JP3068629B2 - Electric vacuum cleaner - Google Patents
Electric vacuum cleanerInfo
- Publication number
- JP3068629B2 JP3068629B2 JP2127285A JP12728590A JP3068629B2 JP 3068629 B2 JP3068629 B2 JP 3068629B2 JP 2127285 A JP2127285 A JP 2127285A JP 12728590 A JP12728590 A JP 12728590A JP 3068629 B2 JP3068629 B2 JP 3068629B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- vacuum cleaner
- double layer
- electric double
- layer capacitor
- activated carbon
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Landscapes
- Electric Vacuum Cleaner (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 産業上の利用分野 本発明は、電気二重層キャパシタと蓄電池とで駆動す
る電気掃除機に関するものである。Description: TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a vacuum cleaner driven by an electric double layer capacitor and a storage battery.
従来の技術 電気掃除機は従来100VのAC電源を用いるものが主流で
ある。これに対し乾電池式や充電式などのコードレス掃
除機も用いられるようになってきている。AC電源を用い
るものは吸引力など掃除性能の点では非常に優れている
が、掃除をする時長いコードがじゃまになりコードレス
化の要求が増してきた。このような要求に対して開発さ
れた充電式の掃除機は、電源としてNi−Cdや鉛などの二
次電池を用いるもので操作は非常に便利である。しかし
ながら、（１）一回の使用時の充電に長時間要するこ
と、（２）瞬時に大きな吸引力が得られないこと、
（３）冬季の低温時には大きな吸引力が得られないこ
と、（４）重量が重いこと、（５）定期的に電池の交換
が必要であることなどの問題点を有している。2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, the mainstream of vacuum cleaners uses a 100V AC power supply. On the other hand, cordless vacuum cleaners such as dry cell type and rechargeable type have been used. Those using an AC power supply are very good in terms of cleaning performance, such as suction power, but when cleaning, long cords are in the way and the demand for cordless is increasing. The rechargeable vacuum cleaner developed for such a demand uses a secondary battery such as Ni-Cd or lead as a power source, and is very convenient to operate. However, (1) that it takes a long time to charge in one use, (2) that a large suction force cannot be obtained instantaneously,
(3) There is a problem that a large suction force cannot be obtained at a low temperature in winter, (4) the weight is heavy, and (5) the battery needs to be periodically replaced.
発明が解決しようとする課題 従来のように鉛蓄電池やNi−Cd電池のような二次電池
を駆動源とする電気掃除機はコードレスにできる反面上
記の（１）〜（５）のような課題を有している。これら
の課題は以下に記述するように二次電池の原理と構成と
に起因することである。Problems to be Solved by the Invention A conventional vacuum cleaner using a secondary battery such as a lead storage battery or a Ni-Cd battery as a drive source can be made cordless, but has the above-mentioned problems (1) to (5). have. These problems are attributable to the principle and configuration of the secondary battery as described below.
（１）パワー密度が小さい。(1) The power density is small.
電池は放電が電極と電解液との電気化学反応過程を含
むために瞬時に流すことのできる電流値が制限される。
このため積載が必要な電池の容量は、モータ始動時やモ
ータに逆の負荷がかかるような大電流放電時の電流値に
より決まり、この値は定常使用時の電流値により非常に
大きなものになってしまう。すなわち、重量当りに流す
ことの可能な最大電流値が小さいために電池の総重量を
大きくせざるを得ない。In a battery, the amount of current that can flow instantaneously is limited because discharge involves an electrochemical reaction process between an electrode and an electrolytic solution.
For this reason, the capacity of the battery that needs to be loaded is determined by the current value at the time of starting the motor or at the time of discharging a large current such that a reverse load is applied to the motor, and this value becomes very large due to the current value during steady use. Would. That is, since the maximum current value that can flow per weight is small, the total weight of the battery must be increased.
（２）充放電サイクル寿命が短い。(2) The charge / discharge cycle life is short.
