporary period has stagnated. It seems that there is a period when the fertilizing effect declines from the fast-acting part to the slow-acting part, but there is a period when the fertilizing effect temporarily decreases, but this period is short and there is no hindrance to crop cultivation. it is conceivable that.
【００５９】この栽培試験の結果から、本発明の緩効性
有機液体複合肥料は、緩効性を有する上、肥効がバラン
ス良く発現していた。従って、農作物栽培において追肥
の回数の低減等も図られ、省力性のある優れた肥料にな
っていると考えられる。From the results of this cultivation test, the slow-releasing organic liquid compound fertilizer of the present invention has slow-releasing properties, and the fertilizing effects are well-balanced. Therefore, it is considered that the fertilizer is an excellent fertilizer with labor saving, since the number of additional fertilizers is reduced in the cultivation of agricultural products.
【００６０】〈西洋芝の葉面散布試験〉本発明の緩効性
有機液体複合肥料は緩効性を有すると供に、アミノ酸の
有機物やメチロール尿素等の有機物が含まれ、農作物の
品質向上や葉面散布の効果を期待される。<Western lawn foliar spray test> The slow-releasing organic liquid compound fertilizer of the present invention has slow-releasing properties, and also contains organic substances such as amino acids and methylolurea to improve the quality of agricultural products. The effect of foliar spray is expected.
【００６１】本発明肥料の農作物に対する葉面散布の効
果を知るため、ワグネルポットを用いた西洋芝で試験を
行った。用いたワグネルポットは１／５０００ａの大き
さで、１９９８年８月１９日にワグネルポットの下部に
赤玉土０．７Ｋｇを入れ、その上部に基肥として有機配
合肥料（６−６−６）２．３ｇを混合した芝生の目土
２．３Ｋｇを詰め、西洋芝（ロンググラス）種子２ｇを
播種した。西洋芝が発芽後、９月９日及び９月２２日の
２回刈り取りながら生育を揃え、９月２９日から試験を
開始した。In order to know the effect of foliar application of the fertilizer of the present invention on agricultural crops, a test was carried out on Western grass using a Wagner pot. The Wagner pot used had a size of 1 / 5000a, and on August 19, 1998, 0.7 kg of Akatamachi was put in the lower part of the Wagner pot, and an organic compound fertilizer (6-6-6) 2. 2.3 Kg of grass soil mixed with 3 g was packed, and 2 g of Western grass (long grass) seeds were sown. After the Western turf had germinated, it was grown twice while being cut twice on September 9 and September 22, and the test was started on September 29.
【００６２】葉面散布試験は、本発明肥料による実施例
区及び三要素組成が本発明肥料と同一の化学薬品（尿
素、燐酸、苛性加里）液体肥料による対照区を設けて行
った。葉面散布は、ワグネルポット当たり一回窒素４０
ｍｇになるように秤取し、水で１００ｍＬに希釈し、展
着剤を数滴加え小型散布器で芝にスプレイした。葉面散
布は９月２９日、１０月１３日、１０月２７日及び１１
月１１日と２週おきに４回行った。葉面散布したら、一
週間後の１０月６日、１０月２０日、１１月４日及び１
１月１６日に芝を刈り取り生草重、草色及び窒素含有量
の調査を行った。The foliar spraying test was carried out by setting an example group using the fertilizer of the present invention and a control group using a liquid chemical fertilizer having the same three-element composition as the fertilizer of the present invention (urea, phosphoric acid, caustic potassium). Foliar spray is 40 times nitrogen once per Wagner pot.
It was weighed so as to be mg, diluted to 100 mL with water, a few drops of the spreading agent was added, and the grass was sprayed with a small sprayer. Foliar spray on September 29, October 13, October 27 and 11
I went 4 times every 11th of every month and every 2 weeks. After spraying the leaves, one week later, October 6, October 20, November 4, and 1
The grass was cut on January 16 and the raw grass weight, grass color and nitrogen content were investigated.
【００６３】この調査の結果を表５に示す。The results of this investigation are shown in Table 5.
