JP3245183U - Organic waste treatment equipment - Google Patents
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Abstract
【課題】有機廃棄物から有機肥料を製造する時間を短縮できる処理設備を提供する。
【解決手段】汚泥、生ゴミ、水産廃棄物及び動物又は人間の***物からなる群から選ばれる有機廃棄物を微生物で発酵処理しやすい状態に前処理し、微生物で発酵処理して有機肥料を製造する処理設備であって、前処理設備と発酵処理設備とを備え、前記前処理設備は、２００℃以上、好ましくは２５０℃以上５００℃以下の過熱蒸気を製造し、該過熱蒸気を所定圧すると力で炉内に吹き込む過熱蒸気手段１３０と、炉内で過熱蒸気と有機廃棄物を攪拌混合しつつ取込口ＩＮから取出口ＯＵＴに炉内搬送する攪拌・搬送手段１５０と、攪拌搬送される有機廃棄物を１５０℃以上３００℃以下の温度範囲で、過熱蒸気反応させる反応制御手段１４０と、を有し、１５０℃以上３００℃以下の低温度で有機廃棄物の炭化を抑制しつつ有機廃棄物を分解、脱臭、殺菌する過熱蒸気反応炉１２０を備える。
【選択図】図１
An object of the present invention is to provide processing equipment that can reduce the time required to produce organic fertilizer from organic waste.
[Solution] Organic waste selected from the group consisting of sludge, garbage, fishery waste, and animal or human excrement is pretreated to a state where it can be easily fermented with microorganisms, and the organic waste is fermented with microorganisms to produce organic fertilizer. The processing equipment for manufacturing is equipped with pre-processing equipment and fermentation processing equipment, and the pre-processing equipment produces superheated steam at a temperature of 200°C or higher, preferably 250°C or higher and 500°C or lower, and the superheated steam is heated to a predetermined pressure. Then, the superheated steam means 130 blows the superheated steam into the furnace by force, and the stirring/conveying means 150 stirs and mixes the superheated steam and organic waste in the furnace and conveys the organic waste from the intake port IN to the output port OUT. a reaction control means 140 for causing a superheated steam reaction in a temperature range of 150° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower; A superheated steam reactor 120 is provided to decompose, deodorize, and sterilize waste.
[Selection diagram] Figure 1
Description
本考案は、過熱蒸気反応を利用して有機廃棄物を低温分解する前処理設備を備え、発酵処理時間を短縮し、有機廃棄物から即効性有機肥料を量産する処理設備に関する。 The present invention relates to processing equipment that is equipped with pre-processing equipment for low-temperature decomposition of organic waste using a superheated steam reaction, shortens fermentation processing time, and mass-produces quick-acting organic fertilizer from organic waste.
有機肥料とは施肥後即効性がなく、土中での微生物での分解により３０～４０日後効き始める遅効性のものがほとんどである。近年、化学肥料の高騰のため、市中に増大する有機廃棄物を有効利用して即効性有機肥料を製造することが要望されている。そこで、有機廃棄物にほぼ等量のおがくず、わら、もみ殻等のセルロース基質材を加え、これに有機物を発酵分解する微生物を加え、水分調整後、発酵処理する技術が提案され（特許文献１）、食品に由来する廃棄物や下水処理施設から排出される汚泥から有機肥料を製造されている。しかしながら、この方法では、有機廃棄物の発酵処理に時間を要するため、有機肥料が得られるまでに４カ月もの期間が必要になる。また、この長い発酵処理には悪臭の発散があり、環境への影響が問題となっている。 Organic fertilizers do not have an immediate effect after application; most are slow-acting fertilizers that begin to take effect 30 to 40 days after being decomposed by microorganisms in the soil. In recent years, due to the soaring price of chemical fertilizers, there has been a demand for the production of quick-acting organic fertilizers by effectively utilizing the increasing amount of organic waste in the city. Therefore, a technology has been proposed in which an approximately equal amount of cellulose substrate materials such as sawdust, straw, and rice husks are added to organic waste, microorganisms that ferment and decompose organic materials are added thereto, and after moisture adjustment, fermentation treatment is carried out (Patent Document 1). ), organic fertilizers are produced from food-derived waste and sludge from sewage treatment facilities. However, this method requires time to ferment the organic waste, so it takes as long as four months to obtain organic fertilizer. In addition, this long fermentation process releases a bad odor, which poses a problem in terms of its impact on the environment.
そこで、発酵処理を短縮するために、１５～４０気圧かつ２００～２５０℃の高温高圧の亜臨界処理を行う前処理で有機廃棄物中のタンパク及びセルロース等の高分子化合物を分解してペプチド化するとともにセルロースを加水分解し、後段における発酵処理を迅速に行う方法が提案されるに、至っている（特許文献２）。 Therefore, in order to shorten the fermentation process, high-temperature, high-pressure subcritical treatment at 15 to 40 atmospheres and 200 to 250 degrees Celsius is used to decompose and convert high molecular compounds such as proteins and cellulose in organic waste into peptides. At the same time, a method has been proposed in which cellulose is hydrolyzed and the subsequent fermentation process is performed rapidly (Patent Document 2).
しかしながら、上記亜臨界状態での前処理方法では、高温高圧下の亜臨界状態での処理であるため、有機物の炭化率が高くなりがちである。しかも処理設備が高価であるとともに、バッチ式を採用する必要があり、処理能力に限界がある。すなわち、亜臨界状態での前処理設備では1台で多くて５トン/日の汚泥処理ができるか否かであって、近年の要求である、１事業所で１００トン/日の処理を目指すには程遠い。 However, in the above-described pretreatment method in a subcritical state, since the treatment is performed in a subcritical state at high temperature and high pressure, the carbonization rate of organic matter tends to be high. Moreover, the processing equipment is expensive and a batch system must be used, which limits the processing capacity. In other words, the question is whether a single subcritical state pretreatment facility can process at most 5 tons/day of sludge, and the goal is to process 100 tons/day at one facility, which is a recent requirement. Far from it.