電池は充電放電サイクルが電極と電解液との電気化学
反応過程（酸化還元反応）を含むために、初期の電池特
性を維持できるサイクル寿命には限度がある。通常の鉛
蓄電池では500サイクルである。Since the charge and discharge cycle of a battery includes an electrochemical reaction process (oxidation-reduction reaction) between an electrode and an electrolyte, the cycle life that can maintain the initial battery characteristics is limited. A typical lead-acid battery has 500 cycles.
（３）使用温度範囲が狭い。(3) The operating temperature range is narrow.
上記のように電気化学反応プロセスは雰囲気温度によ
り反応の進行速度が大きく影響される。特に０゜以下の
低温では酸化還元反応の速度、電解液中でのイオンの移
動度などが極端に小さくなるために電池の起電力が小さ
くなったり、内部抵抗値が大きくなって大電流充放電が
困難になる。As described above, the progress rate of the electrochemical reaction process is greatly affected by the ambient temperature. In particular, at a low temperature of 0 ° or less, the speed of the oxidation-reduction reaction and the mobility of ions in the electrolytic solution become extremely small, so that the electromotive force of the battery becomes small, and the internal resistance becomes large, resulting in a large current charge / discharge. Becomes difficult.
（４）構成材料に鉛と硫酸を使用している。(4) Lead and sulfuric acid are used as constituent materials.
鉛蓄電池は、電極と鉛と酸化鉛を、電解液に硫酸水溶
液を用いているために使用後廃棄時に公害廃棄物処理の
必要がある。Since lead acid batteries use electrodes, lead and lead oxide, and an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid as an electrolytic solution, it is necessary to dispose of pollutant waste at the time of disposal after use.
（５）充電に長時間を要する。(5) It takes a long time to charge.
充電電流の大きさが制限されるために充電に長い時間
を要する。A long time is required for charging because the magnitude of the charging current is limited.
電源として二次電池を用いる限りこれらの点は改善す
るべき課題として残る。（１）から（５）の課題を解決
するためには電気掃除機の電源系を抜本的に考え直さな
ければならない。As long as a secondary battery is used as a power source, these points remain as issues to be improved. In order to solve the problems (1) to (5), the power supply system of the vacuum cleaner needs to be drastically reconsidered.
課題を解決するための手段 本発明は、上記目標を達成するためのもので、電気二
重層キャパシタと蓄電池とで駆動するモータを動力源と
する電気掃除機である。Means for Solving the Problems The present invention is to achieve the above-mentioned object, and is an electric vacuum cleaner using a motor driven by an electric double layer capacitor and a storage battery as a power source.
作用 本発明によれば、充放電時の制限がほとんどなく大電
流を流すことが可能で、低温での充放電特性に優れ、パ
ワー密度が大きく、メンテナスフリーで充放電サイクル
寿命が半永久の電気二重層キャパシタを電源に用いてい
るために軽量、小型、無公害で吸引力など掃除性能に優
れた電気掃除機を得ることができるとともにコードレス
になるために掃除操作が非常に便利である。Effect According to the present invention, a large current can be passed with almost no limitation at the time of charge / discharge, the charge / discharge characteristics at a low temperature are excellent, the power density is large, the maintenance-free and the charge / discharge cycle life is semi-permanent. Since the multilayer capacitor is used as a power supply, a vacuum cleaner having a light weight, a small size, a non-polluting and excellent suction performance such as suction power can be obtained, and a cleaning operation is very convenient because it is cordless.
