JP3126603B2 - Ground improvement method - Google Patents
Ground improvement methodInfo
- Publication number
- JP3126603B2 JP3126603B2 JP06277190A JP27719094A JP3126603B2 JP 3126603 B2 JP3126603 B2 JP 3126603B2 JP 06277190 A JP06277190 A JP 06277190A JP 27719094 A JP27719094 A JP 27719094A JP 3126603 B2 JP3126603 B2 JP 3126603B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- water
- sandy ground
- ground
- sandy
- pipe member
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Landscapes
- Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、砂質地盤の改良方法に
関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for improving sandy ground.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】従来、地震時に液状化が生じやすい砂質
地盤中にドレン柱を形成し、前記ドレン柱の隣に、給水
源に接続された孔を有するパイプを設置した後、前記孔
から前記砂質地盤中に水を供給し、前記ドレン柱を介し
て前記砂質地盤中の間隙水を排水する砂質地盤の改良方
法（特開平２−３０８００７）が提案されている。2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, a drain column is formed in a sandy ground where liquefaction is likely to occur during an earthquake, and a pipe having a hole connected to a water supply source is installed next to the drain column. There has been proposed a method for improving a sandy ground in which water is supplied into the sandy ground and pore water in the sandy ground is drained through the drain columns (JP-A-2-308007).
【０００３】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】これによれば、砂質地
盤中に水を供給することにより該砂質地盤中にボイリン
グが生じ、前記ドレン柱からの排水により前記砂質地盤
が圧密し、前記砂質地盤が密度の高いものに改良され
る。According to this, by supplying water into the sandy ground, boiling occurs in the sandy ground, and the sandy ground is compacted by drainage from the drain column, The sandy ground is improved to have a high density.
【０００４】ところで、圧密された砂質地盤の砂粒子の
間隙をより小さいものにすれば、前記砂質地盤の密度は
より高いものとなり、前記砂質地盤をより強固にするこ
とができる。本発明の目的は、密度の高い砂質地盤に改
良するための地盤改良方法を提供することにある。By the way, if the gap between the sand particles in the compacted sandy ground is made smaller, the density of the sandy ground becomes higher, and the sandy ground can be made stronger. An object of the present invention is to provide a ground improvement method for improving sandy ground with high density.
【０００５】[0005]
【０００６】本発明は、砂質地盤中に水を注入し、これ
により前記砂質地盤中に浸透流を生じさせ、引き続き、
前記砂質地盤中の砂粒子より小さい多数の粒子が混合さ
れた水を前記砂質地盤中に注入し、その後、前記水の注
入を停止し、前記砂質地盤から水を吸引する。好ましく
は、前記水を断続的に注入する。また、前記砂粒子より
小さい粒子としてセメントや石灰のような固結性を有す
る物質を含むものとすることができる。[0006] The present invention provides a method for injecting water into a sandy ground, thereby causing a seepage flow in the sandy ground.
Water mixed with a large number of particles smaller than the sand particles in the sandy ground is injected into the sandy ground, and then the injection of the water is stopped, and water is sucked from the sandy ground. Preferably, the water is injected intermittently. Further, as particles smaller than the sand particles, a substance having a solidifying property such as cement or lime can be included.
【０００７】[0007]
【発明の作用および効果】本発明によれば、砂質地盤中
に水を注入して浸透流を生じさせ、これによりボイリン
グ状態にある前記砂質地盤中の水を吸引すると、前記砂
質地盤に圧密が生じる。前記水とともに前記砂質地盤中
に注入、分散された、砂粒子より小さい粒子は、吸水
時、砂粒子よる移動抵抗のためにその多くが砂粒子間の
間隙にとどまる。このため、密度の高い、高強度の被圧
密砂質地盤が得られる。According to the present invention, when water is injected into a sandy ground to generate a seepage flow, and thereby water in the sandy ground in a boiling state is sucked, the sandy ground is removed. Consolidation occurs. Most of the particles smaller than the sand particles, which are injected and dispersed into the sandy ground together with the water, stay in the gaps between the sand particles due to the migration resistance by the sand particles when absorbing water. For this reason, a dense sandy ground with high density and high strength can be obtained.