【００６４】[0064]
【表５】 [Table 5]
【００６５】葉面散布の結果、草色には両試験区に一定
の傾向は見出せなかった。芝の窒素の含有量について
は、対照区の第一回調査が高い含有量を示した以外は、
時期が経過すると共に次第に上昇していったが、両区に
差は見出せなかった。生草重については、各調査時期と
もおおむね実施例区の方が対照区より多少高く、生育が
旺盛で本発明方法で製造された緩効性有機液体複合肥料
の葉面散布の効果が示されたと考えられる。As a result of foliar application, no certain tendency was found in the grass color in both test plots. Regarding the nitrogen content of turf, except that the first survey in the control section showed a high content,
It gradually increased with the passage of time, but no difference was found between the two wards. Regarding the fresh weed weight, in each survey period, the Example plots were generally slightly higher than the control plots, showing a vigorous growth and showing the effect of foliar application of the slow-release organic liquid compound fertilizer produced by the method of the present invention. It is thought that
【００６６】[0066]
【発明の効果】以上、説明したように本発明の緩効性有
機液体複合肥料は、土壌中における有機態窒素の無機化
を抑制して肥効持続期間を延長することができ、しか
も、有機物を含んでいるため農作物の生育に良い影響を
与えたり、土壌中の微生物の活性化に寄与する等、価値
あるものである。INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY As described above, the slow-release organic liquid compound fertilizer of the present invention can suppress the mineralization of organic nitrogen in the soil to prolong the duration of fertilization and, in addition, organic matter. Since it contains, it has a positive effect on the growth of agricultural products and contributes to the activation of microorganisms in the soil.
【図１】 本発明の緩効性有機液体複合肥料の実施例に
おけるｐＨの経時変化を示すグラフである。1 is a graph showing changes with time in pH in the embodiment of slow-release organic liquid double if fertilizer of the present invention.
【図２】 本発明の緩効性有機液体複合肥料の実施例に
おける電気伝導度の経時変化を示すグラフである。Is a graph showing the time change in electrical conductivity in the embodiment of slow-release organic liquid double if fertilizer of the present invention; FIG.
【図３】 本発明の緩効性有機液体複合肥料の実施例に
おけるアンモニア態窒素の経時変化を示すグラフであ
る。3 is a graph showing the time course of ammonia nitrogen in the embodiment of slow-release organic liquid double if fertilizer of the present invention.
【図４】 本発明の緩効性有機液体複合肥料の実施例に
おける硝酸態態窒素の経時変化を示すグラフである。4 is a graph showing the time course of nitrate expressly nitrogen in the embodiment of slow-release organic liquid double if fertilizer of the present invention.
【図５】 本発明の緩効性有機液体複合肥料の実施例に
おける無機化量の経時変化を示すグラフである。5 is a graph showing the time course of mineralization in the embodiment of slow-release organic liquid double if fertilizer of the present invention.
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (58)調査した分野(Int.Cl.7，ＤＢ名) C05B 1/00 - C05G 5/00 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of front page (58) Fields surveyed (Int.Cl. 7 , DB name) C05B 1/00-C05G 5/00
Claims (5)
有の有機消化液と尿素とホルムアルデヒドとの混合物を
アルカリ性下で加熱して得られる緩効性有機液と、燐酸
及びカリウム成分含有水溶液とからなる緩効性有機液体
複合肥料。1. A slow-moving organic liquid obtained by heating a mixture of an amino acid-containing organic digestive liquid obtained from bonito sauce and urea and formaldehyde under alkaline conditions, and a slow-moving aqueous solution containing phosphoric acid and potassium components. Effective organic liquid compound fertilizer.
程、得られた有機消化液と尿素とホルムアルデヒド混合
物をアルカリ性下で加熱して得られる緩効性有機液を得
る工程、及び得られた緩効性有機液に燐酸及びカリウム
成分含有水溶液を混合する工程との三工程を包含するこ
とを特徴とする緩効性有機液体複合肥料の製造方法。2. A step of obtaining an organic digestive liquid from bonito sauce, a step of obtaining a slow-acting organic liquid obtained by heating the obtained organic digestive liquid and a mixture of urea and formaldehyde under alkaline conditions, and the obtained slow-release effect. A process for producing a slow-acting organic liquid compound fertilizer, which comprises three steps, namely, a step of mixing an aqueous solution containing phosphoric acid and a potassium component with a weak organic liquid.