そこで、本考案者らは、有機廃棄物の発酵処理を促進するため、１）有機廃棄物中の高分子化合物の分解を図りつつ有機物の炭化を抑制し、後段の発酵処理に適合させるには、好ましくは炭化率を５０％以下に抑える必要があること。他方、２)１事業所で１００トン/日の処理を目指すにはバッチ式でなく連続式に処理できる前処理工程が必要であることを知った。本考案はかかる知見に基づき、これらの要求に答える前処理物を提供できる設備を工夫し、有機廃棄物から有機肥料を製造する時間を短縮できる処理設備を提供することを課題とする。 Therefore, in order to promote the fermentation treatment of organic waste, the inventors of the present invention aimed to 1) suppress the carbonization of organic matter while decomposing the polymer compounds in the organic waste, and make it compatible with the subsequent fermentation treatment. , preferably the carbonization rate needs to be suppressed to 50% or less. On the other hand, 2) I learned that in order to aim for processing of 100 tons/day at one plant, a pretreatment process that can be processed continuously rather than batchwise is necessary. Based on this knowledge, the present invention aims to devise equipment that can provide pre-treated products that meet these demands, and to provide treatment equipment that can shorten the time required to produce organic fertilizer from organic waste.
本考案者らは、有機廃棄物の高温高圧下の亜臨界状態のバッチ式前処理に代わる連続処理設備を検討するに、鋭意研究の結果、過熱蒸気は従来主として高含水汚泥の乾燥手段及び炭化手段として利用されている（特許文献３、特許文献４）が、その反応機構に着目すると、従来の乾燥及び炭化処理では使用されない、１５０℃から３００℃の低温度の過熱蒸気反応温度領域では、過熱蒸気反応による有機廃棄物の炭化が抑制されつつ低温分解処理が実現でき、発酵処理の前処理としての高分子であるたんぱく質及びセルロースの分解に適当であることを見出した。そこで、過熱蒸気反応炉において、過熱蒸気と有機廃棄物との接触効率を高めるため、対流攪拌しながら、有機廃棄物の内部温度を３００℃以下抑制しつつ過熱蒸気反応を行うと、効率よく脱水が行われ、有機廃棄物の炭化率が５０％に抑制されるだけでなく、同時に有機廃棄物を分解して後段の発酵処理が加速されるとともに、脱臭、殺菌され、無害化した有機肥料が従来の発酵処理の半分の期間で製造されることを見出した。 The present inventors investigated continuous treatment equipment to replace the subcritical batch pretreatment of organic waste under high temperature and high pressure.As a result of intensive research, they found that superheated steam has been used mainly as a drying method for high water content sludge and as a carbonization method. (Patent Document 3, Patent Document 4), but focusing on the reaction mechanism, in the low temperature superheated steam reaction temperature range of 150°C to 300°C, which is not used in conventional drying and carbonization processing, It has been found that low-temperature decomposition treatment can be realized while carbonization of organic waste due to superheated steam reaction is suppressed, and that it is suitable for decomposing polymeric proteins and cellulose as a pretreatment for fermentation treatment. Therefore, in order to increase the contact efficiency between superheated steam and organic waste in a superheated steam reactor, it is possible to perform the superheated steam reaction while suppressing the internal temperature of the organic waste to 300°C or less while stirring convectively, resulting in efficient dehydration. This not only suppresses the carbonization rate of organic waste to 50%, but also decomposes the organic waste and accelerates the subsequent fermentation process, while also producing deodorized, sterilized, and harmless organic fertilizer. It has been found that production can be done in half the period of conventional fermentation processing.
本考案はかかる点に着目してなされたもので、前処理設備と発酵処理設備とを備え、汚泥、生ゴミ、水産廃棄物及び動物又は人間の***物からなる群から選ばれる有機廃棄物を微生物で発酵処理しやすい状態に前処理し、次いで前処理された有機廃棄物を微生物で発酵処理して有機肥料を製造する設備であって、
前記前処理設備は、２００℃以上、好ましくは２５０℃以上５００℃以下の過熱蒸気を製造し、該過熱蒸気を炉内に吹き込む過熱蒸気手段と、炉内で過熱蒸気と有機廃棄物を攪拌混合しつつ取込口INから取出口OUTに炉内搬送する攪拌搬送手段と、攪拌搬送される有機廃棄物を１５０℃以上３００℃以下の温度範囲で、過熱蒸気反応させる反応制御手段と、を有し、１５０℃以上３００℃以下の低温度で有機廃棄物の炭化を抑制しつつ有機廃棄物を分解、脱臭、殺菌する過熱蒸気反応炉を備えることを特徴とする処理設備にある。
The present invention was developed with attention to this point, and is equipped with pre-treatment equipment and fermentation treatment equipment, and is capable of processing organic waste selected from the group consisting of sludge, food waste, fishery waste, and animal or human excrement. A facility for producing organic fertilizer by pretreating organic waste to a state that is easy to ferment with microorganisms, and then fermenting the pretreated organic waste with microorganisms,
The pretreatment equipment includes a superheated steam means for producing superheated steam at a temperature of 200°C or higher, preferably 250°C or higher and 500°C or lower, and blowing the superheated steam into a furnace, and stirring and mixing the superheated steam and organic waste in the furnace. and a reaction control means for causing the organic waste being stirred and transported to undergo a superheated steam reaction in a temperature range of 150°C or more and 300°C or less. The processing equipment is characterized by being equipped with a superheated steam reactor that decomposes, deodorizes, and sterilizes organic waste while suppressing carbonization of the organic waste at a low temperature of 150° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower.