【０００８】前記砂質地盤への水の注入を断続的に行な
うことにより、これを連続的に行なう場合に比べて、前
記砂質地盤における注水領域をより流動性に富む状態と
し、吸水による前記砂質地盤の圧密の程度をより高める
ことができる。また、前記砂粒子より小さい粒子とし
て、固結性を有する物質からなるものまたは該物質が混
合されたものを用いるときは、前記固結性物質が周囲の
砂粒子と結合し、前記固結性物質の分散領域は固化す
る。固化した領域の砂粒子は前記固結性物質に拘束され
ているため、地震時、前記領域の砂が流動することはな
く、液状化が防止される。By injecting water into the sandy ground intermittently, the water injection region in the sandy ground is made more fluid, as compared with the case where water is continuously injected, and the water is absorbed by the water absorption. The degree of consolidation of the sandy ground can be further increased. Further, when a material composed of a substance having caking properties or a substance obtained by mixing the substances is used as the particles smaller than the sand particles, the caking substance is bonded to the surrounding sand particles, and the caking property is reduced. The dispersion area of the material solidifies. Since the sand particles in the solidified region are restrained by the caking substance, the sand in the region does not flow during an earthquake, and liquefaction is prevented.
【０００９】[0009]
【実施例】図１を参照すると、砂質地盤１０を改良する
ための本発明に係る方法は、例えば、高圧水コンプレッ
サのような給水源１２に接続された複数の孔１４と、揚
水ポンプのような負圧源１６に接続された複数の孔１８
とを有する、円形または多角形の横断面形状を有する管
部材２０を用いて行なうことができる。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIG. 1, a method according to the invention for improving a sandy ground 10 comprises a plurality of holes 14 connected to a water supply 12 such as, for example, a high-pressure water compressor, and a pump pump. A plurality of holes 18 connected to the negative pressure source 16
And a pipe member 20 having a circular or polygonal cross-sectional shape.
【００１０】給水源１２は導管２２および該導管に連な
る複数の枝管２４を介して複数の孔１４に接続されてい
る。給水源１２に連なる導管２２は管部材２０の内部を
下方へ伸び、各枝管２４は各孔１４に連なる。したがっ
て、給水源１２の水を各孔１４から管部材２０の外部に
放出することができる。The water supply source 12 is connected to a plurality of holes 14 through a conduit 22 and a plurality of branch pipes 24 connected to the conduit. A conduit 22 connected to the water supply source 12 extends downward inside the pipe member 20, and each branch pipe 24 connects to each hole 14. Therefore, the water of the water supply source 12 can be discharged to the outside of the pipe member 20 from each hole 14.
【００１１】また、負圧源１６は導管２６および該導管
に連なる複数の枝管２８を介して複数の孔１８に接続さ
れている。負圧源１６に連なる導管２６は管部材２０の
内部を下方へ伸び、各枝管２８は各孔１８に連なる。し
たがって、負圧源１６から各孔１８に負圧を及ぼすこと
ができる。なお、枝管２４，２８を適用する図示の例に
代えて、管２０の内部に、孔１４，１８にそれぞれ連な
る空間（図示せず）を形成し、これらの空間に導管２
２，２６をそれぞれ連通させてもよい。The negative pressure source 16 is connected to a plurality of holes 18 via a conduit 26 and a plurality of branch pipes 28 connected to the conduit. A conduit 26 connected to the negative pressure source 16 extends downward inside the pipe member 20, and each branch pipe 28 connects to each hole 18. Therefore, a negative pressure can be applied to each hole 18 from the negative pressure source 16. Instead of the illustrated example in which the branch pipes 24 and 28 are applied, spaces (not shown) connected to the holes 14 and 18 are formed inside the pipe 20 and the conduits 2 are formed in these spaces.
2, 26 may be communicated with each other.
