JP2756953B2 - Branch pipe fitting - Google Patents
Branch pipe fittingInfo
- Publication number
- JP2756953B2 JP2756953B2 JP8119708A JP11970896A JP2756953B2 JP 2756953 B2 JP2756953 B2 JP 2756953B2 JP 8119708 A JP8119708 A JP 8119708A JP 11970896 A JP11970896 A JP 11970896A JP 2756953 B2 JP2756953 B2 JP 2756953B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- packing
- pipe
- saddle
- branch pipe
- main pipe
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L41/00—Branching pipes; Joining pipes to walls
- F16L41/04—Tapping pipe walls, i.e. making connections through the walls of pipes while they are carrying fluids; Fittings therefor
- F16L41/06—Tapping pipe walls, i.e. making connections through the walls of pipes while they are carrying fluids; Fittings therefor making use of attaching means embracing the pipe
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Branch Pipes, Bends, And The Like (AREA)
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、上下水道やガスの
配管として近年用いられているポリエチレンなどの合成
樹脂製の本管の管壁に金属製の枝管を接続させるための
鋳鉄などの金属製の分岐管継手における漏れ防止技術に
関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a metal pipe such as cast iron for connecting a metal branch pipe to a pipe wall of a main pipe made of a synthetic resin such as polyethylene which is recently used as a pipe for water supply and sewage and gas. The present invention relates to a technique for preventing leakage in a branch pipe joint made of steel.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】従来の分岐管継手は、図８及び図９に示
すように、中央部に円形の貫通穴（１）（分岐穴と同時
に明ける場合もある。）を有し、且つ、接合すべき合成
樹脂製の本管（２）の管外壁と同じ曲率のサドル接合面
（サドル内面）を有する略半割り筒状（鞍形）のサドル
（３）と、貫通穴（１）の周囲よりサドル（３）外面に
突出形成し、且つ、継手先端部に接合すべき金属製の枝
管（４）の管端に対するオネジ、メネジ、ユニオン、回
転・摺動自在などの接合手段（５）を有する筒状の継手
本体（６）と、貫通穴（１）の周囲に形成するサドル
（３）の円形パッキン嵌込み部（３ａ）に装着される環
体のゴムパッキン（７）とで構成され、本管（２）の管
外壁と同じ曲率の接合面（内面）を有する略半割り筒状
のサドル締付け座金（８）と前記サドル（３）を本管
（２）の管外壁で抱き合わせると共に、座金（８）とサ
ドル（３）の側端縁より突出して対向するフランジ
（９）（１０）間に締付けボルト（１１）を締付けナッ
ト（１２）を介して掛け、座金（８）とサドル（３）を
本管（２）の管外壁に締付ける。これによって、本管
（２）の管外壁に分岐管継手が取付けられ、且つ、貫通
穴（１）の周囲でパッキン（７）がサドル（３）内面と
本管（２）の管外壁に圧着し、止水が行われる。そし
て、本管（２）に分岐管継手を取付けた後、その継手本
体（６）の継手先端部開口よりドリルなどの穴明け工具
を挿入し、貫通穴（１）に対応する本管（２）の管壁に
円形の分岐穴（１３）を明け、その後、継手本体（６）
の継手先端部に枝管（４）を接合手段（５）を介して接
合させる。これによって、本管（２）の管壁からの枝管
（４）の分岐が行われる。2. Description of the Related Art As shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, a conventional branch pipe joint has a circular through hole (1) at the center (it may be drilled at the same time as the branch hole) and is joined. A substantially half-cylindrical (saddle-shaped) saddle (3) having a saddle joint surface (saddle inner surface) having the same curvature as the outer wall of the main pipe (2) made of a synthetic resin to be formed, and a periphery of the through hole (1). A joining means (5) such as a male screw, a female screw, a union, and freely rotatable and slidable with respect to the pipe end of a metal branch pipe (4) to be formed so as to project from the outer surface of the saddle (3) and to be joined to the joint tip. And a ring-shaped rubber packing (7) attached to the circular packing fitting portion (3a) of the saddle (3) formed around the through hole (1). And a substantially half-tubular saddle fastening washer having a joint surface (inner surface) having the same curvature as the outer tube wall of the main tube (2). 