本考案によれば、過熱蒸気との反応により有機廃棄物を発酵処理に適する低分子化された有機廃棄物に変換し、これを発酵処理するため、発酵処理時間を従来の発酵処理の二分の一、好ましくは三分の一以下に短縮することができ、発酵処理設備をコンパクト化することができる。しかも過熱蒸気との反応により脱臭脱水され、滅菌されるので、環境を汚染することがない。その作用機能を考察するに、過熱蒸気は図３に示すように、熱風に比して高い保有熱量を有するとともに、図４に示す昇温効率を有し、過熱蒸気炉内で過熱蒸気が、炉内で攪拌される有機廃棄物と接触し、浸透するため、効率よく有機物を低温加熱して高分子物質を分解するとともに脱水脱臭することができると思われる。 According to the present invention, organic waste is converted into low-molecular organic waste suitable for fermentation treatment by reaction with superheated steam, and this is fermented, so the fermentation treatment time is halved compared to conventional fermentation treatment. It can be shortened to one, preferably one-third or less, and the fermentation treatment equipment can be made more compact. Moreover, since it is deodorized, dehydrated, and sterilized by reaction with superheated steam, it does not pollute the environment. Considering its functions, superheated steam has a higher heat capacity than hot air as shown in Fig. 3, and has a temperature increase efficiency shown in Fig. 4. Because it comes into contact with and permeates the organic waste being stirred in the furnace, it is thought that it is possible to efficiently heat the organic matter at low temperatures, decompose the polymeric substances, and dehydrate and deodorize it.
本考案の処理設備によれば、有機廃棄物を連続処理することが可能であって、１事業所で汚泥１００トン/日の処理は簡単となる。また、有機廃棄物の高温高圧の亜臨界処理に比して、有機物の炭化率が５０％を超えることがないので、後段の発酵処理の効率を減退させることがない。本考案においては、過熱蒸気との反応効率を高めるため、有機廃棄物が、以下の群から選ばれるセルロース含有基材を含む前処理促進剤を有機廃棄物に対し容量比２：１から１：３範囲で含むのがよい。
おが屑、木くず、わら、もみ殻、枝、樹皮、木チップ、乾燥草類を含む植物性セルロース基質材であって、平均１０±５ｍｍ長の破砕粉体。なお、牛糞の場合、牛舎にこれらのセルロース基質材を敷設するので、牛舎から採取糞尿には特にセルロース基質材を混合する必要はない。
According to the treatment equipment of the present invention, it is possible to continuously treat organic waste, and it is easy to treat 100 tons of sludge per day at one business site. Furthermore, compared to high-temperature, high-pressure subcritical treatment of organic waste, the carbonization rate of organic matter does not exceed 50%, so the efficiency of the subsequent fermentation treatment is not reduced. In the present invention, in order to increase the reaction efficiency with superheated steam, organic waste is treated with a pretreatment accelerator containing a cellulose-containing base material selected from the following group at a volume ratio of 2:1 to 1: It is better to include it in 3 ranges.
A crushed powder of vegetable cellulose substrate material containing sawdust, wood chips, straw, rice husks, branches, bark, wood chips, and dried grasses, with an average length of 10±5 mm. In the case of cow dung, these cellulose substrate materials are laid in the cow shed, so there is no need to particularly mix cellulose substrate material with the manure collected from the cow shed.
前記前処理設備において、前記過熱蒸気反応炉が攪拌搬送手段を備え、反応炉に５０％以上の過熱蒸気空間を備えるのがよい。特に、対流しながら攪拌し、剪断作用を付与するのがよい。 In the pretreatment equipment, it is preferable that the superheated steam reactor is equipped with stirring and conveying means, and that the reactor has a superheated steam space of 50% or more. In particular, it is preferable to stir with convection to impart a shearing action.
前記前処理設備は過熱蒸気反応炉１台当たりの反応処理能力に応じて、前記過熱蒸気反応炉を２台以上連接することもできる。 The pretreatment equipment can also connect two or more superheated steam reactors depending on the reaction processing capacity of each superheated steam reactor.
本考案の処理対象である有機廃棄物には、スーパーマーケットなど食品の小売店から大量に排出される、野菜くずや魚のアラなどの生ごみが挙げられる。また、下水処理施設から排出される、下水を処理した際に発生する汚泥が挙げられる。さらに、養鶏場、畜産場から排出される、家畜の糞尿が挙げられる。これらの廃棄物は含水率が高いため、従来、焼却処理されていたが、多大なエネルギーを要する上、燃焼炉の内壁に含水率が高い廃棄物が付着して炉を傷める原因となるため処理業者から敬遠される傾向があったが、短期間で肥料化することができれば、焼却処分を行わなくてもよくなり、環境負荷を低減することが可能になる。 The organic waste to be treated by this invention includes food waste such as vegetable scraps and fish bones, which are disposed of in large quantities from food retail stores such as supermarkets. Another example is the sludge generated when sewage is treated, which is discharged from sewage treatment facilities. Another example is livestock manure discharged from poultry farms and livestock farms. Conventionally, these wastes have been incinerated due to their high moisture content, but this method requires a large amount of energy and also causes damage to the furnace due to the high moisture content of the waste adhering to the inner walls of the combustion furnace. Although it has tended to be avoided by businesses, if it can be turned into fertilizer in a short period of time, there will be no need to incinerate it and it will be possible to reduce the environmental impact.
有機廃棄物を発酵する工程は、前処理した有機廃棄物と木質廃材との混合物を堆積して、温度と含水率とを管理しながら好気条件下で固体培養する工程とすることが好ましい。これによって、有機廃棄物に含まれる高分子を低分子化して肥効を向上させると共に、施肥しやすい粉末状の有機肥料を得ることができる。 The step of fermenting organic waste is preferably a step of piling up a mixture of pretreated organic waste and wood waste and culturing it on a solid state under aerobic conditions while controlling the temperature and moisture content. As a result, it is possible to reduce the polymer contained in the organic waste to a lower molecular weight, improve the fertilizer effect, and obtain a powdered organic fertilizer that is easy to fertilize.