【００１２】負圧源１６に接続された複数の孔１８は管
部材２０の下端部に設けられ、また、給水源１２に接続
された複数の孔１４は孔１８から上方へ間隔をおいた高
さ位置に設けられている。孔１８および孔１４の高さ位
置は逆であってもよい。図示の例では、孔１８からの地
盤中の砂粒子の吸引を防止するため、孔１８がフィルタ
２７で覆われている。A plurality of holes 18 connected to the negative pressure source 16 are provided at a lower end portion of the pipe member 20, and a plurality of holes 14 connected to the water supply source 12 have a height spaced upward from the hole 18. It is provided in the position. The height positions of the holes 18 and 14 may be reversed. In the illustrated example, the hole 18 is covered with a filter 27 to prevent suction of sand particles in the ground from the hole 18.
【００１３】複数の孔１４および複数の孔１８は、それ
ぞれ、管部材２０の周面に沿ってその周方向へ互いに間
隔をおいて配置されている。これにより、管部材２０の
周りの複数の方向へ水を放出することができ、また、管
部材２０の周りの複数の方向に関して吸引力を及ぼすこ
とができる。The plurality of holes 14 and the plurality of holes 18 are respectively arranged along the peripheral surface of the pipe member 20 at intervals in the circumferential direction. Thereby, water can be discharged in a plurality of directions around the tube member 20, and a suction force can be exerted in a plurality of directions around the tube member 20.
【００１４】砂質地盤１０の改良のため、先ず、砂質地
盤１０に管部材２０を鉛直に差し込む。To improve the sandy ground 10, first, the pipe member 20 is inserted vertically into the sandy ground 10.
【００１５】砂質地盤１０への管部材２０の差し込みま
たは挿入は、砂質地盤１０の土質、硬軟の程度等を考慮
して、管部材２０をクレーンのような揚重機（図示せ
ず）で吊り下げ、管部材２０をその自重により下降さ
せ、これを砂質地盤１０にめり込ませることにより、あ
るいは、管部材２０を吊持、下降させる間に該管部材の
下端から水を垂らし、これを砂質地盤１０にめり込ませ
ることにより、あるいは、これらの方法に代えてまたは
加えて、吊持された管部材２０に鉛直荷重を負荷してこ
れを砂質地盤１０に圧入または押し込むことにより、容
易にまた短時間で行なうことができる。管部材２０の差
し込み抵抗を小さくするため、管部材２０はテーパ状の
閉塞下端部を有する。In order to insert or insert the pipe member 20 into the sandy ground 10, the pipe member 20 is lifted by a lifting machine (not shown) such as a crane in consideration of the soil quality of the sandy ground 10, the degree of hardness and the like. By suspending, lowering the pipe member 20 by its own weight, and sinking it into the sandy ground 10, or suspending and lowering the pipe member 20, water is dropped from the lower end of the pipe member, By embedding this into the sandy ground 10, or instead of or in addition to these methods, a vertical load is applied to the suspended pipe member 20, and this is pressed or pressed into the sandy ground 10. This can be performed easily and in a short time. In order to reduce the insertion resistance of the tube member 20, the tube member 20 has a tapered closed lower end.
【００１６】改良される砂質地盤１０が既存の建物や構
造物（図示せず）の直下にある場合には、管部材２０
は、前記構造物の周囲から砂質地盤１０に傾斜させて押
し込む。If the sandy ground 10 to be improved is directly below an existing building or structure (not shown),
Is inclined and pushed into the sandy ground 10 from around the structure.
【００１７】管部材２０の砂質地盤１０への挿入は、孔
１４，１８が砂質地盤１０中に位置するまで、実際に
は、地盤改良が必要な深度に達するまで行なう。The pipe member 20 is inserted into the sandy ground 10 until the holes 14 and 18 are located in the sandy ground 10, in fact, until the depth at which the ground improvement is required is reached.
