JP3237496B2 - Injection molding method - Google Patents
Injection molding methodInfo
- Publication number
- JP3237496B2 JP3237496B2 JP33377595A JP33377595A JP3237496B2 JP 3237496 B2 JP3237496 B2 JP 3237496B2 JP 33377595 A JP33377595 A JP 33377595A JP 33377595 A JP33377595 A JP 33377595A JP 3237496 B2 JP3237496 B2 JP 3237496B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- mold
- pressure
- resin
- clamping force
- injection
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/46—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it into the mould
- B29C45/57—Exerting after-pressure on the moulding material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/46—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it into the mould
- B29C45/56—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it into the mould using mould parts movable during or after injection, e.g. injection-compression moulding
- B29C45/561—Injection-compression moulding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/46—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it into the mould
- B29C45/56—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it into the mould using mould parts movable during or after injection, e.g. injection-compression moulding
- B29C45/561—Injection-compression moulding
- B29C2045/563—Enlarging the mould cavity during injection
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、射出工程と保圧工
程の後に、型締め力増加による圧縮工程を加えた射出成
形方法に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an injection molding method in which a compression step by increasing a mold clamping force is added after an injection step and a dwelling step.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】従来、特公平４−７８０９３号公報に示
されるような射出成形方法が知られている。図４は同公
報に示された線図であり、溶融樹脂の射出開始から冷却
固化に至るまでの型内樹脂圧の変化を示している。この
射出成形方法は、型締めした金型のキャビティ内へ溶融
樹脂を射出し（射出工程）、キャビティ内が溶融樹脂で
満たされる直前に射出圧力を下げ（圧抜工程）、次に型
内樹脂圧を徐々に増加させて射出時の最大型内樹脂圧よ
りも大きな型内樹脂圧で保圧を行う（保圧工程）という
ものである。2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, an injection molding method as disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 4-78093 has been known. FIG. 4 is a diagram shown in the same publication, and shows a change in the resin pressure in the mold from the start of the injection of the molten resin to the cooling and solidification. In this injection molding method, the molten resin is injected into the cavity of the clamped mold (injection step), and the injection pressure is reduced immediately before the cavity is filled with the molten resin (depressurization step). The pressure is gradually increased, and the pressure is maintained at an in-mold resin pressure that is larger than the maximum in-mold resin pressure at the time of injection (a pressure holding step).
【０００３】この方法によれば、キャビティが溶融樹脂
で満たされる直前に射出圧力を下げるから、樹脂が固化
していない時点での型開きを防止することができる。ま
た、保圧工程では型内樹脂圧の増加に伴い型開きするこ
とになるが、溶融樹脂の表面が漸次冷却固定するので、
溶融樹脂が型の分割面の隙間に入り込むことがなく、バ
リの発生を防止することができる。According to this method, since the injection pressure is lowered immediately before the cavity is filled with the molten resin, it is possible to prevent the mold from opening when the resin is not solidified. In addition, in the pressure-holding step, the mold opens as the resin pressure in the mold increases, but since the surface of the molten resin is gradually cooled and fixed,
The molten resin does not enter into the gap between the divided surfaces of the mold, and the occurrence of burrs can be prevented.
【０００４】一方、キャビティへの溶融樹脂の充填後
に、金型を微駆動して溶融樹脂に圧縮力を作用させなが
ら成形を行う射出圧縮成形という方法が知られている。
従来のこの方法は、図５（ａ）に示すように、雌型５１
と雄型５２とでできるキャビティ５３内に溶融樹脂５４
を充填した後、雄型５２を雌型５１に対して押圧摺動さ
せることにより、余剰樹脂をゲート５５から外部に流出
させると共に、図５（ｂ）に示すように雄型５２でゲー
ト５５をカットし、ゲートカットと同時あるいはその後
さらに雄型５２を微駆動することにより、型内樹脂に圧
縮力を与えて成形するというものである。On the other hand, there is known a method called injection compression molding in which after a cavity is filled with a molten resin, a mold is finely driven to perform molding while applying a compressive force to the molten resin.
As shown in FIG. 5 (a), this conventional method uses a female mold 51.
Molten resin 54 in a cavity 53 formed by
After filling, the excess resin is caused to flow out of the gate 55 by pressing the male mold 52 against the female mold 51, and at the same time, the gate 55 is moved by the male mold 52 as shown in FIG. The male mold 52 is finely driven at the same time as or after the gate cut, and then a compression force is applied to the resin in the mold to perform molding.