前処理した有機廃棄物に対して、前処理を行う前の有機廃棄物を配合した後、好気条件下で固体培養することが好ましい。 It is preferable to mix the pretreated organic waste with the organic waste before pretreatment, and then perform solid culture under aerobic conditions.
以下、本考案の実施形態を図面を参照して説明する。以下に挙げる有機肥料の製造方法は本考案の実施形態の一例に過ぎず、本考案の技術的範囲はこれに限定されるものではない。 Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. The organic fertilizer manufacturing method listed below is only one example of the embodiment of the present invention, and the technical scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.
本実施形態の設備では、有機廃棄物を過熱蒸気反応で前処理し、その後微生物発酵して有機肥料を製造する。原料とする有機廃棄物としては、汚泥、生ゴミ、及び動物又は人間の***物からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも１種以上の有機物を使用することが好ましい。 In the equipment of this embodiment, organic waste is pretreated with a superheated steam reaction, and then subjected to microbial fermentation to produce organic fertilizer. As the organic waste used as a raw material, it is preferable to use at least one organic substance selected from the group consisting of sludge, garbage, and animal or human excrement.
汚泥としては、下水の処理施設から排出される汚泥が挙げられる。生ゴミとしては、スーパーマーケットなどの食料品の小売店や家庭から排出される野菜くずや魚のアラなど水産廃棄物が挙げられる。動物又は人間の排出物としては、それらの屎尿が挙げられる。 Examples of sludge include sludge discharged from sewage treatment facilities. Food waste includes vegetable scraps, fish scraps, and other marine waste from food retailers such as supermarkets and households. Examples of animal or human excreta include their human waste.
本実施形態の方法では、過熱蒸気反応下で有機廃棄物を処理して含水率を低下させることができるため、含水率の高い有機廃棄物であっても、問題なく処理して有機肥料とすることが可能である。有機廃棄物の含水率は、例えば、４０～９０質量％であってもよく、４０～６０質量％であってもよい。 In the method of this embodiment, organic waste can be treated under superheated steam reaction to reduce the moisture content, so even organic waste with a high moisture content can be processed and converted into organic fertilizer without any problem. Is possible. The moisture content of the organic waste may be, for example, 40 to 90% by mass, or 40 to 60% by mass.
本実施形態の設備では、図１の前処理設備と図２の発酵処理設備とを備え、有機廃棄物を発酵する工程を行う前に過熱蒸気で前処理を行う。前処理工程では、図１の過熱蒸気前処理設備を用いる。過熱蒸気処理設備は過熱蒸気反応炉である分解装置１００は図示しないが、有機廃棄物を供給するタンクとそこからモータ駆動で反応炉に有機廃棄物を供給するロータを備える。
The equipment of this embodiment includes the pretreatment equipment shown in FIG. 1 and the fermentation treatment equipment shown in FIG. 2, and performs pretreatment with superheated steam before performing the step of fermenting organic waste. In the pretreatment step, the superheated steam pretreatment equipment shown in FIG. 1 is used. Although the
過熱蒸気反応炉１００は示すように、ボイラー１１０とボイラー１１０からの発生蒸気を過熱する過熱蒸気発生装置１２０とからなる過熱蒸気供給手段１３０を備え、制御盤１４０でボイラー１１０と過熱蒸気発生装置１２０を制御して所定の過熱蒸気を反応炉１００に供給する。また、制御盤１４０は反応炉内の攪拌手段１５０を駆動するモータ１６０を制御して攪拌速度を調整するようになっている。
As shown, the
反応炉１００の内部には攪拌手段１５０が設けられるが、公知の種々の攪拌手段が採用できるが、対流的攪拌の下に剪断作用を付与するのが効率的である。攪拌と同時に前方に搬送される攪拌・搬送手段が選ばれるのがよいが、定期的に有機物の炉内投入→攪拌反応→処理物の炉内からの排出を繰り返すようにしてもよい。
A stirring means 150 is provided inside the
本考案においては、２００℃以上の過熱蒸気を製造し、該過熱蒸気を所定圧力で炉内に吹き込む過熱蒸気供給手段と、該過熱蒸気供給手段からの過熱蒸気と有機廃棄物とを攪拌混合しつつ取込口INから取出口OUTに炉内搬送する攪拌・搬送手段と、攪拌搬送される有機廃棄物を１５０℃以上３００℃以下の温度範囲で、過熱蒸気と反応させる反応制御手段とを有し、１５０℃以上３００℃以下の低温度で有機廃棄物をその炭化を抑制しつつ有機廃棄物を分解、脱臭、殺菌する過熱蒸気反応炉を備えるので、後段の発酵処理に適切な前処理が可能となる。 In the present invention, superheated steam supply means produces superheated steam of 200°C or higher and blows the superheated steam into the furnace at a predetermined pressure, and the superheated steam from the superheated steam supply means and organic waste are stirred and mixed. It has a stirring/conveying means for transporting the organic waste from the intake port IN to the discharge port OUT in the furnace, and a reaction control means for reacting the organic waste being stirred and transported with superheated steam in a temperature range of 150°C or more and 300°C or less. It is equipped with a superheated steam reactor that decomposes, deodorizes, and sterilizes organic waste while suppressing its carbonization at a low temperature of 150°C or higher and 300°C or lower, allowing for appropriate pretreatment for the subsequent fermentation process. It becomes possible.