【００１８】管部材２０を砂質地盤１０に挿入した後、
給水源１２から各孔１４に水を送り、各孔１４から砂質
地盤１０中に水を噴射する（前記水の噴射方向を矢印２
９で示す。）。これにより、砂質地盤１０中に水を注入
する。前記水の噴射圧力は、孔１４の深度における砂質
地盤１０中の静水圧以上であって、前記水が噴射された
砂質地盤１０中に浸透流を生じる大きさに設定する。前
記浸透流を生じさせると、砂質地盤１０の一部すなわち
注水領域に過剰間隙水圧が発生し、前記注水領域がボイ
リングまたは流動化する。図２に前記注水領域３０を示
す。After inserting the pipe member 20 into the sandy ground 10,
Water is supplied from the water supply source 12 to each hole 14, and water is injected from each hole 14 into the sandy ground 10 (the direction of water injection is indicated by arrow 2
9. ). Thereby, water is injected into the sandy ground 10. The water injection pressure is set to a value which is equal to or higher than the hydrostatic pressure in the sandy ground 10 at the depth of the hole 14 and which generates a seepage flow in the sandy ground 10 from which the water has been injected. When the infiltration flow is generated, excessive pore water pressure is generated in a part of the sandy ground 10, that is, the water injection area, and the water injection area is boiled or fluidized. FIG. 2 shows the water injection area 30.
【００１９】各孔１４からの前記水の噴射は連続的にあ
るいは断続的に行なう。断続的な水の噴射は、連続的な
噴射と比べて、砂質地盤１０の流動化が促進されるので
好ましい。The injection of the water from each hole 14 is performed continuously or intermittently. The intermittent injection of water is preferable because the fluidization of the sandy ground 10 is promoted as compared with the continuous injection.
【００２０】砂質地盤１０への水の注入の間、給水源１
２に砂質地盤１０の砂粒子より小さい多数の粒子（以下
「微粒子」という。）、例えば、セメント、石灰、シリ
カ、ベントナイト、フライアッシュ等のうちのいずれか
１つまたはこれらのうちの少なくとも２つの混合物を供
給する。給水源１２には前記微粒子を貯蔵しこれを給水
源に供給するためのタンク３４が接続されている。これ
により、前記多数の微粒子が混合された水を、引き続
き、孔１４を介して砂質地盤１０中、より詳細には、注
水領域３０に注入する。砂質地盤１０中への前記微粒子
が混合された水の注入もまた断続的に行なうことが望ま
しい。図２に前記微粒子を含む水の噴射方向を矢印３２
で示す。これにより、前記微粒子は水により注水領域３
０の隅々に運ばれ、該領域中に分散される。During the injection of water into the sandy ground 10, the water supply source 1
Second, a large number of particles (hereinafter, referred to as “fine particles”) smaller than the sand particles of the sandy ground 10, for example, any one of cement, lime, silica, bentonite, fly ash, and the like, or at least two of them. Supply one mixture. A tank 34 for storing the fine particles and supplying the fine particles to the water supply source is connected to the water supply source 12. Thereby, the water mixed with the large number of fine particles is continuously injected into the sandy ground 10 through the holes 14, more specifically, into the water injection area 30. It is also desirable that the water mixed with the fine particles is injected into the sandy ground 10 intermittently. In FIG. 2, the direction of spraying the water containing the fine particles is indicated by an arrow 32.
Indicated by As a result, the fine particles are injected into the water injection region 3 by water.
Zeros are carried to every corner and dispersed throughout the area.
【００２１】その後、前記水の噴射または水の供給を停
止し、負圧源１６から各孔１８に負圧を及ぼす（図
３）。その結果、砂質地盤１０中の水、特に、注水領域
すなわち流動化領域３０の水が各孔１８を介して負圧源
１６に吸引される（吸引される水の流動方向を矢印３６
で示す。）。吸引される水中の前記微粒子（図３に符号
３８で示す。）はその周囲の土粒子または砂粒子により
進行を妨害されるため、その大部分が孔１８まで到達す
ることなく、前記土粒子または砂粒子間に残留する。Thereafter, the injection of the water or the supply of the water is stopped, and a negative pressure is applied from the negative pressure source 16 to each hole 18 (FIG. 3). As a result, the water in the sandy ground 10, particularly, the water in the water injection area, that is, the fluidization area 30, is sucked into the negative pressure source 16 through each hole 18 (the flow direction of the sucked water is indicated by an arrow 36).