【０００５】[0005]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】ところで、従来の射出
成形方法は、キャビティへの樹脂の充填後、射出成形機
側からの圧力により保圧をかけているが、肉ひけ、転写
性、樹脂歪み等の改善のために、更に高密度成形を行い
たいという要請があった。By the way, in the conventional injection molding method, after filling the cavity with the resin, the holding pressure is applied by the pressure from the injection molding machine side. There has been a request to further perform high-density molding in order to improve such properties.
【０００６】また、従来の射出圧縮成形方法は、高密度
成形が可能であるため、肉ひけや転写性といった点では
良好な成果が得られるものの、圧縮工程時にゲートから
の樹脂流れを伴うのでフローマークや樹脂歪みが発生す
る可能性があり、また金型の摺動部５６（図５参照）の
摩耗によりバリが出やすいという問題があった。The conventional injection compression molding method is capable of high-density molding, so that good results can be obtained in terms of, for example, sinking and transferability. There has been a problem that marks and resin distortion may occur, and burrs are likely to appear due to wear of the sliding portion 56 (see FIG. 5) of the mold.
【０００７】本発明は、上記事情を考慮し、高密度成形
が可能であり、しかも圧縮工程時の樹脂流れの問題や摺
動部の摩耗の問題を回避することができて、製品の寸法
精度を大幅に向上させることのできる射出成形方法を提
供することを目的とする。In view of the above circumstances, the present invention can perform high-density molding, and can also avoid the problem of resin flow during the compression step and the problem of wear of the sliding portion, thereby achieving dimensional accuracy of the product. An object of the present invention is to provide an injection molding method capable of greatly improving the injection molding method.
【０００８】[0008]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明の射出成形方法
は、低圧の第１の型締め力で型締めを行った後、キャビ
ティ内へ溶融樹脂を射出して、スキン硬化層を形成させ
つつ溶融樹脂の充填を行う射出工程と、キャビティ内が
溶融樹脂で満たされる直前に射出圧力を下げる圧抜工程
と、圧抜工程後に、型内樹脂圧を徐々に増加させて射出
時の最大型内樹脂圧よりも大きく、且つ前記第１の型締
め力を超える型内樹脂圧で保圧を行うことにより、金型
の分割面を開く保圧工程と、保圧工程後にゲートを閉
じ、ゲートを閉じた後、保圧工程で生じた分割面の開き
量を減少させるべく、前記第１の型締め力よりも高圧の
第２の型締め力で型締めを行う圧縮行程とを備えたこと
を特徴としている。その際、第１の型締め力は、第２の
型締め力の略１／２程度とするのが好ましい。According to the injection molding method of the present invention, after a mold is clamped by a first clamping force of a low pressure, a molten resin is injected into a cavity to form a cured skin layer. Injection step to fill the molten resin, depressurization step to lower the injection pressure just before the cavity is filled with the molten resin, and after depressurization step, gradually increase the in-mold resin pressure to increase the maximum greater than the resin pressure, by and performs pressure holding said first clamping force is exceeded type the resin pressure, a pressure holding process of opening the split surface of the mold, the gate after the pressure-holding step a closed
Flip, after closing the gate, in order to reduce the amount of opening of the divided surface caused by the pressure holding process, and a compression stroke to perform mold clamping with a second clamping force of pressure higher than the first clamping force It is characterized by having. At that time, the first clamping force is preferably set to a second clamping force substantially about half of.
【０００９】[0009]
【発明の実施の形態】以下、本発明の一実施形態を図面
に基づいて説明する。図１は射出成形方法の工程説明
図、図２は溶融樹脂の射出開始から冷却固化に至るまで
のラム圧と型内樹脂圧の変化および型開き量の変化を示
す線図、図３はこの射出成形方法を実施するのに用いる
金型と射出成形機の一例を示す構成図である。DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS One embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining the steps of the injection molding method, FIG. 2 is a diagram showing changes in the ram pressure, the resin pressure in the mold, and the amount of mold opening from the start of the injection of the molten resin to the cooling and solidification, and FIG. FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram illustrating an example of a mold and an injection molding machine used for performing an injection molding method.