本考案の前処理設備で処理された被処理物の発酵時間が短縮される詳細な機構は定かでないが、有機廃棄物の高分子化合物の体積が適度に小さくなり、有機廃棄物の粒子に亀裂が入って、微生物の繁殖が繁殖しやすくなると考えられる。このようにして処理した有機廃棄物を発酵させると、発酵期間を従来よりも短縮することが可能になるためと思われる。 Although the detailed mechanism by which the fermentation time of the processed material is shortened using the pretreatment equipment of the present invention is not clear, the volume of the polymeric compounds in the organic waste is appropriately reduced, causing cracks in the organic waste particles. It is thought that this will facilitate the growth of microorganisms. This is thought to be because fermentation of organic waste treated in this way makes it possible to shorten the fermentation period compared to conventional methods.
過熱蒸気反応処理を行う時間は、有機廃棄物の含水率によって決定すればよく、例えば、処理後の有機廃棄物の外観が褐色になる程度（図７）まで処理すればよい。さらに例を挙げると、例えば、加熱蒸気処理を２０～１８０分間、好ましく、２０～６０分間行うで望みの処理が行える。過熱蒸気処理を短めにすることで有機廃棄物の含水率を高めにすることができる。 The time for performing the superheated steam reaction treatment may be determined depending on the moisture content of the organic waste, and for example, the treatment may be performed until the appearance of the organic waste becomes brown after treatment (FIG. 7). To give a further example, the desired treatment can be achieved by performing the heated steam treatment for 20 to 180 minutes, preferably 20 to 60 minutes. By shortening the superheated steam treatment, it is possible to increase the moisture content of organic waste.
有機廃棄物を発酵する際には、微生物によって発酵させる。本実施形態の方法では、有機廃棄物に含まれる高分子の有機物を低分子に分解することができる微生物を使用している。そのような微生物としては好気条件で繁殖する微生物が挙げられる。好気条件で繁殖する微生物としては、
細菌： Bacillus subtilis；Bacillus stearothermophilus；Clostridium thermocellum、
カビ： Aspergillus oryzae；Aspergillus niger；Aspergillus fumigatus；Chaetomium thermophile；Humicola lanuginosa；Rhizopus javanicus、
酵母： Candida glabrata；Debaryomyces hansenii；Hansenula anomala；Pichia membranaefaciens；Rhodotorula glutinis；Saccharomyces cerevisiae
放線菌： Actinobifida dichotom；Streptomyces griseus；Streptomyces thermophilus；Thermoactinomyces vulgaris；Thermomonospora glaucus及びMonascus sp.からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも１種以上の微生物が挙げられる。
When fermenting organic waste, it is fermented by microorganisms. The method of this embodiment uses microorganisms that can decompose high-molecular organic substances contained in organic waste into low-molecular molecules. Such microorganisms include microorganisms that reproduce under aerobic conditions. Microorganisms that reproduce under aerobic conditions include
Bacteria: Bacillus subtilis; Bacillus stearothermophilus; Clostridium thermocellum,
Mold: Aspergillus oryzae; Aspergillus niger; Aspergillus fumigatus; Chaetomium thermophile; Humicola lanuginosa; Rhizopus javanicus,
Yeast: Candida glabrata; Debaryomyces hansenii; Hansenula anomala; Pichia membranaefaciens; Rhodotorula glutinis; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Actinobacteria: At least one microorganism selected from the group consisting of Actinobifida dichotom; Streptomyces griseus; Streptomyces thermophilus; Thermoactinomyces vulgaris; Thermomonospora glaucus and Monascus sp.
有機廃棄物を発酵する際には、過熱蒸気処理を行った有機廃棄物を堆積して温度と含水率とを管理しながら好気条件下で固体培養することが好ましい。本実施形態の方法では、水分率が４０～７５質量％となり、有機廃棄物内部の温度が５５～８５℃となるように管理を行った。温度の管理は、例えば、有機廃棄物を堆積する高さや幅によって発酵熱を調節し、切り返しを行う頻度によって調節することができる。 When fermenting organic waste, it is preferable to pile up the organic waste that has been subjected to superheated steam treatment and perform solid culture under aerobic conditions while controlling the temperature and moisture content. In the method of this embodiment, the moisture content was controlled to be 40 to 75% by mass, and the temperature inside the organic waste was controlled to be 55 to 85°C. Temperature can be controlled, for example, by controlling the fermentation heat by adjusting the height and width of the pile of organic waste, and by controlling the frequency of turning.
前処理した有機廃棄物を発酵する際には、おが屑、木の削りかす、藁、枝、樹皮、木チップなどの木質廃材を前処理した有機廃棄物に混合することが好ましい。有機廃棄物は発酵が進むと体積が小さくなり、有機肥料として扱いにくくなることがある。上記セルロース基質材を前処理した有機廃棄物に混合することで、セルロース基質材の表面に有機廃棄物を付着させて、扱いやすい粉末状の有機肥料とすることができる。 When fermenting the pretreated organic waste, it is preferable to mix wood waste materials such as sawdust, wood shavings, straw, branches, bark, and wood chips with the pretreated organic waste. As fermentation progresses, the volume of organic waste decreases, making it difficult to use as organic fertilizer. By mixing the above-mentioned cellulose substrate material with pretreated organic waste, the organic waste can be attached to the surface of the cellulose substrate material to form an easy-to-handle powdered organic fertilizer.
過熱蒸気処理を行った後の有機廃棄物の含水率が低い場合は、水分補給して好気条件下で固体培養することが好ましい。処理前の有機廃棄物は、含水率が比較的に高いので、これを配合することによって有機廃棄物の含水率を微生物が繁殖するのに適した状態に調節することもできる。上記発酵設備は図２に示す、走行レール２０１を有する隔壁で仕切られ、隔壁を渡る走行装置３００で切り替し装置Mで発酵材料を切り返す発酵レーン２００が使用される。
詳しくは、図２に示す有機廃棄物処理設備を使用して、以下の如く有機廃棄物処理方法を実施することができる。即ち、下水処理汚泥等の有機廃棄物を搭載した車両（トラック）が到着する前に、汚泥搬入ヤードにそのトラックに積載されている有機廃棄物の量と等量（重量比において等量）のおが屑、藁、籾殻、枝木、木皮、木材チップ、バーク等あるいはこれらの中から選択された混合物からなるセルロース基質材を略フラットな状態に敷きつめておく。このセルロース基質材には、活性混合微生物（（株）福永微生物研究所（所在地 兵庫県姫路市船津町在）において入手）を被処理物１ｔに対して概ね１００ｇの割合で添加しておく。そして、有機廃棄物を搭載した車両は、上記炭素質基材の上に拡げるような状態で、有機廃棄物を排出する。次に、ショベルローダ等（クレーンのバケット等の他の装置であってもよい）のバケットを使用して、上記セルロース基質材と有機廃棄物及び活性混合微生物が概ね均等に存在するように掻き混ぜ、しかる後、全体の含水率が略６５～７５％（好ましくは７０％）になるよう水を散布して、水分調整をおこなう。そして、このように前処理したものを、醗酵レーン２００に上記ショベルローダ等のバケットを使用して投入する。そして、醗酵レーン２００に投入されると、底面方からエアレーション設備により新鮮な空気が、上記セルロース基質材と有機廃棄物及び活性混合微生物が掻き混ぜられたもの（被処理物という）の中に供給される。そして、この実施例の場合、１日に１回の割合で、切り返し装置Ｍが、新鮮な空気と接触するよう、且つ醗酵レーン２００の底部のものから表面にあるものまでが切り返されるよう、作業員の遠隔操作によって、切り返し処理する。このように被処理物を切り返し処理する際に、上記切り返し装置Ｍは、被処理物を醗酵レーン２００の先端方側に１～２ｍ程度搬送する。そして、醗酵レーン１中で上記活性混合微生物が醗酵作用を奏する状態では、該醗酵レーン１の内部では、概ね７５～８５℃程度の温度となっている。つまり、被処理物の厚みが、醗酵処理中に内部の上記温度になるように設定することが要求される。また、醗酵作用の熱によって、水分が蒸発するため、被処理物の含水率が常に６５～７５％（望ましくは７０％）になるよう、水を噴霧して水分調整がなされる。この水分調整は、噴霧ノズルを配置することによって噴霧するように構成してもよく、あるいは上記切り返し装置Ｍに噴霧ノズルと水タンク（あるいは水源とホース等の配管により接続して供給してもよい）を設けることによってもよい。そして、上述のように、エアレーションと水分調整及び切り返し処理をおこなって、略１ケ月、この醗酵レーン２００で醗酵処理される。この間、活性混合微生物が、有機廃棄物およびセルロース基質材を、有用な有機物に分解処理する。そして、この実施例の場合、上述した４５ｍの長さの醗酵レーン１の先端に被処理物が、略１ケ月かけて上記切り返し装置Ｍによって先送りされる。本考案においては、従来の発酵時間に比して少なくとも発酵時間が二分の一、好ましくは三分の一に短縮される。また、悪臭がしていた有機廃棄物も前処理により無臭化することができる。上記醗酵レーン２００において、この活性混合微生物が有機分解するため、全くと言えるほど悪臭を放つことはない。そして、醗酵レーン２００の先端に送られてきた、前処理が完了した被処理物は、ショベルローダによって、熟成ヤードに搬送され、この熟成ヤードにおいて、略５０～６５％（望ましくは６０％程度）になるように水分調整がおこなわれるとともに、１０～２０日に一回の割合でショベルローダによる切り返し作業がおこなわれる。そして、この熟成ヤードにおいて、熟成されることによって、農業あるいは園芸用として使用できる有機肥料となる。
If the moisture content of the organic waste after superheated steam treatment is low, it is preferable to replenish water and perform solid culture under aerobic conditions. Since the organic waste before treatment has a relatively high moisture content, by adding this to the organic waste, the moisture content of the organic waste can be adjusted to a state suitable for microorganisms to propagate. The fermentation equipment shown in FIG. 2 is partitioned by a partition wall having a running
Specifically, using the organic waste treatment equipment shown in FIG. 2, the organic waste treatment method can be carried out as follows. In other words, before a vehicle (truck) loaded with organic waste such as sewage treatment sludge arrives, an amount equivalent to the amount of organic waste loaded on the truck (equal in terms of weight) is sent to the sludge delivery yard. A cellulose substrate material made of sawdust, straw, rice husk, branches, bark, wood chips, bark, etc. or a mixture selected from these is spread in a substantially flat state. To this cellulose substrate material, active mixed microorganisms (obtained from Fukunaga Microbiology Laboratory Co., Ltd. (located in Funatsu-cho, Himeji City, Hyogo Prefecture)) are added at a ratio of approximately 100 g to 1 ton of material to be treated. Then, the vehicle carrying the organic waste discharges the organic waste in such a manner that it is spread over the carbonaceous base material. Next, using a bucket such as a shovel loader (or other equipment such as a crane bucket), stir the cellulose substrate material, organic waste, and active mixed microorganisms so that they are approximately evenly distributed. After that, water is adjusted by spraying water so that the overall moisture content becomes approximately 65 to 75% (preferably 70%). The thus pretreated product is then put into the
有機肥料の養分保持能力は陽イオン交換容量（ＣＥＣ値）によって評価できる。なぜなら、土壌は陽イオン交換作用によって養分を保持するからである。 The nutrient retention capacity of organic fertilizers can be evaluated by the cation exchange capacity (CEC value). This is because soil retains nutrients through cation exchange.