ュウブル液にプロテアーゼを添加したものを、加熱処理
することにより得られた透明液部を分取するものである
ことを特徴とする請求項２記載の緩効性有機液体複合肥
料の製造方法。3. The step of obtaining the organic digestive liquid is characterized in that a transparent liquid portion obtained by subjecting a bonito soluble liquid to which a protease is added to a heat treatment to a transparent liquid portion is collected. Item 2. A method for producing a slow-release organic liquid compound fertilizer according to Item 2.
て、水酸化カリウムとアンモニア水を添加することを特
徴とする請求項２記載の緩効性有機液体複合肥料の製造
方法。4. The method for producing a slow-release organic liquid compound fertilizer according to claim 2, wherein potassium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia are added in the step of obtaining the slow-release organic liquid.
成分含有水溶液を混合する工程において、予めカリウム
成分含有水溶液に、燐酸二水素カリウムと水酸化カリウ
ム及びトリポリ燐酸カリウムが添加されていることを特
徴とする請求項２記載の緩効性有機液体複合肥料の製造
方法。5. A step of mixing the phosphate and potassium component-containing aqueous solution slow release organic solution described above, the previously potassium component-containing aqueous solution, the potassium hydroxide potassium dihydrogen phosphate and tripolyphosphate potassium is added The method for producing a slow-release organic liquid compound fertilizer according to claim 2.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP37798998A JP3375901B2 (en) | 1998-12-15 | 1998-12-15 | Slow release organic liquid composite fertilizer and method for producing the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP37798998A JP3375901B2 (en) | 1998-12-15 | 1998-12-15 | Slow release organic liquid composite fertilizer and method for producing the same |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2000178091A JP2000178091A (en) | 2000-06-27 |
| JP3375901B2 true JP3375901B2 (en) | 2003-02-10 |
Family
ID=18509308
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP37798998A Expired - Fee Related JP3375901B2 (en) | 1998-12-15 | 1998-12-15 | Slow release organic liquid composite fertilizer and method for producing the same |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3375901B2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR101832065B1 (en) | 2016-08-31 | 2018-02-23 | 주식회사 현대에프앤씨 | Method for Preparing Liquefied Fertilizer |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7534280B2 (en) | 2005-04-25 | 2009-05-19 | The Davey Tree Expert Company | Fertilizers containing polyamino acid |
| US20060236734A1 (en) * | 2005-04-25 | 2006-10-26 | The Davey Tree Expert Company | Fertilizers containing polyamino acid |
| CN104892195A (en) * | 2015-06-10 | 2015-09-09 | 苏州御亭现代农业产业园发展有限公司 | Organic biological enzyme compound fertilizer for Chinese gooseberry |
| CN107746322A (en) * | 2017-10-23 | 2018-03-02 | 山东普金肥料有限公司 | A kind of clear liquid type liquid composite fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
| CN109265241A (en) * | 2018-10-17 | 2019-01-25 | 北京吉安奥德生物科技有限公司 | A kind of gardens slow release fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
| CN109180372A (en) * | 2018-11-26 | 2019-01-11 | 甘肃方正节能科技服务有限公司 | Biogas slurry amino acid fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
| JP7443654B2 (en) | 2019-03-08 | 2024-03-06 | 有限会社上田産業 | Liquid fertilizer manufacturing method and liquid fertilizer |
| CN117567217A (en) * | 2023-11-29 | 2024-02-20 | 中化农业（临沂）研发中心有限公司 | Solidification-preventing biological hormone type liquid fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
-
1998
- 1998-12-15 JP JP37798998A patent/JP3375901B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR101832065B1 (en) | 2016-08-31 | 2018-02-23 | 주식회사 현대에프앤씨 | Method for Preparing Liquefied Fertilizer |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2000178091A (en) | 2000-06-27 |
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