Indicated by ). The fine particles in the water to be sucked (indicated by reference numeral 38 in FIG. 3) are hindered from traveling by the soil particles or sand particles around the water. It remains between sand particles.
【００２２】砂質地盤１０中の水の吸引により、領域３
０のボイリングが収まり、領域３０はその内部の土粒子
または砂粒子の相互間隔および微粒子３８の相互間隔が
領域３０の周囲地盤の土圧によりせばめられ、圧密され
る（土圧の作用方向を矢印４０で示す。）。圧密された
領域３０は、前記土粒子または砂粒子間に残留する多数
の微粒子３８の存在のため、間隙率は低く、したがって
密度は高く、また、圧縮強度は高い。このようにして、
砂質地盤１０の一部が改良される（図４に改良領域を符
号４２で示す。）。The suction of the water in the sandy ground 10 causes the area 3
0 is settled, and the region 30 is compacted by the soil pressure of the soil or sand particles inside and the space between the fine particles 38 are narrowed by the earth pressure of the ground surrounding the region 30 (the direction of action of the earth pressure is indicated by an arrow). 40.). The compacted area 30 has a low porosity and therefore a high density and a high compressive strength due to the presence of a large number of fine particles 38 remaining between the soil or sand particles. In this way,
A part of the sandy ground 10 is improved (the improved area is indicated by reference numeral 42 in FIG. 4).
【００２３】特に、前記微粒子が前記セメントや石灰の
ような固結性を有する物質からなる場合、あるいは、前
記固結性を有する物質と、前記シリカ、ベントナイト、
フライアッシュのような固結性を有しない物質との混合
物からなる場合、これらの微粒子は前記水および前記土
粒子または砂粒子の存在下で前記土粒子または砂粒子を
結合し、固化する性質を有する。このため、改良領域４
０が地震力を受けるとき、改良領域４０内の前記土粒子
または砂粒子が流動することはなく、その液状化が防止
される。In particular, when the fine particles are made of a solidifying substance such as cement or lime, or the solidifying substance is mixed with the silica, bentonite,
When composed of a mixture with a non-consolidating substance such as fly ash, these fine particles have a property of binding and solidifying the soil particles or sand particles in the presence of the water and the soil particles or sand particles. Have. Therefore, improvement area 4
When zero is subjected to seismic force, the soil or sand particles in the improved area 40 do not flow and their liquefaction is prevented.
【００２４】ところで、領域３０の圧密の結果、管部材
２０の周囲の地表面が沈下することがある。この場合に
は、地盤改良の終了後、沈下地表面に土砂を運び入れて
水平に修復する。また、前記構造物下の地盤改良を行な
った結果、前記構造物下の地表面が沈下するときは、こ
れを平らにするため、前記構造物の周囲からその地表面
上にモルタルのような裏込め材を供給する。Incidentally, as a result of the compaction of the region 30, the ground surface around the pipe member 20 may sink. In this case, after the ground improvement is completed, earth and sand are brought into the surface of the submerged ground to restore the ground horizontally. Further, when the ground surface under the structure sinks as a result of performing the ground improvement under the structure, if the ground surface under the structure sinks, the back surface such as mortar is placed on the ground surface from around the structure in order to flatten it. Supply packing material.
【００２５】図４に示すように、砂質地盤１０中の一部
４２の改良後、管部材２０を引き上げ、改良領域４２に
隣接する上方の砂質地盤の一部４４を前記したと同様に
して改良することができる。この例では、管部材２０の
下端部が改良領域４２の上部に位置するまで管部材２０
を引き上げる。管部材２０のその挿入域に沿って複数の
改良領域を上方へ積み上げるように形成することによ
り、ほぼ柱状の地盤改良域を形成することができる。As shown in FIG. 4, after the part 42 in the sandy ground 10 has been improved, the pipe member 20 is lifted, and the part 44 of the upper sandy ground adjacent to the improved area 42 is made in the same manner as described above. Can be improved. In this example, until the lower end of the pipe member 20 is positioned above the improvement area 42, the pipe member 20
Pull up. By forming the plurality of improvement regions to be stacked up along the insertion region of the pipe member 20, a substantially columnar ground improvement region can be formed.