実施例 次に本発明の具体的な実施例について述べる。（実施
例−１） 第１図のように、電気二重層キャパシタ１、鉛蓄電池
41、DC−ACコンバータ２、インバータ３、ACモータ４、
吸引部５、充電端子６、切り換えスイッチ７からなる掃
除部８と充電電源９、ACコード10、充電端子11からなる
電源部12とから構成される電気掃除機。ただし、電気二
重層キャパシタ１は、以下のものを用いた：活性炭粉末
（比表面積:2000m2/g、平均粒径:2μｍ）10重量部とア
セチレンブラック２重量部とを水とメタノールの混合溶
液に均一に分散する。カルボキシメチルセルロース（CM
C、カルボキシル基のプロトンの一部をNaイオンで置換
した物）２重量部を水に溶解する。両方の液を更に混合
撹して活性炭スラリーとする。Next, specific examples of the present invention will be described. (Example-1) As shown in Fig. 1, electric double layer capacitor 1, lead storage battery
41, DC-AC converter 2, inverter 3, AC motor 4,
An electric vacuum cleaner comprising a cleaning unit 8 including a suction unit 5, a charging terminal 6, and a changeover switch 7, and a power supply unit 12 including a charging power source 9, an AC cord 10, and a charging terminal 11. However, the following electric double layer capacitor 1 was used: a mixed solution of 10 parts by weight of activated carbon powder (specific surface area: 2000 m 2 / g, average particle size: 2 μm) and 2 parts by weight of acetylene black in water and methanol Disperse evenly. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CM
C, in which part of the protons of the carboxyl group is replaced by Na ions) 2 parts by weight are dissolved in water. Both liquids are further mixed and stirred to obtain an activated carbon slurry.
第２図に示すように、厚さ20μｍの化学エッチング法に
よって粗面化したアルミニウム箔（200mm幅、5m長さ）2
0、の両面に活性炭スラリーを浸漬法で付着する。空気
中で30分乾燥後100℃で60分遠赤外線乾燥し活性炭電極2
1、22を製膜する。得られた箔状電極体の一対23,24を、
セパレータ25を介して捲回する。電解液としてプロピレ
ンカーボネート液にテトラエチルアンモニウムテトラフ
ルオロボレート1mol/l溶解し、アルミニウムケース26、
アルミニウムリード電極27、28、ゴムパッキン29でハウ
ジング完成する。このようにして作製した電気二重層キ
ャパシタ単セルを３個直列接続した。As shown in FIG. 2, a 20 μm-thick aluminum foil (200 mm width, 5 m length) roughened by chemical etching
Activated carbon slurry is adhered to both surfaces of 0 by a dipping method. Activated carbon electrode 2 after drying in air for 30 minutes and far infrared drying at 100 ° C for 60 minutes
Films 1 and 22 are formed. A pair 23, 24 of the obtained foil-like electrode body,
It is wound through the separator 25. Dissolve 1 mol / l of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in a propylene carbonate solution as an electrolytic solution, aluminum case 26,
The housing is completed with aluminum lead electrodes 27 and 28 and rubber packing 29. Three electric double layer capacitor single cells thus manufactured were connected in series.
駆動電圧は9Vから6Vの範囲である。鉛蓄電池は前記電
気二重層キャパシタと並列に接続した。The drive voltage ranges from 9V to 6V. The lead storage battery was connected in parallel with the electric double layer capacitor.
（実施例−２） 実施例−１と同じ構成の電気二重層キャパシタ単セル
を３個直列接続して直接DCモータを駆動する電気掃除機
を作製した。(Example-2) An electric vacuum cleaner for directly driving a DC motor was manufactured by connecting three electric double layer capacitor single cells having the same configuration as in Example-1 in series.
（実施例−３） 実施例−１と同じ構成の電気二重層キャパシタ40、鉛
蓄電池41、DC−ACコンバータ42、インバータ43、ACモー
タ44、吸引部45とから構成される掃除部を有する電気掃
除機を作製した（第４図）。なお、他の部分は実施例−
１と同じである。(Embodiment 3) Electricity having a cleaning unit including an electric double layer capacitor 40, a lead storage battery 41, a DC-AC converter 42, an inverter 43, an AC motor 44, and a suction unit 45 having the same configuration as that of Embodiment 1. A vacuum cleaner was made (FIG. 4). The other parts are the same as those of Example-
Same as 1.