8) and the saddle (3) are held together by the outer wall of the main pipe (2), and tightened between the washer (8) and the flanges (9) and (10) projecting from the side edge of the saddle (3) and facing each other. The bolt (11) is hung via the fastening nut (12), and the washer (8) and the saddle (3) are fastened to the outer wall of the main pipe (2). Thereby, the branch pipe joint is attached to the outer pipe wall of the main pipe (2), and the packing (7) is crimped to the inner surface of the saddle (3) and the outer pipe wall of the main pipe (2) around the through hole (1). Then, the water is stopped. Then, after attaching the branch pipe joint to the main pipe (2), a drilling tool such as a drill is inserted into the joint main body (6) through an opening at the end of the joint, and the main pipe (2) corresponding to the through hole (1) is inserted. ), A circular branch hole (13) is made in the pipe wall, and then the joint body (6) is formed.
The branch pipe (4) is joined to the joint tip of the above (1) via the joining means (5). Thereby, the branch pipe (4) branches from the pipe wall of the main pipe (2).
【０００３】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】本管（２）が合成樹脂
管の場合、パッキン（７）の圧着力によるクリープ現象
によって本管（２）の分岐穴（１３）の周囲の管壁が内
側に湾曲変形し、パッキン（７）が働かなくなり、漏れ
が発生する問題があった。When the main pipe (2) is a synthetic resin pipe, the pipe wall around the branch hole (13) of the main pipe (2) is formed inside by the creep phenomenon due to the pressing force of the packing (7). There is a problem that the packing (7) does not work and the leakage occurs.
【０００４】[0004]
【課題を解決するための手段】然るに、本発明は、合成
樹脂製の本管の管壁に金属製の枝管を接続させる金属製
の分岐管継手であって、本管の管壁に接合させるサドル
と、貫通穴の周囲よりサドル上面に突出する筒状の継手
本体と、サドルと本管の間に配置する弾性材より成るパ
ッキンとを備えた分岐管継手において、本管の管壁に対
する前記パッキンの圧接力をパッキンの内周部に行くに
連れて小さくなるように構成したことにより、パッキン
の圧着力が本管の分岐穴に近づくに連れて小さくなるの
で、パッキンの圧着力によるクリープ現象によって本管
の分岐穴の周囲の管壁が内側に湾曲変形し、パッキンが
働かなくなるのを防止し、漏れが発生するのを防止する
ものである。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a metal branch pipe joint for connecting a metal branch pipe to a pipe wall of a main pipe made of synthetic resin, which is joined to a pipe wall of the main pipe. A branch joint including a saddle to be formed, a tubular joint body projecting from the periphery of the through hole to the upper surface of the saddle, and a packing made of an elastic material disposed between the saddle and the main pipe. The crimping force of the packing is reduced because the crimping force of the packing decreases as the pressure contact force of the packing decreases toward the inner peripheral portion of the packing. This phenomenon prevents the pipe wall around the branch hole of the main pipe from being bent inward to prevent the packing from working, thereby preventing leakage from occurring.
【０００５】[0005]
【発明の実施の形態】以下本発明の実施例を図面に基づ
いて詳述する。図１及び図２は本発明に係る分岐管継手
を示すものであって、中央部に円形の貫通穴（２０）
（分岐穴と同時に明ける場合もある。）を有し、且つ、
接合すべき合成樹脂製の本管（２１）の管外壁と同じ曲
率のサドル接合面（サドル内面）を有する略半割り筒状
（鞍形）のサドル（２２）と、貫通穴（２０）の周囲よ
りサドル（２２）外面に（本管（２１）の半径方向に）
突出形成し、且つ、継手先端部に接合すべき金属製の枝
管（２３）の管端に対するオネジ、メネジ、ユニオン、
回転・摺動自在などの接合手段（２４）（実施例ではメ
ネジを図示している）を有する筒状の継手本体（２５）
と、貫通穴（２０）の周囲に形成するサドル（２２）の
円形パッキン嵌込み溝（２２ａ）に装着される環体のゴ
ムパッキン（２６）とで構成され、本管（２１）の管外
壁と同じ曲率の接合面（内面）を有する略半割り筒状の
サドル締付け座金（２７）と前記サドル（２２）を本管
（２１）の管外壁で抱き合わせると共に、座金（２７）
とサドル（２２）の側端縁より突出して対向するフラン
ジ（２８）（２９）間に締付けボルト（３０）を締付け
ナット（３１）を介して掛け、座金（２７）とサドル
（２２）を本管（２１）の管外壁に締付ける。これによ
って、本管（２１）の管外壁に分岐管継手が取付けら
れ、且つ、貫通穴（２０）の周囲でパッキン（２６）が
サドル（２２）内面と本管（２１）の管外壁に圧着し、
止水が行われる。そして、本管（２１）に分岐管継手を
取付けた後、その継手本体（２５）の継手先端部開口よ
りドリルなどの穴明け工具を挿入し、貫通穴（２０）に
対応する本管（２１）の管壁に円形の分岐穴（３２）を
明け、その後、継手本体（２５）の継手先端部に枝管
（２３）を接合手段（２４）を介して接合させる。これ
によって、本管（２１）の管壁からの枝管（２３）の分
岐が行われる。Embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the drawings. 1 and 2 show a branch pipe joint according to the present invention, in which a circular through hole (20) is provided at the center.
(May be drilled at the same time as the branch hole.)
A substantially half-cylinder (saddle-shaped) saddle (22) having a saddle joint surface (saddle inner surface) having the same curvature as the outer tube wall of the synthetic resin main tube (21) to be joined, and a through hole (20). On the outer surface of the saddle (22) from the periphery (in the radial direction of the main pipe (21))
A male screw, a female screw, a union with respect to the pipe end of the metallic branch pipe (23) to be formed and to be joined to the joint tip;
A cylindrical joint body (25) having joining means (24) (female thread is shown in the embodiment) such as rotatable and slidable.
And an annular rubber packing (26) mounted in a circular packing fitting groove (22a) of a saddle (22) formed around the through hole (20), and an outer pipe wall of the main pipe (21). A saddle tightening washer (27), which is a substantially half-tubular cylinder having a joining surface (inner surface) having the same curvature as the above, and the saddle (22) are held together by the outer wall of the main pipe (21), and the washer (27)
A fastening bolt (30) is hung between a flange (28) (29) protruding from a side edge of the saddle (22) and a facing nut via a fastening nut (31), and a washer (27) and a saddle (22) are attached to a book. Tighten to the outer wall of the pipe (21). Thereby, the branch pipe joint is attached to the outer pipe wall of the main pipe (21), and the packing (26) is crimped to the inner surface of the saddle (22) and the outer pipe wall of the main pipe (21) around the through hole (20). And
Water shutoff is performed. Then, after attaching the branch pipe joint to the main pipe (21), a drilling tool such as a drill is inserted into the joint main body (25) through an opening of the joint tip, and the main pipe (21) corresponding to the through hole (20) is inserted. ), A circular branch hole (32) is made in the pipe wall, and then the branch pipe (23) is joined to the joint tip of the joint body (25) via the joining means (24). Thereby, the branch pipe (23) branches from the pipe wall of the main pipe (21).
【０００６】また、本発明では本管（２１）の管壁に対
する前記パッキン（２６）の圧接力をパッキン（２６）
の内周部に行くに連れて小さくなるように構成してお
り、その手段の一例として図３及び図４に示すように、
パッキン（２６）を半径方向に多層構造としている。図
３に示すパッキン（２６ａ）は５層構造で、且つ、各パ
ッキン層（Ａ１）（Ａ２）（Ａ３）（Ａ４）（Ａ５）の
半径方向の幅をそれぞれ同一に形成してあり、そして各
パッキン層（Ａ１）〜（Ａ５）の硬さを、最外側のパッ
キン層（Ａ５）が最も硬く、最内側のパッキン層（Ａ
１）が最も柔らかくなるように、硬さと内外径がそれぞ
れ相違するリング状の５つのパッキン要素を嵌合して５
層構造の前記パッキン（２６ａ）を形成している。In the present invention, the pressing force of the packing (26) against the pipe wall of the main pipe (21) is reduced by the packing (26).
As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 as an example of the means,
The packing (26) has a multilayer structure in the radial direction. The packing (26a) shown in FIG. 3 has a five-layer structure, and the packing layers (A1) (A2) (A3) (A4) (A5) have the same radial width, and each packing layer (A1) (A2) (A3) (A4) (A5) has the same width. The hardness of the packing layers (A1) to (A5) is set such that the outermost packing layer (A5) is the hardest and the innermost packing layer (A5).
5) ring-shaped packing elements having different hardness and inner and outer diameters are fitted to each other so that
The packing (26a) having a layer structure is formed.
【０００７】また図４に示すパッキン（２６ｂ）は５層
構造で、且つ、各パッキン層（Ｂ１）（Ｂ２）（Ｂ３）
（Ｂ４）（Ｂ５）の半径方向の幅を、最外側のパッキン
層（Ｂ５）が最も幅広で、最内側のパッキン層（Ｂ１）
が最も幅狭となるように形成してあり、そして各パッキ
ン層（Ｂ１）〜（Ｂ５）の硬さを、最外側のパッキン層
（Ｂ５）が最も硬く、最内側のパッキン層（Ｂ１）が最
も柔らかくなるように、硬さと内外径がそれぞれ相違す
るリング状の５つのパッキン要素を嵌合して５層構造の
前記パッキン（２６ｂ）を形成している。The packing (26b) shown in FIG. 4 has a five-layer structure, and each packing layer (B1) (B2) (B3).
(B4) The outermost packing layer (B5) has the widest width in the radial direction of (B5) and the innermost packing layer (B1).
Is formed to be the narrowest, and the hardness of each of the packing layers (B1) to (B5) is determined such that the outermost packing layer (B5) is the hardest and the innermost packing layer (B1) is the hardest. The ring-shaped five packing elements having different hardness and inner and outer diameters are fitted to each other so as to be the softest, and the packing (26b) having a five-layer structure is formed.
【０００８】さらに、本管（２１）の管壁に対する前記
パッキン（２６）の圧接力をパッキン（２６）の内周部
に行くに連れて小さくする上記した手段の他の手段の一
例として図５及び図６及び図７に示すように、サドル
（２２）のパッキン溝（２２ａ）底面に対向するパッキ
ン（２６）上面又はパッキン（２６）上面に対するサド
ル（２２）のパッキン溝（２２ａ）底面又はその両方を
傾斜させる構造としている。そして、図５に上面に外周
部から内周部に向って順次肉厚が薄くなるような傾斜を
付けたパッキン（２６ｃ）を示し、図６にパッキン溝底
面に外周部から内周部に向って溝深さが順次深くなるよ
うな傾斜を付けたパッキン溝（２６ａ）を示し、図７に
上面に傾斜を付けた前記パッキン（２６ｃ）とパッキン
溝底面に傾斜を付けた前記パッキン溝（２６ａ）とを組
合せた構造を示している。FIG. 5 shows another example of the above-mentioned means for reducing the pressing force of the packing (26) against the pipe wall of the main pipe (21) toward the inner periphery of the packing (26). 6 and 7, the packing groove (22a) bottom surface of the saddle (22) with respect to the packing (26) upper surface or the packing (26) upper surface facing the packing groove (22a) bottom surface of the saddle (22) or the bottom thereof. Both are inclined. FIG. 5 shows a packing (26c) on the upper surface which is tapered so that the thickness gradually decreases from the outer peripheral portion to the inner peripheral portion. FIG. 6 shows the packing groove bottom surface from the outer peripheral portion to the inner peripheral portion. FIG. 7 shows the packing groove (26a) having a slope such that the groove depth gradually increases. FIG. 7 shows the packing (26c) having a slope on the upper surface and the packing groove (26a) having a slope on the bottom surface of the packing groove. ) Is shown.
【０００９】尚、パッキン（２６）とパッキン溝（２２
ａ）底面との接合面の傾斜で本管（２１）に対するパッ
キン（２６）の圧着力をパッキン半径方向で異ならせる
場合には、そのパッキン（２６ｃ）（２６）は上記のよ
うに多層構造としなくてもよいが、これらパッキン（２
６ｃ）（２６）をさらに上記のように多層構造に形成し
てもよい。The packing (26) and the packing groove (22)
a) When the pressing force of the packing (26) against the main pipe (21) is made different in the radial direction of the packing due to the inclination of the joining surface with the bottom surface, the packing (26c) (26) has a multilayer structure as described above. These packings (2
6c) (26) may be further formed in a multilayer structure as described above.
【００１０】[0010]
【発明の効果】以上実施例から明らかなように本発明
は、合成樹脂製の本管（２１）の管壁に金属製の枝管
（２３）を接続させる金属製の分岐管継手であって、本
管（２１）の管壁に接合させるサドル（２２）と、サド
ル（２２）上面に突出する筒状の継手本体（２５）と、
サドル（２２）と本管（２１）の間に配置する弾性材よ
り成るパッキン（２６）とを備えた分岐管継手におい
て、本管（２１）の管壁に対する前記パッキン（２６）
の圧接力をパッキン（２６）の内周部に行くに連れて小
さくなるように構成したことにより、パッキン（２６）
の圧着力が本管（２１）の分岐穴（１３）に近づくに連
れて小さくなるので、パッキン（２６）の圧着力による
クリープ現象によって本管（２１）の分岐穴（１３）の
周囲の管壁が内側に湾曲変形し、パッキン（２６）が働
かなくなるのを防止し、漏れが発生するのを防止する効
果がある。As is apparent from the above embodiments, the present invention relates to a metal branch pipe joint for connecting a metal branch pipe (23) to a pipe wall of a synthetic resin main pipe (21). A saddle (22) to be joined to the pipe wall of the main pipe (21), a tubular joint body (25) projecting from the upper surface of the saddle (22),
In a branch pipe joint including a saddle (22) and a packing (26) made of an elastic material disposed between a main pipe (21), the packing (26) with respect to a pipe wall of the main pipe (21).
The pressure contact force of the packing (26) decreases as it goes to the inner periphery of the packing (26).
The crimping force of the packing (26) decreases the crimping force of the packing (26) because the crimping force of the packing (26) becomes smaller as the crimping force of the main pipe (21) approaches the branch hole (13). This has the effect of preventing the wall from curving inward and preventing the packing (26) from working, thereby preventing leakage from occurring.
【図１】本発明に係る分岐管継手の断面側面図。FIG. 1 is a sectional side view of a branch pipe joint according to the present invention.
【図２】同断面側面図。FIG. 2 is a sectional side view of the same.
【図３】本管に対するパッキンの圧接力を半径方向で異
ならせる一例を示すパッキン部の断面図。FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a packing portion showing an example in which the pressing force of the packing against the main pipe is varied in a radial direction.
【図４】本管に対するパッキンの圧接力を半径方向で異
ならせる一例を示す他のパッキン部の断面図。FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of another packing portion showing an example in which the pressing force of the packing against the main pipe is varied in a radial direction.
【図５】本管に対するパッキンの圧接力を半径方向で異
ならせる一例を示すパッキン部の断面図。FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a packing portion showing an example in which the pressing force of the packing against the main pipe is varied in a radial direction.
【図６】本管に対するパッキンの圧接力を半径方向で異
ならせる一例を示す他のパッキン部の断面図。FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another packing part showing an example in which the pressing force of the packing against the main pipe is varied in the radial direction.
【図７】本管に対するパッキンの圧接力を半径方向で異
ならせる一例を示す他のパッキン部の断面図。FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of another packing part showing an example in which the pressing force of the packing against the main pipe is varied in the radial direction.
【図８】従来の分岐管継手の断面正面図。FIG. 8 is a sectional front view of a conventional branch pipe joint.
【図９】同断面側面図。FIG. 9 is a sectional side view of the same.
（２１） 本管 （２２） サドル （２３） 枝管 （２５） 継手本体 （２６） パッキン （３２） 分岐穴 (21) Main pipe (22) Saddle (23) Branch pipe (25) Joint body (26) Packing (32) Branch hole
Claims (3)
を接続させる金属製の分岐管継手であって、本管の管壁
に接合させるサドルと、貫通穴の周囲よりサドル上面に
突出する筒状の継手本体と、サドルと本管の間に配置す
る弾性材より成るパッキンとを備えた分岐管継手におい
て、本管の管壁に対する前記パッキンの圧接力をパッキ
ンの内周部に行くに連れて小さくなるように構成したこ
とを特徴とする分岐管継手。1. A metal branch pipe joint for connecting a metal branch pipe to a pipe wall of a main pipe made of synthetic resin, comprising: a saddle to be joined to the pipe wall of the main pipe; In a branch pipe joint including a cylindrical joint main body protruding from an upper surface and a packing made of an elastic material disposed between a saddle and a main pipe, a pressure contact force of the packing against a pipe wall of the main pipe is determined by an inner circumference of the packing. A branch pipe joint characterized in that it is configured to become smaller as it goes to a part.
くなるパッキンを用い、本管の管壁に対する前記パッキ
ンの圧接力をパッキンの内周部に行くに連れて小さくす
ることを特徴とする請求項１記載の分岐管継手。2. A packing wherein the hardness becomes less soft as it goes to the inner periphery, and the pressure contact force of the packing against the pipe wall of the main pipe is made smaller as it goes to the inner periphery of the packing. The branch pipe joint according to claim 1, wherein
キン上面又はパッキン上面に対するサドルのパッキン溝
底面又は両方を傾斜させ、本管の管壁に対する前記パッ
キンの圧接力をパッキンの内周部に行くに連れて小さく
することを特徴とする請求項１記載の分岐管継手。3. The packing upper surface facing the packing groove bottom surface of the saddle or the packing groove bottom surface of the saddle with respect to the packing upper surface or both are inclined, and the pressure contact force of the packing against the pipe wall of the main pipe goes to the inner peripheral portion of the packing. 2. The branch pipe joint according to claim 1, wherein the branch pipe joint is made smaller.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8119708A JP2756953B2 (en) | 1996-04-16 | 1996-04-16 | Branch pipe fitting |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8119708A JP2756953B2 (en) | 1996-04-16 | 1996-04-16 | Branch pipe fitting |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH09280462A JPH09280462A (en) | 1997-10-31 |
| JP2756953B2 true JP2756953B2 (en) | 1998-05-25 |
Family
ID=14768138
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8119708A Expired - Fee Related JP2756953B2 (en) | 1996-04-16 | 1996-04-16 | Branch pipe fitting |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2756953B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP5113558B2 (en) * | 2008-03-04 | 2013-01-09 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | Branch joint and packing used for the branch joint |
-
1996
- 1996-04-16 JP JP8119708A patent/JP2756953B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH09280462A (en) | 1997-10-31 |
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