【図１】砂質地盤に差し込まれた管部材の概略的な縦断
面図である。FIG. 1 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of a pipe member inserted into sandy ground.
【図２】負圧源を省略した管部材と、該管部材の孔から
噴射した水により流動化した状態にある砂質地盤の断面
図である。FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a pipe member from which a negative pressure source is omitted and a sandy ground in a state of being fluidized by water jetted from a hole of the pipe member.
【図３】給水源および負圧源を省略して示す管部材の孔
から水を吸引されている状態にある砂質地盤の断面図で
ある。FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the sandy ground in a state where water is being sucked from a hole of a pipe member, which is omitted from a water supply source and a negative pressure source.
【図４】地盤改良部を有する砂質地盤の断面図である。FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a sandy ground having a ground improvement part.
１０ 砂質地盤 １２ 給水源 １６ 負圧源 ２０ 管部材 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Sandy ground 12 Water supply source 16 Negative pressure source 20 Pipe member
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (56)参考文献 特開 平２−296923（ＪＰ，Ａ) 特開 昭50−144217（ＪＰ，Ａ) 特開 昭63−233113（ＪＰ，Ａ) 特開 平３−43514（ＪＰ，Ａ) 特開 平３−293423（ＪＰ，Ａ) 特公 昭45−3005（ＪＰ，Ｂ１) (58)調査した分野(Int.Cl.7，ＤＢ名) E02D 3/10 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continuation of the front page (56) References JP-A-2-296923 (JP, A) JP-A-50-144217 (JP, A) JP-A-63-233113 (JP, A) JP-A-3-29613 43514 (JP, A) JP-A-3-293423 (JP, A) JP-B-45-3005 (JP, B1) (58) Fields investigated (Int. Cl. 7 , DB name) E02D 3/10
Claims (3)
記砂質地盤中に浸透流を生じさせ、引き続き、前記砂質
地盤中の砂粒子より小さい多数の粒子が混合された水を
前記砂質地盤中に注入し、その後、前記水の注入を停止
し、前記砂質地盤から水を吸引する、砂質地盤改良方
法。1. Injecting water into a sandy ground, thereby creating a seepage flow in the sandy ground, and subsequently, mixing water containing a large number of particles smaller than the sand particles in the sandy ground. A method for improving the sandy ground, wherein the water is injected into the sandy ground, and thereafter, the injection of the water is stopped, and the water is sucked from the sandy ground.
記載の方法。2. The method of claim 1, wherein the water is injected intermittently.
請求項１に記載の方法。3. The particles include a substance having caking properties,
The method of claim 1.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP06277190A JP3126603B2 (en) | 1994-10-18 | 1994-10-18 | Ground improvement method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP06277190A JP3126603B2 (en) | 1994-10-18 | 1994-10-18 | Ground improvement method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH08113939A JPH08113939A (en) | 1996-05-07 |
| JP3126603B2 true JP3126603B2 (en) | 2001-01-22 |
Family
ID=17580067
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP06277190A Expired - Fee Related JP3126603B2 (en) | 1994-10-18 | 1994-10-18 | Ground improvement method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3126603B2 (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104912126B (en) * | 2015-06-02 | 2017-01-11 | 山西省交通科学研究院 | Polluted-soil restoration system applicable to soft-soil foundation and restoration method |
| CN105133569B (en) * | 2015-08-20 | 2016-11-30 | 中冶集团武汉勘察研究院有限公司 | A kind of exciting discharging consolidation processes the method for saturated soil ground |
-
1994
- 1994-10-18 JP JP06277190A patent/JP3126603B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH08113939A (en) | 1996-05-07 |
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