（参考例） 第３図のように、電気二重層キャパシタ30、DC−ACコ
ンバータ31、昇圧トランス32とDCモータ33とを動力源と
する電気掃除機を作製した。吸引部、電源部など他の部
分は実施例−１と同じである。ただし電気二重層キャパ
シタは、活性炭繊維布（目付け200g/m2、平織、比表面
積2000m2/g）を分極性電極とし、この片面にニッケルを
プラズマ溶射した。これをセパレータを介して対向して
積層しKOH水溶液を電解液に用いた。外装は変性ポリエ
チレンでラミネート封口した平板状である。これを３個
並列に接続した。(Reference Example) As shown in FIG. 3, an electric vacuum cleaner was manufactured using an electric double layer capacitor 30, a DC-AC converter 31, a step-up transformer 32, and a DC motor 33 as power sources. Other parts such as a suction unit and a power supply unit are the same as those of the first embodiment. However, in the electric double layer capacitor, activated carbon fiber cloth (basis weight: 200 g / m 2 , plain weave, specific surface area: 2000 m 2 / g) was used as a polarizable electrode, and nickel was plasma-sprayed on one surface of the polarizable electrode. These were stacked facing each other with a separator interposed therebetween, and an aqueous KOH solution was used as an electrolyte. The exterior is in the form of a flat plate laminated and sealed with modified polyethylene. Three of these were connected in parallel.
以上の実施例、参考例の電気掃除機の特徴を表に示
す。同表に比較例の特徴もあわせて示す。但し、比較例
−１は、鉛蓄電池を動力源とするもの、比較例−２はAC
電源を用いたものである。但しパワー密度および充電時
間は、比較例を１とした時の比率で示してある。特に実
施例−１の構成の電気二重層キャパシタは内部抵抗が低
く本発明の実施には有効である。Tables show the features of the vacuum cleaners of the above embodiment and reference example. The table also shows the features of the comparative example. However, Comparative Example-1 uses a lead storage battery as a power source, and Comparative Example-2 uses AC power.
It uses a power supply. However, the power density and the charging time are shown as ratios when the comparative example is set to 1. In particular, the electric double layer capacitor having the configuration of the first embodiment has a low internal resistance and is effective for implementing the invention.
本発明の電気二重層キャパシタは大電流で瞬時に充電
できることから掃除操作の時に掃除部を充電電源部に短
時間置いて充電するだけでキャパシタがフル充電され
る。このように非常に短い時間 でキャパシタが充電されるならば、掃除部のキャパシタ
に蓄電可能な必要電気容量は、実際に連続で吸引操作を
行う時間だけモータの回転を維持できる容量で十分であ
る。二次電池は電気二重層キャパシタよりも蓄電可能な
電気容量が100倍以上であるにも関わらず急速な充電が
不可能であるためにこのような使い方をすることができ
ない。低抵抗の電気二重層キャパシタによってのみ初め
て実現する画期的な掃除機である。Since the electric double layer capacitor of the present invention can be instantaneously charged with a large current, the capacitor is fully charged simply by placing the cleaning unit on the charging power supply unit for a short time during the cleaning operation and charging. So very short time If the capacitor is charged by the above, the required electric capacity that can be stored in the capacitor of the cleaning unit is sufficient to be able to maintain the rotation of the motor for the time for actually performing the suction operation continuously. The secondary battery cannot be used in this way because it cannot be rapidly charged even though the electric capacity that can be stored is more than 100 times that of the electric double layer capacitor. This is an epoch-making vacuum cleaner realized only with a low-resistance electric double layer capacitor.
なお、電気二重層キャパシタは活性炭を分極性電極と
し、有機電解液または水溶液を電解液とする構成、ま
た、導電性基体と導電性基体上の活性炭、水溶性のバイ
ンダとからなる層、またはこれに導電性付与剤を添加し
た層とをセパレータを介して対向して配置したものと、
有機系電解液とから構成することもできる。さらに電気
二重層キャパシタを、水にメチルセルロースまたはカル
ボキシメチルセルロースを溶解した液と、活性炭、導電
性付与剤とを混合分散した溶液を塗布、浸漬、印刷のい
ずれかによってアルミニウム基体上に担持し、乾燥し、
セパレータを介して基体を対向して配置した構成とする
こともできる。The electric double layer capacitor has a configuration in which activated carbon is used as a polarizable electrode and an organic electrolytic solution or an aqueous solution is used as an electrolytic solution, or a layer composed of a conductive substrate and activated carbon on a conductive substrate, a water-soluble binder, or A layer in which a conductivity-imparting agent is added and a layer arranged opposite to each other with a separator interposed therebetween,
It can also be composed of an organic electrolytic solution. Further, the electric double layer capacitor is supported on an aluminum substrate by coating, dipping, or printing a solution obtained by mixing and dispersing a liquid obtained by dissolving methylcellulose or carboxymethylcellulose in water with an activated carbon and a conductivity-imparting agent, followed by drying. ,
A configuration in which the substrates are opposed to each other with a separator interposed therebetween can also be employed.