以下、本考案の有機肥料の製造方法の実施例を挙げてさらに具体的に説明する。
上記セルロース基質材としておがくずを１５から２０ｃｍの厚さで敷設した牛舎より糞尿とおがくずの混ざった廃棄物を引き取り、これを有機廃棄物として使用した。糞尿とおがくずが５０対５０以下の容量比で混ざったもので、含水率８７％で、その他の成分比は図５に示す通りであった。この有機廃棄物を、図１に示した過熱蒸気反応炉を備える前処理設備で３０分乃至６０分処理すると、図７の写真の状態となった。その成分分析値は図６の表２の通りとなり、含水率５７％となった。表１と表２の成分を比較すると、含水率の低下とともに、窒素含量が低下していることが着目され、その結果、高分子たんぱく質のペプチド化に伴い、アミノ酸分が昇華したものと思われる。表１と表２の比較ではセルロースの加水分解結果は明らかでないが、後段の発酵設備での発酵処理時間が少なくとも二分の一となることからセルロース成分も幾分、分解され、発酵処理に好ましい被処理物となっていることがわかる。
Hereinafter, the method for producing an organic fertilizer of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples.
Waste mixed with manure and sawdust was collected from a cowshed in which sawdust was laid down to a thickness of 15 to 20 cm as the cellulose substrate, and used as organic waste. It was a mixture of excrement and sawdust in a volume ratio of 50:50 or less, with a moisture content of 87%, and the other component ratios were as shown in Figure 5. When this organic waste was treated for 30 to 60 minutes in the pretreatment equipment equipped with the superheated steam reactor shown in FIG. 1, it became the state shown in the photograph of FIG. 7. The component analysis values were as shown in Table 2 of FIG. 6, and the water content was 57%. Comparing the components in Tables 1 and 2, it was noted that the nitrogen content decreased as the water content decreased, and as a result, it seems that the amino acid content sublimated due to the peptidation of the high molecular protein. . Although the results of cellulose hydrolysis are not clear from the comparison between Tables 1 and 2, since the fermentation processing time in the subsequent fermentation equipment is at least halved, the cellulose component is also degraded to some extent, which is a desirable target for fermentation processing. It can be seen that it is a processed product.
前処理を終えた有機廃棄物に対してセルロース基質としておが屑を加えて、有機廃棄物の含水率が６０質量％となるように調節した。これに微生物を加えたのち発酵槽に投入して、固体培養を行った。微生物は、Bacillus subtilisとLactobacillus sp.1とAspergillus oryzaeとを使用した。 Sawdust was added as a cellulose substrate to the pretreated organic waste to adjust the moisture content of the organic waste to 60% by mass. After adding microorganisms to this, it was put into a fermenter to perform solid culture. The microorganisms used were Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus sp.1, and Aspergillus oryzae.
培養槽内に堆積した有機廃棄物の水分率が４０～７５質量％となり、有機廃棄物内部の温度が５５～８５℃となるように管理を行いつつ１カ月にわたって固体培養を行った。含水率の調節は、含水率の高い汚泥を追加することにより行った。温度の調節は、切り返しの頻度によって調節した。以下に、前処理条件と発酵処理によって得られた有機肥料の肥効とを陽イオン交換容量で比較した。 Solid culture was carried out for one month while controlling the moisture content of the organic waste deposited in the culture tank to be 40 to 75% by mass and the temperature inside the organic waste to be 55 to 85°C. The moisture content was adjusted by adding sludge with a high moisture content. The temperature was controlled by the frequency of switching. Below, the pretreatment conditions and the fertilizing effect of the organic fertilizer obtained by fermentation treatment were compared in terms of cation exchange capacity.
実施例１では２００℃前後の温度領域で、実施例２では２５０℃前後の温度領域で、実施例３では３００℃近傍の温度領域で図１の過熱蒸気反応炉で前処理した牛糞と、比較例１では前処理しない牛糞を使用した。発酵条件は同一とした。 Comparisons were made with cow dung pretreated in the superheated steam reactor shown in Figure 1 in a temperature range of around 200°C in Example 1, in a temperature range of around 250°C in Example 2, and in a temperature range of around 300°C in Example 3. In Example 1, cow dung without pretreatment was used. Fermentation conditions were the same.
実施例１ないし実施例３の方法では、前処理後の有機廃棄物は黒褐色に変化しており、図７の写真に示す通りであった。これを原料として発酵した有機肥料は、従来よりも短い期間であるわずか１カ月の発酵期間にもかかわらず、微生物が十分に繁殖しており、陽イオン交換容量は１００me/100g前後で、優れた肥効を発揮するが、比較例１では２か月以上の発酵期間でも一般平均値の５０me/100g前後であった。 In the methods of Examples 1 to 3, the organic waste after pretreatment turned blackish brown, as shown in the photograph of FIG. 7. The organic fertilizer fermented using this raw material has excellent microbial growth despite the fermentation period of just one month, which is shorter than conventional methods, and the cation exchange capacity is around 100me/100g. Although it exhibits a fertilizing effect, in Comparative Example 1, the general average value was around 50me/100g even after a fermentation period of 2 months or more.
土壌の粒度別陽イオン交換容量（CEC）は通常、粗粒質土壌で７～１２me/100g; 中粒質土壌で１２～２５me/100g; 細粒質土壌で２６～３５me/100gとされているところを見ると、一般有機肥料で５０me/100g前後と効果を発揮するのに対し、本考案の設備で前処理した有機肥料は発酵時間が二分の一以下に短縮されるだけでなく、陽イオン交換容量が１００me/100g前後となることを見ると、優れた養分保持効果を発揮することがわかる。 The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil by grain size is usually 7 to 12 me/100g for coarse grained soils; 12 to 25me/100g for medium grained soils; and 26 to 35me/100g for fine grained soils. However, while general organic fertilizers are effective at around 50me/100g, organic fertilizers pretreated with the equipment of this invention not only shorten fermentation time by half or more, but also contain cations. Considering that the exchange capacity is around 100me/100g, it can be seen that it exhibits an excellent nutrient retention effect.
１００ 過熱蒸気反応炉
２００ 発酵レーン
２０１ 走行レール
３００ 走行装置
Ｍ 切り返し装置
100
Claims (4)
前記前処理設備は、２００℃以上の過熱蒸気を製造し、該過熱蒸気を所定圧力で炉内に吹き込む過熱蒸気供給手段と、該過熱蒸気供給手段からの過熱蒸気と有機廃棄物とを攪拌混合しつつ取込口INから取出口OUTに炉内搬送する攪拌・搬送手段と、攪拌搬送される有機廃棄物を１５０℃以上３００℃以下の温度範囲で、過熱蒸気と反応させる反応制御手段とを有し、１５０℃以上３００℃以下の低温度で有機廃棄物をその炭化を抑制しつつ有機廃棄物を分解、脱臭、殺菌する過熱蒸気反応炉を備えることを特徴とする処理設備。 Organic waste selected from the group consisting of sludge, garbage, fishery waste, and animal or human excrement is pretreated to a state that is easy to ferment with microorganisms, and then the pretreated organic waste is fermented with microorganisms. A facility for producing organic fertilizer using pretreatment equipment and fermentation processing equipment,
The pretreatment equipment includes a superheated steam supply means for producing superheated steam of 200° C. or higher and blowing the superheated steam into the furnace at a predetermined pressure, and stirring and mixing the superheated steam from the superheated steam supply means and organic waste. a stirring/conveying means for transporting the organic waste from the intake port IN to the discharge port OUT in the furnace, and a reaction control means for reacting the organic waste being stirred and transported with superheated steam in a temperature range of 150°C or higher and 300°C or lower. A processing facility comprising a superheated steam reactor that decomposes, deodorizes, and sterilizes organic waste while suppressing its carbonization at a low temperature of 150° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower.
おが屑、木くず、わら、もみ殻、枝、樹皮、木チップ、乾燥草類を含む植物性セルロース基質材であって、平均１０±５ｍｍ長の破砕粉体。 The organic waste to be treated in the pretreatment equipment is a mixture containing a pretreatment accelerator containing a cellulose-containing base material selected from the following group in a volume ratio of 2:1 to 1:3 to the organic waste. The processing equipment according to claim 1.
A crushed powder of vegetable cellulose substrate material containing sawdust, wood chips, straw, rice husks, branches, bark, wood chips, and dried grasses, with an average length of 10±5 mm.
前記前処理設備は、２００℃以上の過熱蒸気を製造し、該過熱蒸気を所定圧力で炉内に吹き込む過熱蒸気供給手段と、該過熱蒸気供給手段からの過熱蒸気と有機廃棄物とを攪拌混合しつつ取込口INから取出口OUTに炉内搬送する攪拌・搬送手段と、攪拌搬送される有機廃棄物を１５０℃以上３００℃以下の温度範囲で、過熱蒸気と反応させる反応制御手段とを有し、１５０℃以上３００℃以下の低温度で有機廃棄物をその炭化を抑制しつつ有機廃棄物を分解、脱臭、殺菌する過熱蒸気反応炉を備え、
前記発酵処理設備では発酵処理される前処理済物が、前記低温分解処理された有機廃棄物と上記セルロース含有基材を含む発酵促進剤を容量比２：１から１：３の範囲で混合して調整した混合物であって、好気性環境下で発酵分解作用を有する微生物を下記の群から１以上選択される、処理設備。
記
細菌： Bacillus subtilis；Bacillus stearothermophilus；Clostridium thermocellum、
カビ： Aspergillus oryzae；Aspergillus niger；Aspergillus fumigatus；Chaetomium thermophile；Humicola lanuginosa；Rhizopus javanicus、
酵母： Candida glabrata；Debaryomyces hansenii；Hansenula anomala；Pichia membranaefaciens；Rhodotorula glutinis；Saccharomyces cerevisiae
放線菌： Actinobifida dichotom；Streptomyces griseus；Streptomyces thermophilus；Thermoactinomyces vulgaris；Thermomonospora glaucus Organic waste selected from the group consisting of sludge, garbage, fishery waste, and animal or human excrement is pretreated to a state that is easy to ferment with microorganisms, and then the pretreated organic waste is fermented with microorganisms. A facility for producing organic fertilizer using pretreatment equipment and fermentation processing equipment,
The pretreatment equipment includes a superheated steam supply means for producing superheated steam of 200° C. or higher and blowing the superheated steam into the furnace at a predetermined pressure, and stirring and mixing the superheated steam from the superheated steam supply means and organic waste. a stirring/conveying means for transporting the organic waste from the intake port IN to the discharge port OUT in the furnace, and a reaction control means for reacting the organic waste being stirred and transported with superheated steam in a temperature range of 150°C or higher and 300°C or lower. Equipped with a superheated steam reactor that decomposes, deodorizes, and sterilizes organic waste while suppressing its carbonization at a low temperature of 150°C or higher and 300°C or lower,
In the fermentation treatment equipment, the pretreated material to be fermented is mixed with the low-temperature decomposed organic waste and the fermentation promoter containing the cellulose-containing base material in a volume ratio of 2:1 to 1:3. A treatment facility in which one or more microorganisms having fermentation and decomposition effects are selected from the following groups in an aerobic environment.
Bacteria: Bacillus subtilis; Bacillus stearothermophilus; Clostridium thermocellum,
Mold: Aspergillus oryzae; Aspergillus niger; Aspergillus fumigatus; Chaetomium thermophile; Humicola lanuginosa; Rhizopus javanicus,
Yeast: Candida glabrata; Debaryomyces hansenii; Hansenula anomala; Pichia membranaefaciens; Rhodotorula glutinis; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Actinobacteria: Actinobifida dichotom; Streptomyces griseus; Streptomyces thermophilus; Thermoactinomyces vulgaris; Thermomonospora glaucus
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