【００１０】まず、金型Ａおよび射出成形機Ｂについて
説明するが、こられは一般的なものであるから簡単に説
明する。金型Ａの詳細を説明すると、１は可動型、２は
固定型、４は固定側取付板、５は固定側スペーサ、６は
可動側スペーサ、７は可動側取付板、８、９は突出板、
１０はロケートリング、１１はマニホールド、１２はト
ーピード、１３はランナーブッシュ、１４は突出ピン、
１５はランナー、１６は可動型１と固定型２との間に形
成されるキャビティ、１７はゲートである。１ａ、２ａ
は可動型１と固定型２の分割面である。この金型Ａに
は、油圧シリンダ式あるいはトグル機構式などの型締め
機構Ｃが付設されている。ただし、この型締め機構Ｃ
は、少なくとも２段階（低圧と高圧）に型締め力を調節
できる機能を持つものである。First, the mold A and the injection molding machine B will be described, but since these are common, they will be briefly described. To explain the details of the mold A, 1 is a movable type, 2 is a fixed type, 4 is a fixed side mounting plate, 5 is a fixed side spacer, 6 is a movable side spacer, 7 is a movable side mounting plate, and 8 and 9 are protruding. Board,
10 is a locate ring, 11 is a manifold, 12 is a torpedo, 13 is a runner bush, 14 is a protruding pin,
15 is a runner, 16 is a cavity formed between the movable mold 1 and the fixed mold 2, and 17 is a gate. 1a, 2a
Is a dividing surface of the movable mold 1 and the fixed mold 2. The mold A is provided with a mold clamping mechanism C such as a hydraulic cylinder type or a toggle mechanism type. However, this mold clamping mechanism C
Has a function of adjusting the mold clamping force in at least two stages (low pressure and high pressure).
【００１１】成形機Ｂについて説明すると、油圧シリン
ダ１８により往復駆動されるラム１９が、ヒータ２０で
加熱される加熱筒２１内に摺動自在に収容され、加熱筒
２１の後方上部にホッパー２２が備わり、先端にノズル
２３が備わっている。The molding machine B will be described. A ram 19 reciprocally driven by a hydraulic cylinder 18 is slidably accommodated in a heating cylinder 21 heated by a heater 20, and a hopper 22 is provided at an upper rear portion of the heating cylinder 21. A nozzle 23 is provided at the tip.
【００１２】次に、上述の金型Ａ、射出成形機Ｂ、型締
め機構Ｃを用いて行う射出成形方法について、図１、図
２を参照しながら説明する。なお、図１は金型Ａの構成
と動きを模式化して示している。Next, an injection molding method performed using the above-described mold A, injection molding machine B, and mold clamping mechanism C will be described with reference to FIGS. FIG. 1 schematically shows the configuration and movement of the mold A.
【００１３】この射出成形方法では、まず、図１（ａ）
のように、低圧の第１の型締め力（小）で型締めを行っ
た後、キャビティ１６内に溶融樹脂４１を射出する（射
出工程）。このとき、キャビティ１６内に溶融樹脂４１
が行き渡るのに伴い、溶融樹脂の表面には、冷却固化し
たスキン硬化層４２ができる。また、型内樹脂圧は徐々
に上昇して行く。In this injection molding method, first, FIG.
As described above, after the mold is clamped with the first mold clamping force (small) of low pressure, the molten resin 41 is injected into the cavity 16 (injection step). At this time, the molten resin 41
As a result, a skin-hardened layer 42 that has been cooled and solidified is formed on the surface of the molten resin. In addition, the in-mold resin pressure gradually increases.
【００１４】そして、型内が溶融樹脂４１で満たされる
直前に射出圧力をゼロにし（圧抜工程）、その状態を短
時間維持する。これにより、低圧で型締めしてあるもの
の、金型の分割面１ａ、２ａが開かない状態で、溶融樹
脂４１がキャビティ１６内に充填される。Immediately before the inside of the mold is filled with the molten resin 41, the injection pressure is reduced to zero (depressurizing step), and the state is maintained for a short time. As a result, although the mold is clamped at a low pressure, the molten resin 41 is filled into the cavity 16 in a state where the divided surfaces 1a and 2a of the mold are not opened.
【００１５】その後、ラム圧上昇により型内樹脂圧を高
めて行き、射出時の最大型内樹脂圧よりも大きく、且つ
第１の型締め力を越える型内樹脂圧となるよう保圧をか
けて行き（保圧工程）、それにより溶融樹脂４１の表面
に形成されたスキン硬化層４２を押し広げて、スキン硬
化層４２と型の内面との間に生じている隙間を埋め、肉
ひけを除去する。また、保圧の上昇により、図１（ｂ）
に示すように、低い型締め力で型締めした金型の分割面
１ａ、２ａを積極的に開かせる。このとき、溶融樹脂４
１の表面にはスキン硬化層が存在するので、樹脂が分割
面１ａ、２ａの隙間にはみ出すことはない。Thereafter, the resin pressure in the mold is increased by increasing the ram pressure, and a holding pressure is applied so that the resin pressure in the mold is larger than the maximum resin pressure in the mold at the time of injection and exceeds the first mold clamping force. (Pressure holding step), thereby spreading the hardened skin layer 42 formed on the surface of the molten resin 41 to fill a gap formed between the hardened skin layer 42 and the inner surface of the mold. Remove. In addition, due to the increase of the holding pressure, FIG.
As shown in (2), the mold divided surfaces 1a and 2a clamped with a low clamping force are positively opened. At this time, the molten resin 4
Since the skin hardened layer exists on the surface of No. 1, the resin does not protrude into the gap between the divided surfaces 1a and 2a.
【００１６】所定時間の保圧を行って、分割面１ａ、２
ａの開き量が最大値（例えば０．１５ｍｍ）に達したと
ころで、次に図１（ｃ）に示すように、ゲート１７をカ
ットする（閉じる）。そして、ゲートカット後、図１
（ｄ）に示すように、保圧工程で生じた分割面１ａ、２
ａの開き量を減少させるべく、第１の型締め力よりも高
圧の第２の型締め力で型締めを行う（圧縮工程）。これ
により、内部の樹脂が高圧縮された状態で成形されるこ
とになる。By maintaining the pressure for a predetermined time, the divided surfaces 1a, 2a
When the opening amount of “a” reaches the maximum value (for example, 0.15 mm), the gate 17 is cut (closed) as shown in FIG. 1C. Then, after the gate cut, FIG.
As shown in (d), the divided surfaces 1a and 2
In order to reduce the opening amount of a, mold clamping is performed with a second clamping force higher than the first clamping force (compression step). As a result, the resin inside is molded in a highly compressed state.
【００１７】従って、保圧工程までで終わっていた従来
の射出成形方法と比べて、肉ひけ、転写性、樹脂歪み等
の改善が図れる。また、保圧時に積極的に金型が開くよ
うにし、その後、型締め力の増大によって樹脂に圧縮力
を作用させるようにしているので、樹脂流れ等を伴わ
ず、キャビティ内の樹脂の均一化が図れる。また、圧縮
工程の際に金型を摺動させるわけではないから、摺動部
の摩耗によるバリの発生の可能性もない。[0017] Therefore, compared with the conventional injection molding method which has been completed up to the pressure holding step, it is possible to improve the thinning, transferability, resin distortion and the like. In addition, since the mold is positively opened at the time of holding pressure, and then the compressive force is applied to the resin by increasing the mold clamping force, the resin in the cavity is made uniform without the resin flowing. Can be achieved. In addition, since the mold is not slid during the compression step, there is no possibility that burrs are generated due to wear of the sliding portion.
【００１８】なお、型締め力は、第１の型締め力が第２
の型締め力の約１／２程度であるのが望ましい。また、
第２の型締め力で型締めを行った際、型開き量を必ずし
もゼロにしなくてもよい。The first clamping force is the second clamping force.
Is preferably about 1/2 of the mold clamping force. Also,
When the mold is clamped with the second mold clamping force, the mold opening amount does not necessarily have to be zero.
【００１９】[0019]
【発明の効果】以上説明したように、本発明によれば、
保圧工程の後に圧縮工程を付加し、高密度成形を可能に
したので、肉ひけや転写性、樹脂歪み等の成形性の改善
が図れる。また、圧縮工程では、型締め力を増大させる
ことにより、型開き量を減少させて、樹脂に圧縮力を作
用させるので、樹脂流れ等を伴わず、キャビティ内の樹
脂分布の均一化が図れる。また、圧縮工程で摺動させる
部分がないので、摩耗によるバリの発生もない。その結
果、製品の寸法精度を大幅に向上させることができる。As described above, according to the present invention,
A compression step is added after the pressure-holding step to enable high-density molding, so that moldability such as flaking, transferability, and resin distortion can be improved. Further, in the compression step, by increasing the mold clamping force, the amount of mold opening is reduced to apply a compressive force to the resin, so that the resin distribution in the cavity can be made uniform without the flow of resin or the like. Further, since there is no portion to be slid in the compression step, there is no generation of burrs due to wear. As a result, the dimensional accuracy of the product can be greatly improved.
【図１】本発明の射出成形方法の工程説明図である。FIG. 1 is a process explanatory view of an injection molding method of the present invention.
【図２】本発明の射出成形方法におけるラム圧、型内樹
脂圧、型開き量の時間変化を示す線図である。FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a time change of a ram pressure, a resin pressure in a mold, and a mold opening amount in the injection molding method of the present invention.
【図３】本発明の射出成形方法の実施に用いる金型およ
び射出成形機の一例を示す断面図である。FIG. 3 is a sectional view showing an example of a mold and an injection molding machine used for carrying out the injection molding method of the present invention.
【図４】従来の射出成形方法における型内樹脂圧の変化
を示す線図である。FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a change in in-mold resin pressure in a conventional injection molding method.
【図５】従来の射出圧縮成形方法の説明図である。FIG. 5 is an explanatory view of a conventional injection compression molding method.
Ｃ 型締め機構 １ 可動型 ２ 固定型 １ａ，２ａ 分割面 １６ キャビティ １７ ゲート ４１ 溶融樹脂 ４２ スキン硬化層 C Clamping mechanism 1 Movable mold 2 Fixed mold 1a, 2a Dividing surface 16 Cavity 17 Gate 41 Molten resin 42 Skin hardened layer
Claims (1)
後、キャビティ内へ溶融樹脂を射出して、スキン硬化層
を形成させつつ溶融樹脂の充填を行う射出工程と、 キャビティ内が溶融樹脂で満たされる直前に射出圧力を
下げる圧抜工程と、 圧抜工程後に、型内樹脂圧を徐々に増加させて射出時の
最大型内樹脂圧よりも大きく、且つ前記第１の型締め力
を超える型内樹脂圧で保圧を行うことにより、金型の分
割面を開く保圧工程と、 保圧工程後にゲートを閉じ、ゲートを閉じた後、保圧工
程で生じた分割面の開き量を減少させるべく、前記第１
の型締め力よりも高圧の第２の型締め力で型締めを行う
圧縮行程とを備えたことを特徴とする射出成形方法。An injection step of injecting a molten resin into a cavity and filling the molten resin while forming a cured skin layer after the mold is clamped with a first clamping force of a low pressure; A pressurizing step of lowering the injection pressure immediately before is filled with the molten resin; and, after the depressurizing step, gradually increasing the in-mold resin pressure to be greater than the maximum in-mold resin pressure at the time of injection, and the first mold by performing the pressure keeping the clamping force is exceeded type the resin pressure, a pressure holding process of opening the split surface of the mold, close the gate after the pressure holding process, after closing the gate, resulting in the pressure holding process division In order to reduce the opening amount of the surface, the first
And a compression step of clamping with a second clamping force higher than the clamping force.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP33377595A JP3237496B2 (en) | 1995-12-21 | 1995-12-21 | Injection molding method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP33377595A JP3237496B2 (en) | 1995-12-21 | 1995-12-21 | Injection molding method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH09174631A JPH09174631A (en) | 1997-07-08 |
| JP3237496B2 true JP3237496B2 (en) | 2001-12-10 |
Family
ID=18269824
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP33377595A Expired - Fee Related JP3237496B2 (en) | 1995-12-21 | 1995-12-21 | Injection molding method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3237496B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10141858B4 (en) | 2001-08-27 | 2010-06-17 | Kraussmaffei Technologies Gmbh | Method and device for producing sheet-like plastic molded parts, in particular plastic discs |
| AT520224B1 (en) * | 2017-07-20 | 2019-05-15 | Engel Austria Gmbh | Process for producing a molded part |
-
1995
- 1995-12-21 JP JP33377595A patent/JP3237496B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH09174631A (en) | 1997-07-08 |
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