発明の効果 以上のように本発明によれば、パワー密度が大きく、
使用温度範囲が広く、メンテナスンフリーで、充電時間
が短く、半永久的に使用可能で、無公害構成の電気二重
層キャパシタを駆動電源とする掃除性能に優れた小型軽
量でコードレスの電気掃除機を得ることができる。Effect of the Invention As described above, according to the present invention, the power density is large,
A compact, lightweight, cordless vacuum cleaner with a wide operating temperature range, maintenance-free, short charging time, semi-permanent use, and excellent cleaning performance driven by an electric double layer capacitor with no pollution. Obtainable.
第１図、第３図および第４図は、本発明の電気掃除機ま
たはその駆動部の原理構成図、第２図は同掃除機に用い
る一例の電気二重層キャパシタの構成図である。 １……電気二重層キャパシタ、41……鉛蓄電池、２……
DC−ACコンバータ、３……インバータ、４……ACモー
タ、５……吸引部、６……充電端子、７……切り換えス
イッチ、８……掃除部、９……充電電源、10……ACコー
ド、11……充電端子、12……電源部。FIGS. 1, 3, and 4 are diagrams showing the principle configuration of a vacuum cleaner or a drive unit thereof according to the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of an electric double layer capacitor used in the vacuum cleaner. 1 ... electric double layer capacitor, 41 ... lead storage battery, 2 ...
DC-AC converter, 3 ... Inverter, 4 ... AC motor, 5 ... Suction unit, 6 ... Charging terminal, 7 ... Switch, 8 ... Cleaning unit, 9 ... Charging power supply, 10 ... AC Cord, 11 ... charging terminal, 12 ... power supply.
フロントページの続き (56)参考文献 特開 昭63−277024（ＪＰ，Ａ) 特開 昭58−183129（ＪＰ，Ａ) 実開 昭61−168626（ＪＰ，Ｕ)Continuation of the front page (56) References JP-A-63-277024 (JP, A) JP-A-58-183129 (JP, A) Jikai Sho 61-168626 (JP, U)
Claims (2)
ボキシメチルセルロースから構成される活性炭層を分極
性電極とする電気二重層キャパシタと蓄電池とが並列に
構成された駆動源と、DC/ACコンバータ、インバータの
順次介して前記駆動源の出力により駆動するAC駆動モー
タと、前記駆動モータを動力源とする吸引機構部とから
なる電気掃除機。An electric double layer capacitor having an activated carbon layer composed of activated carbon powder, acetylene black and carboxymethylcellulose as a polarizable electrode and a storage battery in parallel, and a DC / AC converter and an inverter in this order. An electric vacuum cleaner comprising: an AC drive motor driven by an output of the drive source via the drive source; and a suction mechanism using the drive motor as a power source.
ボキシメチルセルロースから構成される活性炭層を分極
性電極とする電気二重層キャパシタと蓄電池とが並列に
構成された駆動源と、DC/ACコンバータ、インバータを
順次介して前記駆動源の出力により駆動するAC駆動モー
タと、前記駆動モータを動力源とする吸引機構部とから
なる電気掃除機で、使用時にコードレスの駆動部で吸引
操作し、使用時一時休止の毎に掃除部を充電電源部に置
いて前記電気二重層キャパシタ及び／または蓄電池を充
電する電気掃除機。2. A drive source in which an electric double layer capacitor having an activated carbon layer composed of activated carbon powder, acetylene black and carboxymethyl cellulose as a polarizable electrode and a storage battery, a DC / AC converter, and an inverter are sequentially arranged. A vacuum cleaner comprising an AC drive motor driven by the output of the drive source and a suction mechanism using the drive motor as a power source, performing a suction operation with a cordless drive unit during use, and temporarily suspending use. A vacuum cleaner for charging the electric double layer capacitor and / or the storage battery by placing a cleaning unit on a charging power supply unit every time.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2127285A JP3068629B2 (en) | 1990-05-16 | 1990-05-16 | Electric vacuum cleaner |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2127285A JP3068629B2 (en) | 1990-05-16 | 1990-05-16 | Electric vacuum cleaner |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0422320A JPH0422320A (en) | 1992-01-27 |
| JP3068629B2 true JP3068629B2 (en) | 2000-07-24 |
Family
ID=14956192
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2127285A Expired - Fee Related JP3068629B2 (en) | 1990-05-16 | 1990-05-16 | Electric vacuum cleaner |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3068629B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR19990068388A (en) * | 1999-05-08 | 1999-09-06 | 박중수 | Aaaaa |
| US6488475B2 (en) * | 2000-03-30 | 2002-12-03 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Electric blower and electric cleaner with an air cooled power device situated between the impeller and motor |
| GB2489970A (en) * | 2011-04-14 | 2012-10-17 | Kenwood Ltd | Driving a portable kitchen appliance with an enhanced storage capacitive device |
| JP2013094208A (en) * | 2011-10-28 | 2013-05-20 | Panasonic Corp | Vacuum cleaner |
-
1990
- 1990-05-16 JP JP2127285A patent/JP3068629B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH0422320A (en) | 1992-01-27 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP3019326B2 (en) | Lithium secondary battery | |
| CA2169484C (en) | Rechargeable non-aqueous lithium battery having stacked electrochemical cells | |
| WO2017121080A1 (en) | Aqueous electrolyte super capacitance battery | |
| CN110993358A (en) | Flexible zinc ion capacitor | |
| US9385539B2 (en) | Surface-mediated cell-powered portable computing devices and methods of operating same | |
| CN103840163A (en) | Binder used for lithium ion battery anode, lithium ion battery anode using the same and preparation method thereof | |
| Yin et al. | Hybrid energy storage devices combining carbon-nanotube/polyaniline supercapacitor with lead-acid battery assembled through a “directly-inserted” method | |
| CN115714163A (en) | Pre-lithium negative plate and preparation method thereof, pre-lithium battery cell and lithium ion battery | |
| JP3068629B2 (en) | Electric vacuum cleaner | |
| CN111312526A (en) | Battery-super capacitor hybrid energy storage device and preparation method thereof | |
| CN103280334B (en) | General power high energy storage multi-medium capacitor-battery container | |
| WO2024103887A1 (en) | Electrode sheet, secondary battery, and electric device | |
| WO2016045622A1 (en) | Battery, battery pack and continuous power supply | |
| JP2002246071A (en) | Electricity storage device | |
| CN201886904U (en) | Laminated high-voltage hybrid electrochemical capacitor | |
| CN110323079B (en) | High-voltage-resistant anion exchange electrolyte membrane and solid-state battery capacitor thereof | |
| JP2014521231A (en) | Energy storage device, inorganic gel electrolyte, and method thereof | |
| JP2014521231A5 (en) | ||
| JP2006196751A (en) | Electric double-layer capacitor with chemically modified carbon nano fiber as polarized electrode | |
| JPH0426304A (en) | Electric automobile | |
| CN215496791U (en) | Long-life zinc electrode and zinc-air secondary battery | |
| JP4682395B2 (en) | Non-aqueous battery | |
| JP3949334B2 (en) | Lithium ion secondary battery and its charge / discharge circuit | |
| JPS63264878A (en) | Aluminum-conductive polymer secondary battery using cold molten salt electrolyte | |
| KR20190022162A (en) | Carbon composition for lead-carbon hybrid batteries, coated electrode with carbon composition for lead-carbon hybrid batteries, lead-carbon hybrid batteries with the coated electrode. |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |